Social Inequality: NBSE Class 12 (Arts) Sociology answers, notes

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Get summary, textual answers, solutions, notes, extras, PDF to NBSE Class 12 (Arts) Sociology Chapter/unit 4 Social Inequality. However, the educational materials should only be used for reference and students are encouraged to make necessary changes.

Introduction

The chapter explores social inequality in India, focusing on the caste system, Scheduled Castes (SCs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs). The caste system is a unique stratification system in India, deeply influencing the nation’s socio-cultural dynamics, despite modern democratic influences. The fourfold varna system, including Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra, forms the basis of the caste system, with each varna traditionally associated with a specific occupation.

‘Scheduled Caste’ is a politico-legal term for castes given special compensatory provisions for positive discrimination. These castes, previously known as ‘Untouchables’ or ‘Dalits’, indicating their oppressed status, face numerous issues including poverty, deprivation, lack of education, and health problems due to their placement at the bottom of the caste hierarchy.

The Constitution of India has provisions for protective discrimination of SCs, which includes abolishing untouchability, reservation in educational institutions, and jobs in government service. However, these measures have only marginally improved the condition of SCs, with a vast majority still suffering from various deprivations.

The chapter also highlights the Other Backward Classes (OBCs), who occupy a middle position in the caste system. The Mandal Commission suggested a 27% reservation in government jobs for OBCs and categorized them into two groups: economically and educationally backward, and more advanced. Yet, the benefits of reservation have disproportionately favored the more advanced groups, leading to calls for further divisions within OBCs and exclusion of the ‘creamy layer’ from these benefits. The caste system and its complex hierarchy continue to be a contentious issue in India’s socio-political landscape.

Textual questions and answers

Very short answer questions

1. Define ‘caste’.

Answer: Caste is one of the basic pillars of Indian society. It is a unique system of stratification found in India. It is one of the most complex, hierarchical, and interrelated systems and is one of the oldest institutions. The social, religious, political, economic, and cultural life of Indians is influenced by the caste system.

2. Who are the Scheduled Castes?

Answer: The term ‘Scheduled Caste’ is a politico-legal term first used by the Simon Commission and then incorporated into the Government of India Act of 1935. It was adopted by the Constitution of India for those castes which were given special provisions under the system of compensatory or positive discrimination. Thus, a Scheduled Caste is one which is scheduled or listed for positive discrimination​.

3. What is the meaning of ‘Dalit’ ?

Answer: The term ‘Dalit’, which is originally a Marathi word and means “broken to pieces”, is used by the radical elements among the Scheduled Castes. This term ‘Dalit’ was popularised by B.R. Ambedkar and the Dalit Panther Movement​.

4. What is the legal term for ‘untouchables’?

Answer: The legal term for ‘untouchables’ is ‘Scheduled Castes’​.

5. What is the name given to the Scheduled Castes by M.K. Gandhi?

Answer: Mahatma Gandhi called the Scheduled Castes ‘Harijan’ (son of Hari or God)​.

6. Who are the OBCs?

Answer: In our caste system, all castes do not occupy equal positions. There are several castes whose position in the caste system was in the middle, i.e., in between higher castes and lower castes. All castes whose position in the caste system was below the upper castes but above the lower castes have been termed, politically and constitutionally, the Other Backward Classes (OBC) following the report of the Mandal Commission​​.

7. Define tribe.

Answer: A tribe is a collection of families bearing a common name, members of which occupy the same territory, speak the same language and observe certain taboos regarding marriage, profession or occupation and have developed a well-established system of reciprocity and mutuality of obligations​.

8. Who are the Scheduled Tribes?

Answer: Scheduled tribes are those tribes which are scheduled or listed or specified by Presidential Orders issued under the provisions of Article 341 and 342 of the Constitution of India. They are scheduled for the sake of special or protective discrimination. The Constitution of India does not define the term ‘Scheduled Tribes’. There are 461 Scheduled Tribes​..

9. What is the total percent of the Scheduled Tribes according to 2011 census?

Answer: According to Census of India 2011 Provisional Population Totals, the population of the Scheduled Tribes is 8.08% of the total population​..

10. Who are P.T.Gs?

Answer: Among the Scheduled Tribes 75 are classified as Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) because of their low population, low literacy and primitive agricultural practices​.

11. Which Article of the Constitution of India deals with Nagaland?

Answer: Article 371(A) deals with Nagaland​.

12. What is meant by the term status of women?

Answer: The term ‘status of women’ means the position of women in society. Compared to the status of men, the status of women is low. In India the status of women deteriorated over time. During the ancient period of Indian history the status of women gradually deteriorated.

13. What is the gender ratio or sex ratio in India as per the Census of India 2011?

Answer: The gender ratio or sex ratio in India as per the Census of India 2011 is 940.

14. Define the term minorities.

Answer: Minorities are groups of people which have smaller population size, and are differentiated on the basis of identifiable features like race, language, and religion. Any community or group which does not constitute 50% of the population is called a minority.

Short answer questions

1. Write about Annexure-I and Annexure-11 of OBCs.

Answer: In the Mandal Commission Report, the OBCs have been divided into two categories: a) Those listed in Annexure I – these OBCs who were extremely backward, economically and educationally for example, Mallah, Nonia, Kahar, etc. b) Those listed in Annexure II – these are backward castes which were economically and educationally more advanced, such as Yadav, Kurmi, Koeri, Bania, etc​.

2. What are the Constitutional measures for Scheduled Tribes with regard to education?

Answer: Measures with regard to education for Scheduled Tribes include the following: 

a) Reservation of seats in educational institutions like colleges and professional colleges.
b) Relaxation in requirements for admission to professional colleges.
c) Scholarships, particularly post-matric scholarships and research scholarships. There are also several other measures like hostels for tribal boys and girls, vocational training, and Ashram Schools in TSP areas​.

3. What are the Constitutional measures for Scheduled Tribes with regard to employment?

Answer: Measures with regard to employment for Scheduled Tribes include the following: 

a) Reservation of jobs in Government service and it is now proposed to extend such reservation even in the private sector.
b) Various schemes for encouraging self-employment under the Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India and National Scheduled Tribes Finance Development Corporation.

4. What are the Constitutional measures for Scheduled Tribes with regard to integration?

Answer: Measures with regard to integration of Scheduled Tribes have been introduced. Some of the measures with regard to integration of tribals in Indian society are: 

a) Reservation of seats for tribals in legislature (Lok Sabha and State Assemblies).
b) Safeguard of tribal rights in their land and prevention of land alienation.
c) Safeguard of their culture, language, and traditional institutions.

5. Distinguish between Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

Answer: Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) are two different categories of historically marginalized and oppressed communities in India.

Scheduled Castes (SC):

• SCs are those castes which were formerly known as “untouchables” and were considered outside the fourfold varna system of Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra.
• They are listed as Scheduled Castes under the Constitution of India and are given special provisions under the system of compensatory or positive discrimination.
• The term “Harijan” (son of Hari or God) was used by Mahatma Gandhi to refer to SCs, but the term “Dalit” (meaning “broken to pieces”) is now more commonly used by radical elements among the SCs.
• Measures for the welfare and development of SCs include reservation of seats in educational institutions, government jobs, and legislative bodies, as well as protection from all forms of exploitation and discrimination.

Scheduled Tribes (ST):

• STs are those tribes which are scheduled or listed or specified by Presidential Orders issued under the provisions of Article 341 and 342 of the Constitution of India.
• They are scheduled for the sake of special or protective discrimination.
• The Constitution of India does not define the term ‘Scheduled Tribes’, but there are 461 Scheduled Tribes in India.
• Measures for the welfare and development of STs include reservation of seats in legislative bodies, safeguarding of their land and forest rights, and protection of their culture, language, and traditional institutions.

6. Give any three reasons for the low status of women in India.

Answer: 

• Preference for a male child
• Female foeticide and female infanticide
• General neglect of women and poor health

7. State the Constitutional provisions for the minorities under Article 350(B) of the Indian Constitution.

Answer: Article 350(B) makes a provision for a special officer for linguistic minorities to investigate all matters relating to safeguards provided to linguistic minorities.

8. State any two constitutional provisions for the religious minorities.

Answer: Two constitutional provisions for the religious minorities:

• Article 15 (1): There should be no discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth​8​.
• Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion​9​.

9. What is meant by the term minorities?

Answer: Minorities are groups of people which have smaller population size, and are differentiated on the basis of identifiable features like race, language, and religion. Any community or group which does not constitute 50% of the population is called a minority.

Essay type questions

1. State the Constitutional provisions for the Scheduled Castes in India.

Answer: Measures with regard to education include the following: 

a) Reservation of seats in educational institutions like colleges and professional colleges.
b) Relaxation in requirements for admission to professional colleges.
c) Scholarships, particularly post-matric scholarships and research scholarships. 

Measures with regard to employment include the following: 

a) Reservation of jobs in government service and it is now proposed to extend such reservation even in the private sectors.
b) Various schemes for encouraging self-employment through the National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation. 

Measures with regard to political rights include the following: 

a) Reservation of seats in Lok Sabha and State legislatures and in local bodies like panchayats.
b) Setting up of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to look after the welfare and development of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

2. Mention any eight problems of the Scheduled Caste.

Answer: Eight problems of the Scheduled Castes are:

• Scheduled Castes have the lowest social status in the caste hierarchy.
• They are segregated in villages and towns because they are forced to live away from others. They cannot move about freely.
• There are religious restrictions imposed on them and they cannot enter temples. They are also forbidden to use religious rituals of the upper castes.
• They cannot use common wells or tanks for drawing or getting drinking water. In many places, they are also prevented from using common facilities like schools.
• They do not have a choice of occupation, but must take up their traditional occupations which are considered impure or defiling or dirty.
• They suffer from poverty and deprivation because they cannot own land and other forms of wealth. Most of them are landless labourers.
• They are educationally backward because they have no access to schools.
• They often live in unhygienic conditions, so health and nutrition are major problems among them.

3. Who are the OBCs? Discuss the main problems of OBCs.

Answer: In our caste system, all castes do not occupy equal position. There are several castes whose position in the caste system was in the middle, i.e., in between higher castes and lower castes. Most of them had traditional occupations. They were tenant cultivators, traders and artisans under the jajmani system. All castes whose position in the caste system was below the upper castes but above the lower castes have been termed, politically and constitutionally, the Other Backward Classes (OBC) following the report of the Mandal Commission​.

We can identify the main problems of OBCs as follows: 

i. Lack of Interaction: In villages, OBCs live in separate hamlets or sections. The children of upper castes do not have interaction with the children of OBCs. There is also no 45 interaction between women of higher castes and OBCs. The younger generation OBCs take it ill because they are also advanced now economically and educationally. This leads to conflict between forward castes and backward castes. 

ii. No exchange of Invitation: The higher castes do not have exchange of invitation to OBCs. While OBCs rendering labour under jajmani system participate in all functions and ceremonies of upper castes, upper castes do not accept their invitation. 

iii. Dependency on Higher Castes: It is true that the backward castes of Annexure-II are economically and educationally advanced. They are not dependent on higher castes for their livelihood. But a good number of backward castes of Annexure-I are fully dependent upon higher castes for their livelihood especially in rural areas. They work as casual attached labour. 

iv. Problem of Share-cropping: Undoubtedly, a good number of OBCs of Annexure-II own sufficient land. But it is also true that a majority of OBCs of Annexure-I are marginal farmers. They do not have sufficient land for cultivation. They take land from higher castes for share-cropping. 

v. Indebtedness: The OBCs of Annexure-I are poor. They feed and clothe their family members by wage labour and cultivation of the little land they own. Naturally, they are not in a position to meet their various needs from their income. So, they loans from the land owners or money lenders. They take loans for the purpose of consumption, marriage, festivals, death rituals and celebration of festivals. They have to pay high interests on loans. When they are unable to repay the loan with the interest, they are forced to surrender their land and to become bonded labourers. 

vi. Health and Nutrition: Majority of the OBCs under the Annexure-I live in unhygienic conditions. They do not have proper houses to live. Their houses do not have proper ventilation, toilet facilities and drainage. Often they live in the same room as their cattle 46 (cows, goats, buffalos). Most of them do not have safe drinking water. Such unhygienic environment affects their health adversely. As they are not well off economically, they are not able to provide adequate nutrition for themselves. Many of them are below poverty line.

4. Discuss the major problems of the Scheduled Tribes.

Answer: The major problems of the Scheduled Tribes are:

Land alienation: Tribal land, which is rich in natural resources like minerals and forests, has been acquired by the Government and outsiders such as contractors and money lenders. This phenomenon, combined with the tribals’ indebtedness, has led to significant land alienation, a major factor in the impoverishment of tribals.

Poverty and unemployment: Tribals depend on subsistence agriculture, shifting cultivation, and forest produce for their livelihood. However, the alienation of their land for developmental projects has increased their poverty. Moreover, they cannot find employment in their own places and are also unable to secure employment outside due to a lack of education and training. Thus, unemployment is a major problem faced by the Scheduled Tribes.

Indebtedness: Due to their poverty, unemployment, land alienation, and displacement, tribals often resort to borrowing from money lenders. High interest rates make repayment difficult, leading to further indebtedness and the risk of becoming bonded labourers.

Health and Nutrition: Living in inaccessible areas and under unhygienic conditions, tribals lack proper health and medical facilities. Their nutritional status is poor. Alcoholism, partly resulting from the introduction of distilled liquor from outside, has severely impacted their health and exacerbated their poverty and indebtedness​.

Illiteracy and lack of Education: Literacy rates among tribals are generally lower than among other sections of society due to a lack of adequate educational facilities like schools.

5. State the Constitutional provision for the Scheduled Tribes in India.

Answer: The Constitutional provisions for the Scheduled Tribes in India are: 

i. Measures with regard to education include the following: 

(a) Reservation of seats in educational institutions like colleges and professional colleges.
(b) Relaxation in requirements for admission to professional colleges.
(c) Scholarships, particularly post-matric scholarships and research scholarships. There are also several other measures like hostels for tribal boys and girls, vocational training and Ashram Schools in TSP areas. 

ii. Measures with regard to employment include the following: 

(a) Reservation of jobs in Government service and it is now proposed to extend such reservation even in the private sector.
(b) Various schemes for encouraging self-employment under the Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India and National scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation. 

iii. Measures with regard to integration include the following: 

(a) Reservation of seats for tribals in legislature (Lok Sabha and State Assemblies).
(b) Safeguard of tribal rights in their land and prevention of land alienation.
(c) Safeguard of their culture, language and traditional institutions. 

6. Who are the Scheduled Tribes? Describe five important problems of the Scheduled Tribes.

Answer: Scheduled tribes are designated groups that have been explicitly identified via Presidential Orders under Articles 341 and 342 of the Indian Constitution for the purpose of receiving specific protections or benefits.

The five important problems faced by Scheduled Tribes are:

Land alienation: Tribal territories, rich in resources such as minerals and forests, have been taken over in the name of progress by the Government. Outsiders, contractors, and lenders have also appropriated tribal lands. The issue is compounded by the fact that tribes have forfeited their land to lenders due to debt. As a result, the loss of land has significantly contributed to the impoverishment of tribal communities.

Poverty and unemployment: Tribes are financially disadvantaged as their livelihoods rely on subsistence farming, slash-and-burn agriculture, and forest resources. The taking of their land for development projects has exacerbated their poverty. Additionally, they struggle to find jobs in their own regions and are unable to secure employment elsewhere due to a lack of education and skills. Consequently, unemployment is a significant issue confronting the Scheduled Tribes.

Indebtedness: Owing to their poverty and unemployment, along with land alienation and displacement, tribes often resort to borrowing from money lenders and are frequently unable to repay the loans because of high interest rates. Such indebtedness often results in them becoming bonded laborers.

Health and nutrition: Tribes inhabit inaccessible regions and live in unsanitary conditions. They lack access to proper health and medical facilities. Their nutritional status is also poor. A significant issue is alcoholism. While drinking has always been a part of their culture, the introduction of distilled spirits from outside has adversely impacted their health, further increasing their poverty and indebtedness.

Illiteracy and lack of education: The literacy rate among tribes is generally lower than in other societal segments because of a lack of sufficient facilities such as schools.

7. Why are women included among the weaker section? Discuss some of the measures to empower women.

Answer: Women are often classified under the ‘vulnerable groups’ due to their societal status being lower than that of men. Furthermore, women are generally perceived as ‘lesser’ than men, and they experience various forms of discrimination. Instances of violence against women, such as rape, dowry-related deaths, and domestic abuse, are prevalent. It’s paradoxical that in a country like India, where female deities are revered, women are denied an individual identity and status, becoming targets of discrimination and violence.

Here are some steps towards the empowerment of women:

Constitutional provisions and laws: The Indian Constitution assures women of equality and forbids any discrimination against them. Several laws have been established to eliminate discrimination and deprivation. However, these provisions and laws haven’t significantly improved the condition of women, highlighting the need for more effective enforcement.

Adequate attention to women’s issues: Women’s issues shouldn’t be viewed simply through the lens of welfare or development but rather empowerment. Therefore, critical areas such as health, education, and employment should be emphasized.

Women’s empowerment through participation: To achieve women’s empowerment, they need to be given a role in the workings of the state and society. The Women’s Reservation Bill, which proposes to secure 33% representation for women in legislative bodies, is a step towards this goal.

Change in attitude towards women: The most crucial measure is a shift in societal attitudes towards women. All legislative measures and provisions will be ineffective unless the current perspective towards women changes. This change necessitates a collective effort from all members of society.

8. Explain the problems and Constitutional provisions for the religious minorities.

Answer: The primary issue faced by minority groups is discrimination from the majority, largely due to their smaller population size that limits their ability to safeguard their interests.

The most severe challenges confronting minorities include:

• (a) Ensuring the preservation of their identity as a religious or linguistic group.
• (b) Encountering discrimination in social, economic, and political spheres by the majority.

In a democratic society like India, where the majority can protect its interests due to its size, minorities often struggle to do the same. For this reason, the Indian Constitution includes provisions to protect the interests and rights of minority groups.

The Constitution of India provides the following rights for minority groups:

• Article 29(1): This secures the right of minorities to preserve their own language and culture, and it forbids the State from imposing the majority’s culture on linguistic and religious minorities.
• Article 30(1): This article guarantees the right of minorities to establish and manage educational institutions of their choice. It prohibits the State from discriminating in providing aid to minority institutions based on their minority status.
• Article 350(A): This directive obliges the State to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother tongue of linguistic minorities at the primary education stage.
• Article 350(B): This provision creates a role for a special officer for linguistic minorities to examine all matters related to the safeguards provided for linguistic minorities.
• Article 15(1): This article prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
• Article 16(2): This article ensures equality of opportunity in public employment matters. No citizen should be ineligible or discriminated against in any state employment or office on the basis of religion, race, caste, etc.
• Article 25: This article guarantees freedom of conscience and the free profession, practice, and propagation of religion.

Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) and Problem Solving Assessment (PSA)

1. Identify top ten problems of the Naga society. Suggest remedies for eradication of the problem listed.

Answer: Naga society faces several substantial issues, along with potential solutions for each:

Tribalism: This is a significant issue that fosters division and conflict among different tribes. A potential solution is to advocate for unity and mutual understanding among tribes, emphasizing their shared Naga identity over tribal differences.

Corruption: Widespread across government and societal levels, corruption hinders economic development and the rule of law. Strengthening the rule of law, enhancing transparency and accountability, and penalizing corrupt officials can combat this issue.

Unemployment: Particularly among the youth, unemployment is a pressing problem. Solutions include job creation, investment in education and skills training, and promotion of entrepreneurship.

Limited Access to Education: Limited educational opportunities hamper progress. This can be addressed by broadening school access, offering scholarships and financial aid, and encouraging parents to prioritize education for their children.

Inadequate Healthcare: Many Naga people lack access to essential healthcare services. Expanding healthcare facilities, training more healthcare professionals, and providing financial aid to those unable to afford healthcare can mitigate this issue.

Poverty: With a significant portion of the population living below the poverty line, economic development, investment in education and healthcare, and the provision of social safety nets can help alleviate poverty.

Environmental Degradation: Deforestation, pollution, and climate change contribute to environmental issues. Protecting the environment, promoting sustainable development, and curbing pollution can help address this problem.

Insecurity: Ongoing armed conflict and violence create a sense of insecurity. Peaceful conflict resolution, strengthening the rule of law, and enhancing security forces can help reduce this insecurity.

Infrastructure Deficiency: Many regions lack basic infrastructure like roads, electricity, and water. Investment in infrastructure development, improving public services, and attracting private investment can help overcome this.

Underrepresentation of Women in Leadership: In the patriarchal Naga society, women are significantly underrepresented in leadership roles. Encouraging women to pursue leadership positions, promoting gender equality, and altering social attitudes towards women can help address this. Specific measures can include motivating women to run for office, providing training and support for potential female leaders, transforming the recruitment process for leadership roles, and fostering a supportive environment for women in leadership positions.

2. India is a secular country. How secure are religious minorities in India? What can be suggested to Central Government for safeguarding religious minorities in India?

Answer: Religious minorities in India have faced instances of discrimination and violence, despite the nation being secular. There are multiple measures that the Central Government could implement to protect these religious minorities, such as:

• Legislation and Enforcement: Establishing and enforcing laws that protect religious minorities from discrimination and violence can provide a legal framework for protection.
• Training for Law Enforcement and Service Providers: Providing specialized training can equip these individuals with the necessary skills to address cases of discrimination and violence effectively.
• Creating Safe Spaces: Shelters and support groups can offer a safe haven for those who have faced discrimination or violence due to their religious beliefs.
• Public Education: Educating the public about religious tolerance and diversity can foster a more accepting society.
• Changing Social Attitudes: Efforts to modify societal attitudes towards religious minorities can lead to a more inclusive society.

In more concrete terms, the Central Government could consider the following actions:

• Establish a National Commission: This body could monitor and address issues of religious discrimination and violence.
• Provide Financial Assistance: Support could be given to religious minority communities to help them recover and rebuild following instances of violence.
• Promote Interfaith Dialogue: Encouraging dialogue and understanding among different religious communities can foster unity and harmony.
• Address Root Causes: Efforts should be made to tackle the root causes of religious discrimination and violence, such as poverty, unemployment, and lack of education.

By adopting these measures, the Central Government could promote a more secure and inclusive society for all Indians, regardless of their religious beliefs.

Extra/additional questions and answers 

1. What is the origin of the term ‘caste’ and what is its equivalent in Indian language? 

Answer: The term ‘caste’ is derived from the Spanish (also Portuguese) word ‘casta’ which means breed, strain, lineage, or a complex of hereditary qualities. The equivalent term in the Indian language is ‘jati’. 

2. Explain the fourfold varna system evolved from the caste system. 

Answer: The fourfold varna system evolved from the caste system in India includes Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra. These divisions had traditional associations with specific occupations. Brahmins traditionally were priests, scholars, and teachers. Kshatriyas were warriors and rulers. Vaishyas were involved in agriculture, trade, and business activities. Lastly, Shudras were traditionally labourers and service providers. 

3. Can you provide M.N. Srinivas’s definition of caste? 

Answer: According to M.N. Srinivas, caste is “a hereditary, endogamous, usually localised group having a traditional association with an occupation and a particular position in the local hierarchy of castes. Relations between castes are governed, among other things, by the concepts of pollution and purity, and generally, maximum commensality occurs within the caste.” 

4. What are the problems that arise due to the lack of interaction between OBCs and upper castes?

Answer: The lack of interaction between OBCs and upper castes creates a social divide. Children of upper castes do not interact with children of OBCs. Similarly, women of upper castes do not interact with those of OBCs. This lack of interaction fosters feelings of alienation and conflict, particularly among the younger generation of OBCs who have advanced economically and educationally.

5. Describe the problem of exchange of invitations between the OBCs and upper castes.

Answer: The problem of exchange of invitations between OBCs and upper castes is a significant issue. Higher castes do not have an exchange of invitation with OBCs. Although OBCs participating in all functions and ceremonies of upper castes, the latter do not reciprocate this gesture, leading to feelings of exclusion and discrimination among the OBCs.

Q. What is the problem of dependency on higher castes among OBCs?

Answer: Even though some backward castes are economically and educationally advanced and are not dependent on higher castes for their livelihood, a good number of OBCs, particularly from the Annexure-I, are fully dependent on higher castes. Especially in rural areas, they work as casual attached labor, thus creating a significant problem of dependency on higher castes.

Q. Can you explain the problem of share-cropping among OBCs?

Answer: Many OBCs, especially those from Annexure-I, are marginal farmers who do not have sufficient land for cultivation. They take land from higher castes for share-cropping, which often leads to exploitative conditions. While some OBCs from Annexure-II own sufficient land, a majority of those from Annexure-I face the problem of share-cropping.

Q. What is the issue of indebtedness among the OBCs?

Answer: A significant problem faced by the OBCs, particularly those from Annexure-I, is indebtedness. These OBCs are poor and cannot meet their various needs from their income. They often have to take loans from landowners or money lenders to meet their basic needs, including for consumption, marriages, festivals, death rituals, and celebrations. They have to pay high interest on these loans, and when they are unable to repay, they are forced to surrender their land and become bonded laborers.

Q. What are the health and nutrition problems faced by the OBCs?

Answer: Majority of the OBCs under the Annexure-I live in unhygienic conditions. They do not have proper houses to live in, with inadequate ventilation, toilet facilities, and drainage. Often, they live in the same room as their cattle, leading to an unhealthy living environment. Most of them do not have access to safe drinking water. These conditions adversely affect their health. As they are economically disadvantaged, they are unable to provide adequate nutrition for themselves, and many live below the poverty line.

Q. What is the meaning of ‘Scheduled Caste’ and how did it come about? 

Answer: The term ‘Scheduled Caste’ is a politico-legal term first used by the Simon Commission and then incorporated into the Government of India Act of 1935. It was later adopted by the Constitution of India for castes which were given special provisions under the system of compensatory or positive discrimination. Thus, a Scheduled Caste is one which is scheduled or listed for positive discrimination. These castes were formerly known as the Untouchables, with Mahatma Gandhi referring to them as ‘Harijan’ (son of Hari or God). Radical elements among the Scheduled Castes use the term ‘Dalit’, a Marathi word meaning “broken to pieces”, popularised by B.R. Ambedkar and the Dalit Panther Movement. 

Q. Can you elaborate on the concept of untouchability within the Indian caste system? 

Answer: Untouchability is an extreme form of ritual impurity and defilement associated with the Indian caste system. On the basis of ritual purity, the Untouchables are at the bottom of the caste hierarchy. In fact, they are outside the fourfold Varna scheme and belong to the so-called ‘panchama’ or the ‘fifth’ category. If a person of a higher caste touches an Untouchable or is touched by an Untouchable, even accidentally, the person of the higher caste becomes ritually impure or defiled. Although the Scheduled Castes do not form a homogeneous group and there are internal differences on the basis of occupation, numerical strength, geographical spread, and ritual status, all are segregated from the other castes on the basis of untouchability. 

Q. What was the percentage of Scheduled Castes in the total population according to the Census of India 2001 and 2011? 

Answer: According to the Census of India 2001, the population of Scheduled Castes was 16.2 % of the total population. In the Census of India 2011, the Scheduled Castes made up 16.48% of the total population. 

Q. What are some of the main problems faced by the Scheduled Castes due to their status in society? 

Answer: The problems faced by the Scheduled Castes are rooted in their ritual status as untouchables. They have the lowest social status in the caste hierarchy and are often segregated in villages and towns. There are religious restrictions imposed on them, they can’t use common wells or tanks for drinking water, and they can’t use common facilities like schools. Moreover, they don’t have a choice of occupation but must take up traditional jobs that are considered impure. They suffer from poverty and deprivation due to a lack of ownership of land and other forms of wealth, and they are educationally backward because they have no access to schools. They often live in unhygienic conditions, leading to health and nutrition issues. Furthermore, they suffer various atrocities committed against them by the upper castes. 

Q. What is Article 17 of the Indian Constitution and how does it protect the Scheduled Castes? 

Answer: Article 17 of the Constitution of India has abolished untouchability and its practice in any form is forbidden. The Parliament passed the Untouchability (Offences) Act of 1955 to make this abolition effective. Later, this Act was renamed and replaced by the Protection of Civil Rights Act of 1976. To check atrocities against the Untouchables, the Scheduled Castes, and the Scheduled Tribes, the Prevention of Atrocities Act was enacted in 1989. These measures not only abolish untouchability but also protect the Scheduled Castes from all forms of exploitation. They remove restrictions on the entry into temples and access to public wells, tanks, and other places. 

Q. Elaborate on the significance of the Untouchability (Offences) Act of 1955, the Protection of Civil Rights Act of 1976, and the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989 for the Scheduled Castes. 

Answer: The Untouchability (Offences) Act of 1955, renamed and replaced by the Protection of Civil Rights Act of 1976, was a significant step towards the abolition of untouchability. It forbade the practice of untouchability in any form, thereby intending to uplift the Scheduled Castes from their historically disadvantaged status. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989 further strengthened this protection by explicitly prohibiting atrocities against the Scheduled Castes and Tribes, thereby securing their rights and safety. Together, these acts aimed to eliminate the social injustices and inequalities faced by the Scheduled Castes and Tribes, ensuring their freedom and equality as per the ideals of the Constitution of India. 

Q. Discuss the issues related to education and employment faced by the Scheduled Castes, and how the Indian Constitution seeks to address these. 

Answer: The Scheduled Castes face significant barriers in accessing education and employment due to their disadvantaged status in society. They are often prevented from using common facilities like schools and are forced into traditional occupations that are considered impure or defiling. This severely limits their educational and professional prospects, resulting in chronic poverty and deprivation. The Indian Constitution, recognizing these injustices, has made various provisions for the protective discrimination of the Scheduled Castes. The aim is to remove their disabilities and improve their condition. The Constitution and subsequent legislation, like the Untouchability (Offences) Act of 1955 and the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989, have sought to secure the rights of the Scheduled Castes, remove restrictions, and protect them from all forms of exploitation. These measures work towards ensuring the Scheduled Castes have equal access to education and employment opportunities, although implementation remains a challenge. 

Q. What measures have been implemented with regard to education for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes? 

Answer: Measures with regard to education for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes include the following: a) Reservation of seats in educational institutions such as colleges and professional colleges. b) Relaxation in requirements for admission to professional colleges. c) Provision of scholarships, particularly post-matric scholarships and research scholarships. 

Q. How has the government sought to improve employment opportunities for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes? 

Answer: Measures with regard to employment for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes include the following: a) Reservation of jobs in government service and a proposal to extend such reservation even in the private sectors. b) Various schemes for encouraging self-employment through the National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation. 

Q. How are the political rights of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes protected? 

Answer: Measures with regard to political rights for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes include the following: a) Reservation of seats in Lok Sabha and State legislatures and in local bodies like panchayats. b) Setting up of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to look after the welfare and development of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. 

Q. Despite Constitutional provisions, why has only a small section of the Scheduled Castes been able to improve its condition? 

Answer: Despite Constitutional provisions in their favour, only a small section of the Scheduled Castes has been able to improve its condition because this small section has become a creamy layer with vested interests. Meanwhile, the vast majority of the Scheduled Castes continue to suffer from deprivations and atrocities. 

Q. Who are the Other Backward Classes (OBC) in the Indian caste system? 

Answer: In the Indian caste system, Other Backward Classes (OBC) are those castes whose position in the caste system was below the upper castes but above the lower castes. Most of them had traditional occupations, such as tenant cultivators, traders, and artisans under the jajmani system. 

Q. What are the two categories of OBC as per the Mandal Commission Report? 

Answer: The Mandal Commission Report divided the OBC into two categories: a) Those listed in Annexure I – these are OBCs who were extremely backward, economically and educationally, for example, Mallah, Nonia, Kahar, etc. b) Those listed in Annexure II – these are backward castes which were economically and educationally more advanced, such as Yadav, Kurmi, Koeri, Banía, etc. 

Q. When were the recommendations of the Mandal Commission implemented and what was its impact? 

Answer: The recommendations of the Mandal Commission, which suggested 27% reservation of posts in government jobs for the OBCs, were implemented in 1993. Following this, OBCs emerged as a powerful political force in India, capturing power in states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. 

Q. What was the significant action taken by the Vajpayee government in 1999 with respect to OBCs? 

Answer: In 1999, the Vajpayee government added 127 more castes under the categories of OBCs, raising the total number to 3920. 

Q. Define a tribe as per DM Majumdar.

Answer: According to DM Majumdar, a tribe is a collection of families bearing a common name, members of which occupy the same territory, speak the same language and observe certain taboos regarding marriage, profession or occupation, and have developed a well-established system of reciprocity and mutuality of obligations.

Q. What are the different names by which tribes in India are known?

Answer: Tribes in India are known by various names such as Janjati, Vanyajati, Vanavasi, Adimjati, and Adivasi.

Q. Explain the concept of Scheduled Tribes in the context of the Indian Constitution.

Answer: In the context of the Indian Constitution, Scheduled Tribes are those tribes which are scheduled or listed or specified by Presidential Orders issued under the provisions of Article 341 and 342. They are scheduled for the sake of special or protective discrimination. The Constitution of India, however, does not define the term ‘Scheduled Tribes’.

Q. Provide statistics on the Scheduled Tribes in India.

Answer: (i) The total number of Scheduled Tribes in India is 461.
(ii) As of 2001, the population of Scheduled Tribes constituted 8.2 % of the total population.
(iii) Among the Scheduled Tribes, 75 are classified as Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) because of their low population, low literacy, and primitive agricultural practices.
(iv) According to the Census of India 2011 Provisional Population Totals, the population of the Scheduled Tribes is 8.08% of the total population.

Q. Elaborate on the concept of Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) among the Scheduled Tribes.

Answer: Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) are a specific category among the Scheduled Tribes in India. There are 75 tribes classified as Primitive Tribal Groups. The criteria for determining PTGs include factors such as a low population, low literacy rates, and primitive agricultural practices. This classification is based on their relative geographical isolation, distinct culture, and extreme backwardness in terms of socio-economic measures.

Q. Discuss the implications of the classification of tribes as Scheduled Tribes under the Indian Constitution.

Answer: The classification of certain tribes as Scheduled Tribes under the Indian Constitution carries significant implications. This classification is done through Presidential Orders under the provisions of Article 341 and 342. The purpose of this scheduling is to provide special or protective discrimination to these tribes. However, it’s important to note that the Indian Constitution doesn’t define the term ‘Scheduled Tribes’. These tribes are entitled to certain protections and benefits under the Indian legal framework, including reservation in education and government jobs, special developmental programs, and protection against social injustice and exploitation. This classification aims at promoting socio-economic development of the tribes and safeguarding their cultural identity.

Q. What are the major problems faced by the Scheduled Tribes? 

Answer: The major problems faced by the Scheduled Tribes include land alienation, poverty and unemployment, indebtedness, health and nutrition issues, and illiteracy and lack of education. 

Q. What is meant by ‘land alienation’ with respect to Scheduled Tribes? 

Answer: ‘Land alienation’ refers to the process of tribal land being acquired by the Government, outsiders, contractors, and money lenders, often in the name of development. This is a significant problem because tribal lands are often rich in natural resources like minerals and forests. Additionally, tribals also lose their land to money lenders due to indebtedness, which leads to further impoverishment. 

Q. Why is unemployment a significant issue for the Scheduled Tribes? 

Answer: Unemployment is a major issue for the Scheduled Tribes as they depend on subsistence agriculture, shifting cultivation and forest produce for their livelihood. Due to alienation of their land for developmental projects, their traditional means of subsistence are disrupted. Further, they find it hard to gain employment in their own areas and are also unable to find work outside due to lack of education and training. 

Q. Discuss the issue of indebtedness among the Scheduled Tribes. 

Answer: Scheduled Tribes often suffer from indebtedness due to their poverty, unemployment, land alienation, and displacement. They frequently borrow from money lenders and, due to high interest rates, they are often unable to repay the loans. This indebtedness can lead to them becoming bonded laborers. Additionally, land acquisition by external parties often leaves tribals indebted, which exacerbates their impoverishment. 

Q. Explain the health and nutrition problems faced by the Scheduled Tribes. 

Answer: Tribals typically live in inaccessible areas under unhygienic conditions, without proper health and medical facilities, leading to various health issues. Their nutritional status is also poor due to limited resources. Alcoholism, exacerbated by the introduction of distilled liquor from outside, is a significant problem that negatively impacts their health and increases their poverty and indebtedness. 

Q. What are the issues related to education among the Scheduled Tribes? 

Answer: Illiteracy and lack of education are prevalent among the Scheduled Tribes due to inadequate facilities like schools. Literacy rates among tribals are generally lower than other sections of society. The absence of educational opportunities also limits their ability to find employment, especially outside their communities. 

Q. What measures have been adopted by the Government for the improvement of the condition of the Scheduled Tribes? 

Answer: The Government has adopted various measures for the improvement of the condition of the Scheduled Tribes to implement Constitutional provisions. These measures, administered by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, fall into two categories: protection and development. In terms of education, measures include reservation of seats in educational institutions, relaxation in admission requirements for professional colleges, and provision of scholarships. Other initiatives include hostels for tribal boys and girls, vocational training, and Ashram Schools in TSP areas. 

Q. Discuss the role of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs in improving the condition of the Scheduled Tribes. 

Answer: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs, established in 1999, is tasked with implementing Constitutional provisions for the improvement of the condition of the Scheduled Tribes. It oversees two types of measures: those for protection, and those for development. Educational initiatives include reservation of seats in colleges and professional institutions, relaxed admission requirements for these institutions, and the provision of scholarships, particularly post-matric scholarships and research scholarships. Additionally, the Ministry also oversees measures such as the establishment of hostels for tribal boys and girls, vocational training programs, and Ashram Schools in Tribal Sub Plan areas. These initiatives are aimed at promoting education, employment, and overall development among the Scheduled Tribes. 

Q. What are some measures proposed to improve employment among the Scheduled Tribes in India

Answer: Measures with regard to employment include reservation of jobs in Government service, with a proposal to extend this reservation into the private sector. Additionally, various schemes are in place for encouraging self-employment under the Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India and National Scheduled Tribes Finance Development Corporation. 

Q. How were the Scheduled Tribes historically separated from mainstream Indian society? 

Answer: The Scheduled Tribes were not an integral part of Indian society in the past due to their residence in remote and inaccessible areas. They had no voice in politics and their economic and cultural rights were not protected. 

Q. What are the five principles or Panchsheel of the tribal policy formulated by Jawaharlal Nehru? 

Answer: The five principles or Panchsheel of the tribal policy as formulated by Jawaharlal Nehru include respect for the traditional culture of the tribals, their traditional institutions, and their rights in land and forests. 

Q. What measures are in place to ensure the integration of tribals in Indian society? 

Answer: Several measures have been introduced to integrate tribals into Indian society. These include reservation of seats for tribals in legislature (Lok Sabha and State Assemblies), safeguarding tribal rights in their land and preventing land alienation, and safeguarding their culture, language, and traditional institutions. 

Q. What are the special constitutional provisions for tribals in North-East India? 

Answer: For tribals in North-East India, special Constitutional provisions exist in the Sixth Schedule and Article 371. Article 371(A) specifically deals with Nagaland. 

Q. How are ‘minorities’ defined in the Constitution of India? 

Answer: The Constitution of India does not define the term ‘minorities’. However, the Supreme Court and the High Courts have defined them on the basis of population size, thus, any community or group which does not constitute 50% of the population is called a minority. 

Q. What are the two types of minorities recognised by the Constitution of India? 

Answer: The Constitution of India recognises two types of minorities in India, namely, i) religious minorities, and ii) linguistic minorities. 

Q. Who are considered as the religious minorities in India? 

Answer: In India, the Hindus constitute the majority. Hence, the religious minorities are the Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, and Parsis. 

Q. What is the basic problem of the minorities in India? 

Answer: The basic problem of the minorities in India is that of discrimination by the majority. This is because the minorities do not have the numbers or population size to protect their interests. 

Q. What are the most serious problems faced by the minorities in India? 

Answer: The most serious problems faced by the minorities in India are the protection of their identity as a religious or linguistic group and discrimination by the majority in social, economic, and political affairs. 

Q. How does the Constitution of India protect the interests of the minorities? 

Answer: The Constitution of India has made various provisions for the protection of the interests of the minorities. It has guaranteed various minority rights, thus providing a mechanism to safeguard their interests. 

Q. What rights does the Constitution of India guarantee to the minorities? 

Answer: The Constitution of India guarantees several rights to the minorities: 

• Article 29(1) guarantees the right of minorities to preserve their own language and culture, and prohibits the State from imposing the culture of the majority on linguistic and religious minorities. 
• Article 30(1) guarantees the right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice, and prohibits the State from making any discrimination in granting aid to minority institutions on the grounds that it is a minority institution managed by a religious or linguistic minority. 
• Article 350(A) directs the State to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother tongue to the children of linguistic minorities at the primary stage of education. 
• Article 350(B) makes provision for a special officer for linguistic minorities to investigate all matters relating to safeguards provided to linguistic minorities. 
• Article 15 (1) states that there should be no discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. 
• Article 16 (2) asserts that there should be equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. No citizen on the grounds of religion, race, caste, etc. should be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of any employment or office under the State. 
• Article 25 grants freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. 

Q. What is the role of the National Commission for Minorities? 

Answer: The National Commission for Minorities was set up to replace the Minorities Commission in 1993. Its role is to safeguard the protection of minorities and to evaluate programmes for their welfare. 

Q. What is the purpose of the National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation? 

Answer: The National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation was established to help minorities in their economic development. 

Q. Why are women included among the ‘weaker sections’ in India? 

Answer: Women are included among the ‘weaker sections’ in India because their social status is lower than the social status of men. Besides, women are considered to be ‘inferior’ to men and suffer from various types of discrimination. There are also cases of violence against women in the form of rape, dowry deaths, and domestic violence. 

Q. What is the meaning of ‘status of women’ and how has it evolved in India? 

Answer: The term ‘status of women’ means the position of women in society. Compared to the status of men, the status of women in India is considered low. In egalitarian societies, the status of women was more or less equal to the status of men. However, over time, this status deteriorated in India. During the ancient period of Indian history, the status of women gradually deteriorated from a relatively high status during the Rig Vedic period to a low status in the later Vedic period. This was mainly because of the importance given to sons and the restrictions placed on women by the Dharmashatras. Practices such as child marriage, denial of education, ban on widow marriage, and the practice of Sati relegated women to a position of total subordination. This status was further impacted during the Medieval period due to the influence of Islam. 

Q. Who were some of the key social reformers during the British rule in India and what were some of the laws enacted due to their efforts? 

Answer: One of the key social reformers during the British rule in India was Raja Ram Mohan Roy. His efforts, along with other reformers, led to the enactment of several laws by the British. These included the Sati Prohibition Act, which abolished the practice of Sati; the Widow Remarriage Act, which allowed widows to remarry; and the Child Marriage Restraint Act, which aimed to curb child marriages. 

Q. What are some of the key articles in the Constitution of India that pertain to gender equality and women’s rights? 

Answer: The Constitution of India has several key articles that focus on gender equality and women’s rights. Article 14 confers equal rights on women and men, ensuring gender equality. Article 15(1) specifically prohibits gender discrimination, while Article 15(3) allows the State to make special provisions for women, acknowledging the need for affirmative action to address historical disparities. 

Q. What are the current problems of discrimination and deprivation faced by women in India? 

Answer: Despite the constitutional provisions and laws, women in India continue to face discrimination and deprivation. The status of women, particularly those from uneducated, rural, and low-income groups, remains low. This is evident from indicators like the sex ratio, literacy rates, and access to income and employment. The sex ratio is adverse to women due to factors like preference for a male child, female foeticide, infanticide, and general neglect of women’s health. Female literacy rate lags behind male literacy, and women’s access to income and control over economic resources is severely limited. Violence against women, including domestic violence and sexual abuse at workplaces, is on the rise. 

Q. What does the Census of India 2011 Provisional Population Totals indicate about the sex ratio in India? 

Answer: As per the Census of India 2011 Provisional Population Totals, the sex ratio in India is 940, which is adverse to women. This adverse sex ratio is due to a number of factors such as a preference for a male child, female foeticide and female infanticide, and the general neglect of women and poor health conditions. 

Q. What does the Census of India 2011 Provisional Population Totals reveal about the literacy rates in India, particularly among women? 

Answer: The Census of India 2011 Provisional Population Totals reveals that the female literacy rate is significantly lower than the male literacy rate and the national average. Specifically, the female literacy rate is only 65.46%, while the male literacy rate is 82.14%, and the national average literacy rate is 74.04%. There are also widespread regional variations in female literacy rates across the country. 

Q. What are some of the challenges faced by women in India with respect to income and employment? 

Answer: Women in India face a number of challenges with respect to income and employment. Their work is often ‘invisible’ because it is confined to the domestic sphere or the home. They are often seen as ‘home makers’, while men are considered ‘bread winners’. Even when women are employed outside the home, they often lack control over their earnings. This situation is particularly dire for women from weaker sections of society, like the Scheduled Castes, who suffer from extreme poverty and discrimination. 

Q. What are some of the reasons for the rise in violence against women in India, including sexual abuse at workplaces and domestic violence? 

Answer: There are several factors contributing to the rise in violence against women in India, including sexual abuse at workplaces and domestic violence. These factors include increasing lawlessness, poor enforcement of legal provisions, the spread of consumerism, the erosion of traditional values, and the prevalence of a patriarchal value system. These elements contribute to an environment where crimes like rape are increasing and where dowry deaths, wife beating, and other forms of violence against women persist. 

Q. What are the constitutional provisions and laws in India that aim to improve the status of women? 

Answer: The Constitution of India guarantees equality to women and prohibits any form of discrimination against them. There are also several laws enacted to remove discrimination and deprivation. 

Q. Why is there a need for better and more effective enforcement of laws and provisions for women’s rights? 

Answer: Despite the constitutional guarantees and laws enacted to remove discrimination and deprivation, the condition of women has not significantly improved. Thus, there is a need for better and more effective enforcement of these laws and provisions. 

Q. What is the suitable approach to women’s issues according to the text? 

Answer: The suitable approach to women’s issues is not merely a question of women’s welfare or development but of empowerment. Therefore, attention should be given to core issues like health, education and employment. 

Q. Why is it necessary for women to have a participatory role in the affairs of the state and society? 

Answer: Women’s empowerment requires that they should be given a participatory role in the affairs of the state and society. This helps them to actively influence policies and decisions that affect their lives and well-being. The Women’s Reservation Bill, which aims at providing women with 33% representation in legislative bodies, is a step in this direction. 

Q. What is the most important measure for the empowerment of women according to the text? 

Answer: According to the text, the most important measure for the empowerment of women is a change in attitude towards women. All legislative measures and other provisions will not be effective if the present attitude towards women is not changed. This requires a concerted effort on the part of all. 

Q. Discuss the role of Women’s Reservation Bill in the empowerment of women. 

Answer: The Women’s Reservation Bill is a significant initiative for women’s empowerment as it aims at providing women with 33% representation in legislative bodies. This would ensure that women have a voice in the decision-making process and play a vital role in shaping laws and policies. It would help in mainstreaming gender concerns in policy-making and governance, thereby addressing gender inequality more effectively. However, the mere reservation of seats in legislative bodies is not enough. It should be complemented by other measures such as capacity building of elected women representatives and creating an enabling environment that supports their active participation. 

69. What is the role of society in the empowerment of women and how can the change in attitude towards women contribute to their empowerment? 

Answer: Society plays a crucial role in the empowerment of women. Attitudes and perceptions about gender roles are largely shaped by societal norms and beliefs. In many societies, women are perceived as inferior to men, and this perception is reflected in various aspects of life including education, employment, health, and political representation. The text emphasizes the need for a change in attitude towards women as the most important measure for their empowerment. This involves challenging and changing the existing gender stereotypes and biases, and recognizing women as equal to men in all aspects. It requires a concerted effort on the part of all, including the government, civil society, communities, and individuals. This change in attitude, along with appropriate legal and policy measures, can create an enabling environment for women to realize their full potential and contribute to the development of society. 

Extra/additional MCQs 

1. What is the Spanish word from which ‘caste’ is derived? 

A. Clase B. Raza C. Casta D. Linea 

Answer: C. Casta 

2. What is the equivalent term for ‘caste’ in Indian language? 

A. Kul B. Gotra C. Jati D. Vamsa 

Answer: C. Jati 

3. Who defined caste as “a hereditary, endogamous, usually localised group having a traditional association with an occupation and a particular position in the local hierarchy of castes.”? 

A. B.R. Ambedkar B. Mahatma Gandhi C. M.N. Srinivas D. Simon Commission 

Answer: C. M.N. Srinivas 

4. What was the initial use of the term ‘Scheduled Caste’? 

A. Constitution of India B. Simon Commission C. Dalit Panther Movement D. Indian Census 

Answer: B. Simon Commission 

5. Which castes typically do not interact with OBCs in villages?

A. Forward castes B. Lower castes C. Scheduled castes D. Scheduled tribes

Answer: A. Forward castes

Q. Who among the OBCs typically works as casual attached labor?

A. Annexure-II B. Annexure-I C. Upper castes D. Lower castes

Answer: B. Annexure-I

Q. Which group of OBCs is mentioned as not being economically dependent on higher castes?

A. Annexure-I B. Annexure-II C. Both Annexure-I and II D. None of the above

Answer: B. Annexure-II

Q. Which group of OBCs usually takes land from higher castes for share-cropping?

A. Annexure-I B. Annexure-II C. Both Annexure-I and II D. None of the above

Answer: A. Annexure-I

Q. For what purposes do OBCs typically take loans from landowners or money lenders?

A. Consumption B. Marriage C. Festivals D. All of the above

Answer: D. All of the above

Q. What happens when OBCs are unable to repay their loans?

A. They are forgiven B. They surrender their land C. They are given more loans D. They are exempted from work

Answer: B. They surrender their land

Q. What is one of the major health problems among OBCs living under unhygienic conditions?

A. Access to safe drinking water B. Adequate nutrition C. Proper ventilation D. All of the above

Answer: D. All of the above

Q. Where do many OBCs from the Annexure-I often live in the same room as?

A. Their children B. Their cattle C. Their crops D. Their elders

Answer: B. Their cattle

Q. What is a common problem among OBCs due to their economic disadvantage?

A. Inability to provide adequate nutrition B. Lack of proper housing C. Both A and B D. None of the above

Answer: C. Both A and B

Q. What is the socio-economic status of many OBCs from the Annexure-I?

A. Above poverty line B. Middle class C. Below poverty line D. Upper class

Answer: C. Below poverty line

Q. What term did Mahatma Gandhi use to refer to the Untouchables?

A. Dalit B. Shudra C. Harijan D. Panchama

Answer: C. Harijan

Q. According to DM Majumdar, which of the following is not a characteristic of a tribe?

A. Common name B. Same territory C. Different languages D. Certain taboos

Answer: C. Different languages

Q. Which of the following is not a name by which tribes in India are known?

A. Janjati B. Vanyajati C. Vanavasi D. Adivasis

Answer: D. Adivasis

Q. Under which Articles of the Indian Constitution are the tribes scheduled?

A. Article 341 and 342 B. Article 340 and 341 C. Article 342 and 343 D. Article 343 and 344

Answer: A. Article 341 and 342

Q. How many Scheduled Tribes are there in India?

A. 461 B. 471 C. 451 D. 481

Answer: A. 461

Q. As per the 2001 census, what percentage of the total population was constituted by the Scheduled Tribes?

A. 7.2 % B. 8.2 % C. 9.2 % D. 10.2 %

Answer: B. 8.2 %

Q. How many tribes are classified as Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs)?

A. 65 B. 75 C. 85 D. 95

Answer: B. 75

Q. What is the basis of classifying a tribe as a Primitive Tribal Group?

A. High population B. High literacy C. Advanced agricultural practices D. Low population, low literacy and primitive agricultural practices

Answer: D. Low population, low literacy and primitive agricultural practices

Q. According to the Census of India 2011, what is the percentage of the total population constituted by the Scheduled Tribes?

A. 7.08 % B. 8.08 % C. 9.08 % D. 10.08 %

Answer: B. 8.08 %

Q. Does the Indian Constitution define the term ‘Scheduled Tribes’?

A. Yes B. No C. Partially D. Not mentioned

Answer: B. No

Q. Why are tribes scheduled under the Indian Constitution?

A. Special or protective discrimination B. Educational purposes C. Cultural assimilation D. Political representation

Answer: A. Special or protective discrimination

Q. What does the Marathi term ‘Dalit’ mean?

A. Untouchable B. Son of God C. Broken to pieces D. Lower caste

Answer: C. Broken to pieces 

Q. Who popularised the term ‘Dalit’? 

A. Mahatma Gandhi B. Simon Commission C. B.R. Ambedkar D. Dalit Panther Movement 

Answer: C. B.R. Ambedkar 

Q. What category do the untouchables belong to in the Varna system? 

A. Brahmin B. Shudra C. Panchama D. Kshatriya 

Answer: C. Panchama 

Q. What happens when a person from a higher caste touches an Untouchable? 

A. Nothing B. Becomes ritually impure C. Is ostracized D. Is fined 

Answer: B. Becomes ritually impure 

Q. According to the Census of India 2011, what was the percentage of the Scheduled Castes in the total population? 

A. 15.48% B. 16.2% C. 16.48% D. 17% 

Answer: C. 16.48% 

Q. What is the social status of the Scheduled Castes in the caste hierarchy?  

A. Highest B. Middle C. Lowest D. Undefined 

Answer: C. Lowest 

Q. What are the Scheduled Castes traditionally restricted from using due to their caste status?  

A. Cars B. Electronics C. Common wells D. Furniture 

Answer: C. Common wells 

Q. What type of occupations are the Scheduled Castes traditionally forced to take up?  

A. Clerical B. Managerial C. Agricultural D. Impure or defiling 

Answer: D. Impure or defiling 

Q. Which Act abolished untouchability according to the Indian Constitution? A. Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1976 B. Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955 C. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 D. None of the above 

Answer: B. Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955 

Q. What was the Untouchability (Offences) Act of 1955 later renamed as? A. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 B. Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1976 C. Right to Education Act, 2009 D. Minimum Wages Act, 1948 

Answer: B. Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1976 

Q. Which Act was enacted to check atrocities against the Untouchables, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes? A. Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955 B. Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1976 C. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 D. Human Rights Act, 1993 

Answer: C. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 

Q. What is the main reason for the educational backwardness of the Scheduled Castes? A. Lack of interest B. Cultural values C. No access to schools D. Language barriers 

Answer: C. No access to schools 

Q. What status do the Scheduled Castes hold in the traditional caste system? A. Brahmins B. Kshatriyas C. Vaishyas D. Untouchables 

Answer: D. Untouchables 

Q. What type of living conditions do the Scheduled Castes often have? A. Luxurious B. Comfortable C. Average D. Unhygienic 

Answer: D. Unhygienic 

Q. Who often commits atrocities against the Scheduled Castes? A. Lower castes B. Upper castes C. Scheduled Tribes D. None of the above 

Answer: B. Upper castes 

Q. What percentage of reservation in Central Government jobs was suggested for OBCs by the Mandal Commission? 

A. 22.5% B. 27% C. 35% D. 40% 

Answer: B. 27% 

Q. What was the traditional occupation of most Other Backward Classes (OBCs)? 

A. Tenant cultivators B. Traders C. Artisans D. All of the above 

Answer: D. All of the above 

Q. When were the recommendations of the Mandal Commission implemented? 

A. 1979 B. 1989 C. 1993 D. 1999 

Answer: C. 1993 

Q. Which government added 127 more castes under the categories of OBCs? 

A. Janata Party government B. Vajpayee government C. Nehru government D. Modi government 

Answer: B. Vajpayee government 

Q. What is the main problem identified for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in villages? 

A. Poverty B. Illiteracy C. Lack of Interaction D. Lack of Employment 

Answer: C. Lack of Interaction 

Q. How many castes were identified as OBCs by the Mandal Commission? 

A. 2973 B. 3743 C. 3920 D. 4000 

Answer: B. 3743 

Q. What type of scholarship is provided to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes as a measure of educational support? 

A. Pre-matric scholarships B. Post-matric scholarships C. Research scholarships D. B and C 

Answer: D. B and C 

Q. Which state is mentioned as an example where OBCs captured power post-implementation of the Mandal Commission recommendations? 

A. Maharashtra B. Madhya Pradesh C. Bihar D. Rajasthan 

Answer: C. Bihar 

Q. Which commission was responsible for dividing the OBCs into two categories? 

A. Simon Commission B. Sarkaria Commission C. Mandal Commission D. Rajamannar Commission 

Answer: C. Mandal Commission 

Q. What is the proposed measure to improve job opportunities for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the private sector? 

A. Financial Aid B. Skill Development C. Job Reservation D. Special Training 

Answer: C. Job Reservation 

Q. What is the root cause of the deprivation of Scheduled Tribes? 

A. Poverty B. Land alienation C. Geographical isolation D. Indebtedness 

Answer: C. Geographical isolation 

Q. What are the natural resources abundant in tribal land? 

A. Oil and gas B. Minerals and forests C. Water bodies D. Solar energy 

Answer: B. Minerals and forests 

Q. Why do Scheduled Tribes generally depend on subsistence agriculture and forest produce? 

A. Cultural preference B. Economic reasons C. Geographical isolation D. Legal restrictions 

Answer: C. Geographical isolation 

Q. What often happens to tribals when they cannot repay loans to money lenders? 

A. They migrate B. They become bonded labourers C. They receive government aid D. They start new businesses 

Answer: B. They become bonded labourers 

Q. Which problem is associated with the health of tribals due to its societal acceptance? 

A. Malnutrition B. Illiteracy C. Alcoholism D. Unemployment 

Answer: C. Alcoholism 

Q. What is a major reason for lower literacy rates among the Scheduled Tribes? 

A. Cultural beliefs B. Lack of schools C. Government policies D. Economic conditions 

Answer: B. Lack of schools 

Q. When was the Ministry of Tribal Affairs set up? 

A. 1989 B. 1999 C. 2009 D. 2019 

Answer: B. 1999 

Q. What are the two types of measures adopted by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs for Scheduled Tribes? 

A. Education and Employment B. Health and Education C. Protection and Development D. Land and Resources 

Answer: C. Protection and Development 

Q. What is a specific type of scholarship provided to Scheduled Tribes for their education? 

A. Pre-matric scholarships B. Post-matric scholarships C. Sports scholarships D. Cultural scholarships 

Answer: B. Post-matric scholarships 

Q. What kind of schools are established in TSP areas for Scheduled Tribes? 

A. Private Schools B. Public Schools C. Ashram Schools D. Boarding Schools 

Answer: C. Ashram Schools 

Q. What is one of the proposed measures to improve employment opportunities for Scheduled Tribes in the private sector? 

A. Self-employment schemes B. Job reservations C. Vocational training D. Entrepreneurship programs 

Answer: B. Job reservations 

Q. Which Indian Prime Minister formulated the original tribal policy known as the Panchsheel? 

A. Indira Gandhi B. Jawaharlal Nehru C. Mahatma Gandhi D. Narendra Modi 

Answer: B. Jawaharlal Nehru 

Q. What provision does Article 371(A) of the Indian Constitution specifically deal with? 

A. Scheduled Castes B. Scheduled Tribes C. Nagaland D. Linguistic Minorities 

Answer: C. Nagaland 

Q. Which Federation is involved in encouraging self-employment for Scheduled Tribes in India? 

A. National Employment Federation of India B. National Scheduled Tribes Finance Development Corporation C. Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India D. All of the above 

Answer: C. Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India 

Q. Who are considered religious minorities in India? 

A. Hindus B. Muslims C. Both D. None 

Answer: B. Muslims 

Q. What is the basis of defining ‘minorities’ according to the Supreme Court and the High Courts in India? 

A. Language B. Religion C. Population size D. Geographical location 

Answer: C. Population size 

Q. Which constitutional provision provides special rights for tribals in North-East India? 

A. Article 370 B. Sixth Schedule C. Article 371(A) D. Article 14 

Answer: B. Sixth Schedule 

Q. What is the main problem faced by minorities in India? 

A. Overpopulation B. Discrimination C. Unemployment D. Poverty 

Answer: B. Discrimination 

Q. What are the two types of minorities recognised in the Constitution of India? 

A. Racial and Ethnic B. Religious and Linguistic C. Social and Economic D. Gender and Age 

Answer: B. Religious and Linguistic 

Q. What is one of the methods used to integrate tribals into Indian society? 

A. Land alienation B. Reservation of seats in legislature C. Mandatory education D. Urban relocation 

Answer: B. Reservation of seats in legislature 

Q. What does Article 29(1) of the Indian Constitution guarantee to minorities? 

A. Freedom of speech B. Right to vote C. Right to preserve their culture D. Right to employment 

Answer: C. Right to preserve their culture 

Q. What does Article 30(1) of the Indian Constitution prohibit the State from doing? 

A. Granting aid to minority institutions B. Discriminating against minority institutions C. Establishing minority institutions D. Regulating minority institutions 

Answer: B. Discriminating against minority institutions 

Q. Which Article of the Indian Constitution provides for a special officer for linguistic minorities? 

A. Article 15(1) B. Article 30(1) C. Article 350(A) D. Article 350(B) 

Answer: D. Article 350(B) 

Q. Which Article of the Indian Constitution grants freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion? 

A. Article 25 B. Article 29(1) C. Article 30(1) D. Article 350(A) 

Answer: A. Article 25 

Q. What was set up in 1993 to replace the Minorities Commission? 

A. National Human Rights Commission B. National Commission for Women C. National Commission for Scheduled Castes D. National Commission for Minorities 

Answer: D. National Commission for Minorities 

Q. What is the purpose of the National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation? 

A. Minority employment B. Minority economic development C. Minority education D. Minority rights protection 

Answer: B. Minority economic development 

Q. Why are women considered among the ‘weaker sections’ in India? 

A. Low social status B. Lack of education C. Lack of employment D. Lack of voting rights 

Answer: A. Low social status 

Q. Which period of Indian history saw a rapid decline in the status of women? 

A. Rig Vedic period B. Later Vedic period C. Medieval period D. Modern period 

Answer: B. Later Vedic period 

Q. What practice was common in the later Vedic period that relegated women to a position of total subordination? 

A. Women education B. Women employment C. Sati D. Voting rights for women 

Answer: C. Sati 

Q. What influence did Islam have on women during the Medieval period in India? 

A. Women education B. Women employment C. Purdah D. Women’s voting rights 

Answer: C. Purdah 

Q. Who was a key social reformer during the British rule in India? 

A. Mahatma Gandhi B. Jawaharlal Nehru C. Raja Ram Mohan Roy D. Rabindranath Tagore 

Answer: C. Raja Ram Mohan Roy 

Q. What was one of the laws enacted by the British due to the efforts of social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy? 

A. Right to Information Act B. Sati Prohibition Act C. Indian Penal Code D. Income Tax Act 

Answer: B. Sati Prohibition Act 

Q. Which Article in the Constitution of India confers equal rights on women and men? 

A. Article 14 B. Article 15 C. Article 16 D. Article 17 

Answer: A. Article 14 

Q. Which Article in the Constitution of India prohibits gender discrimination? 

A. Article 14 B. Article 15(1) C. Article 15(2) D. Article 15(3) 

Answer: B. Article 15(1) 

Q. What is the sex ratio in India according to the Census of India 2011 Provisional Population Totals? 

A. 900 B. 930 C. 940 D. 950 

Answer: C. 940 

Q. What is the female literacy rate in India according to the Census of India 2011 Provisional Population Totals? 

A. 55.46% B. 65.46% C. 75.46% D. 85.46% 

Answer: B. 65.46% 

Q. What is the male literacy rate in India according to the Census of India 2011 Provisional Population Totals? 

A. 72.14% B. 82.14% C. 92.14% D. 102.14% 

Answer: B. 82.14% 

Q. What is the national average literacy rate in India according to the Census of India 2011 Provisional Population Totals? 

A. 64.04% B. 74.04% C. 84.04% D. 94.04% 

Answer: B. 74.04% 

Q. What is a significant reason for the adverse sex ratio in India? 

A. Preference for a male child B. Access to education C. Employment opportunities D. Political participation 

Answer: A. Preference for a male child 

Q. What is one of the factors contributing to the rise in violence against women in India? 

A. Economic prosperity B. Technological advancements C. Increasing lawlessness D. Climate change 

Answer: C. Increasing lawlessness 

Q. What does the Constitution of India guarantee to women? 

A. Health Rights B. Equality C. Employment D. Education 

Answer: B. Equality 

Q. What does the Constitution of India prohibit against women? 

A. Education B. Employment C. Discrimination D. Health Services 

Answer: C. Discrimination 

Q. Despite the constitutional guarantees, why has the condition of women not significantly improved? 

A. Lack of awareness B. Poor law enforcement C. Lack of education D. Lack of resources 

Answer: B. Poor law enforcement 

Q. What approach is required for women’s issues according to the text? 

A. Welfare B. Development C. Empowerment D. All of the above 

Answer: C. Empowerment 

Q. What core issues should attention be given to in the context of women’s empowerment? 

A. Health and Education B. Employment and Welfare C. Development and Empowerment D. Education and Employment 

Answer: A. Health and Education 

Q. What does women’s empowerment require according to the text? 

A. Better Education B. Higher Employment C. Participatory Role D. Improved Health 

Answer: C. Participatory Role 

Q. What is the aim of the Women’s Reservation Bill? 

A. 50% representation for women B. 33% representation for women C. Equal pay for women D. Education for all women 

Answer: B. 33% representation for women 

Q. What is the most important measure for women’s empowerment according to the text? 

A. Legal Measures B. Change in Attitude C. Women’s Reservation Bill D. Better Enforcement of Laws 

Answer: B. Change in Attitude 

Q. Which of the following measures will not be effective without a change in attitude towards women? 

A. Welfare Programs B. Legal Measures C. Employment Opportunities D. All of the above 

Answer: D. All of the above 

85. Whose concerted effort is required for a change in attitude towards women? 

A. Government B. Women C. All D. Men 

Answer: C. All