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Power Resources: NBSE class 10 social science chapter 6 notes
Get here the notes/solutions/extras of NBSE Class 10 Social Science Chapter 6 Power Resources. However, the study materials should be used only for references and nothing more. The notes can be modified/changed according to needs.
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Summary
Energy is the capacity to do work or produce an activity. Humans use a variety of energy sources to power their activities and machines. These include chemical energy from fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas, as well as renewable sources like hydroelectric power from dams, nuclear energy, solar energy, wind power, tidal power and geothermal energy from the earth’s interior heat.
In rural India, the traditional energy sources are firewood and cow dung cakes. These two provide around 70% of the energy needs in rural households. However, decreasing forest area and the need for cow dung as manure is creating a requirement for alternative energy options in villages.
The energy sources can be classified into two main categories – conventional and non-conventional. Conventional sources include coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydroelectricity and firewood. These have been used for a long time but are non-renewable, cause pollution, and are not eco-friendly. Non-conventional sources like solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and nuclear energy are newer, more abundant and more environmentally friendly.
Coal is the world’s most abundant fossil fuel and one-third of global energy consumption comes from coal. It is formed from compressed ancient plant matter over millions of years. India has large coal reserves and depends heavily on coal for commercial energy needs like power generation and industry. Coal India Limited has been directed to achieve 1 billion tonnes of coal production by 2023-24.
Petroleum or crude oil is another crucial fossil fuel extracted from sedimentary rocks. It is used for fuel, lubricants and as a raw material for making plastics, chemicals etc. The major petroleum producers in India are Mumbai High (63%), Assam (16%) and Gujarat (18%). Oil is refined at refineries to produce petrol, diesel and petrochemicals.
Natural gas is a cleaner gaseous fossil fuel found along with or separate from petroleum. It requires less processing than coal or oil and burns with lower emissions. India’s major natural gas reserves are in Mumbai High, Gujarat, Assam, Krishna-Godavari Basin and the Gulf of Cambay. It is used for energy generation and as an industrial raw material.
Electricity can be generated by hydropower from fast-flowing water (hydro-electricity) or by burning fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines (thermal electricity). Nuclear power is produced by splitting uranium or thorium atoms to release energy. India has uranium and thorium reserves and operates several nuclear power plants.
Non-conventional energy sources are gaining importance due to the limited stock and environmental issues with fossil fuels. Solar energy can be harnessed through solar thermal plants or photovoltaic cells that directly convert sunlight to electricity. India has high solar potential with large solar farms already operational.
Wind power is another clean renewable source that is being rapidly adopted, with large wind farms already set up across several states like Tamil Nadu. Biogas produced by decomposing organic matter like animal waste, farm residue etc. is an excellent domestic fuel, providing both energy and manure through gobar gas plants.
Tidal energy from oceanic tides and geothermal energy from the earth’s internal heat are other emerging options being explored. The Gulf of Kutch area has a large tidal power plant while experimental geothermal plants have been set up in Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh.
With rising consumption, prices and the limited stock of fossil fuels which also cause environmental damage, India needs to aggressively develop renewable and non-conventional energy sources to meet its growing energy demands sustainably. A combination of energy conservation efforts by individuals and widespread adoption of clean energy technologies will be crucial.
The key points are promoting behavioural changes to reduce energy wastage, increasing efficiency of energy use, developing renewable sources through solar/wind/tidal/geothermal/biogas projects, and reducing dependence on polluting and depleting fossil fuel reserves. Through such measures, India can transition to a sustainable path of energy development and consumption.
Textual questions and answers
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. “In a world increasingly concerned about environmental impact. communities are seeking ways to diversify their energy sources. What is a promising method of energy production that harnesses natural processes and reduces reliance on traditional fossil fuels?
(a) Accelerated drilling for more oil reserves (b) Expansion of coal-based power plants (c) Deployment of nuclear power plants (d) Utilization of non-conventional sources like geothermal and biomass energy.
Answer: (d) Utilization of non-conventional sources like geothermal and biomass energy
2. In rural households, cow dung and firewood are frequently employed as energ sources. What primary purpose do these traditional energy sources serve in meeting the energy needs of rural communities?
(a) To accelerate the shift towards modern energy infrastructure. (b) To minimize the dependency on renewable energy sources. (c) To contribute to environmental degradation in rural areas. (d) To fulfill energy requirements due to their accessibility and ease of use.
Answer: (d) To fulfill energy requirements due to their accessibility and ease of use.
3. Which of the following is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India?
(a) Petroleum (b) Coal (c) Firewood (d) Biogas
Answer: (b) Coal
4. Read the following statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose one of the correct alternatives given below.
Assertion (A): Natural gas is considered a cleaner-burning fossil fuel compared to coal and oil.
Reason (R): Natural gas releases fewer greenhouse gases and pollutants when burned, leading to lower environmental impacts.
(a) Both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason is a correct explana tion of the Assertion. (b) Both the Assertion and Reason are true, but the Reason is NOT a correct explanation of the Assertion. (c) The Assertion is true, but the Reason is false. (d) The Assertion is false, but the Reason is true.
Answer: (a) Both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
Very Short Answer Questions
1. Where is the largest solar power plant located in India?
Answer: The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur near Bhuj.
2. What is biogas?
Answer: A gas is produced when organic matter decomposes. This gas has higher thermal efficiency when compared to charcoal, kerosene, and cow dung.
Short Answer Questions
1. Why are thermal power plants located near coalfields?
Answer: Coal is a heavy and bulky material, but after use (i.e., burning), it becomes ash. Hence, if heavy industries or thermal power stations are located on or near the coalfields, the cost and problems of transportation of this fuel become almost negligible. It is for this reason that heavy industries and thermal power stations are located in or near the coalfields.
2. Why is petroleum refineries termed as ‘nodal industries’?
Answer: On account of the various by-products obtained during the refining process, petroleum refineries serve as ‘nodal industries’ for chemical, fertilizer, and synthetic textile industries.
Long Answer Questions
1. What is natural gas? Where is it extracted in India?
Answer: Natural gas is a clean energy resource found associated with or without petroleum. Natural gas can be extracted easily by drilling wells. More than three-fourths of the production comes from Mumbai High, 10 percent from Gujarat, 7 percent from Assam, and the remaining from Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, and Rajasthan.
Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in Krishna-Godavari Basin and Gulf of Cambay. Andaman and Nicobar Islands also have reserves of natural gas.
2. Distinguish between hydro-electricity and thermal electricity.
Answer: Hydro-electricity is generated by fast-flowing water. A renewable resource is used to produce this electricity. Multipurpose projects like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Corporation, Kopili Hydel Project, etc., produce this kind of electricity.
On the other hand, thermal electricity is generated by using coal, petroleum, and natural gas to drive turbines and produce thermal power. A non-renewable fossil fuel is used to produce this electricity. There are over 310 thermal power plants in India, e.g., Loktak, Santhaldih, Talcher, Neyveli, Ukai, Dhuvaram, etc.
3. ‘Biogas is considered as an ideal domestic fuel.’ Give four reasons in support of the statement.
Answer: Four reasons supporting biogas as an ideal domestic fuel:
- It has higher thermal efficiency compared to charcoal, kerosene, and cow dung.
- Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are utilized to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas.
- Gobar gas plants use cow dung and give twin benefits to farmers – energy and manure.
- Such plants are set up at individual, cooperative, and municipal levels.
4. Differentiate between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
Answer: Conventional sources: These energy sources have been in use for a long time, e.g., coal, petroleum, etc. Such sources are non-renewable, limited, create pollution, and are not eco-friendly.
Non-conventional sources: Sources of energy which are new, e.g., wind, sun, tide. These sources are abundant and eco-friendly.
5. How is petroleum an important source of both energy and raw material?
Answer: Petroleum is an important source of energy and raw material as:
- On account of the various by-products obtained during the refining process, petroleum refineries serve as ‘nodal industry’ for chemical, fertiliser and synthetic textile industries.
- It is a fuel obtained from sedimentary rocks that emits very little smoke, leaves no ash, and can be used to the last drop.
- It provides fuel for heating, lighting, running machinery and vehicles, lubricants for machinery, and raw materials for manufacturing different products such as plastics and chemicals.
- The demand for petroleum and petroleum products has increased in recent years.
Extra MCQs
1. What are the two traditional sources of energy used in rural India?
A. Coal and natural gas B. Petroleum and electricity C. Firewood and cow dung cake D. Solar energy and biogas
Answer: C. Firewood and cow dung cake
2. Which of the following is a non-conventional source of energy?
A. Coal B. Petroleum C. Solar energy D. Natural gas
Answer: C. Solar energy
3. What is the percentage of energy contribution from firewood and cow dung cake in rural households?
A. 50% B. 60% C. 70% D. 80%
Answer: C. 70%
4. What is the first step in the coal-making process?
A. Formation of lignite B. Formation of bituminous coal C. Formation of anthracite coal D. Formation of peat
Answer: D. Formation of peat
5. Which of the following is the world’s most abundant fossil fuel?
A. Petroleum B. Natural gas C. Coal D. Firewood
Answer: C. Coal
6. What percentage of the energy used throughout the world comes from coal?
A. One-fifth B. One-third C. One-fourth D. One-half
Answer: B. One-third
7. Which of the following is a reason for locating heavy industries and thermal power stations near coalfields?
A. Availability of skilled labor B. Proximity to markets C. Negligible cost of transportation D. Availability of water resources
Answer: C. Negligible cost of transportation
8. What is the primary use of petroleum?
A. Providing fuel for heating and lighting B. Providing raw materials for manufacturing plastics C. Providing lubricants for machinery D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
9. Which of the following states produces the highest percentage of petroleum in India?
A. Assam B. Gujarat C. Tamil Nadu D. Mumbai High
Answer: D. Mumbai High
10. What is the advantage of natural gas over other fossil fuels?
A. It requires less processing B. It produces more energy C. It is more abundant D. It is cheaper to extract
Answer: A. It requires less processing
11. Which of the following is the key user of natural gas in India?
A. Automobile industry B. Power and fertilizer industries C. Residential sector D. Steel industry
Answer: B. Power and fertilizer industries
12. What is the primary method of generating hydro-electricity?
A. Using fast-flowing water B. Using coal and petroleum C. Using nuclear energy D. Using solar energy
Answer: A. Using fast-flowing water
13. What is the source of thermal electricity generation?
A. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas B. Biomass and wind energy C. Nuclear energy D. Hydroelectric power
Answer: A. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas
14. Which of the following states is rich in thorium deposits?
A. Gujarat B. Jharkhand C. Kerala D. Rajasthan
Answer: C. Kerala
15. Which of the following is an example of a non-conventional source of energy?
A. Coal B. Petroleum C. Wind power D. Natural gas
Answer: C. Wind power
16. What is the primary advantage of non-conventional sources of energy?
A. They are abundant and eco-friendly B. They are more efficient C. They are cheaper D. They are easier to extract
Answer: A. They are abundant and eco-friendly
17. Which of the following is a method of collecting solar energy?
A. Solar thermal B. Photovoltaic C. Both solar thermal and photovoltaic D. None of the above
Answer: C. Both solar thermal and photovoltaic
18. Where is India’s largest wind farm located?
A. Nagarcoil to Madurai in Tamil Nadu B. Jaisalmer in Rajasthan C. Kutch region in Gujarat D. Konkan region in Maharashtra
Answer: A. Nagarcoil to Madurai in Tamil Nadu
19. What is the primary purpose of biogas plants?
A. To produce electricity B. To produce fuel for vehicles C. To produce energy and manure for domestic consumption D. To produce raw materials for industries
Answer: C. To produce energy and manure for domestic consumption
20. Which of the following is NOT a step in energy conservation?
A. Changing personal behavior B. Increasing and maintaining efficiency C. Reducing waste of energy D. Promoting the use of fossil fuels
Answer: D. Promoting the use of fossil fuels
21. Which of the following is a conventional source of energy?
A. Tidal energy B. Geothermal energy C. Coal D. Solar energy
Answer: C. Coal
22. What is the primary reason for promoting the use of renewable energy sources?
A. They are more efficient B. They are cheaper C. They are environmentally friendly D. They are easier to extract
Answer: C. They are environmentally friendly
23. Which of the following states has important oil fields?
A. Uttar Pradesh B. Assam C. Bihar D. Both B and C
Answer: D. Both B and C
24. What is the primary purpose of a petroleum refinery?
A. To produce petrol and petrochemicals B. To extract crude oil C. To generate electricity D. To produce lubricants
Answer: A. To produce petrol and petrochemicals
25. Which of the following is a characteristic of natural gas?
A. It is a solid fossil fuel B. It is a liquid fossil fuel C. It is a gaseous fossil fuel D. It is a renewable energy source
Answer: C. It is a gaseous fossil fuel
26. Which of the following is an advantage of natural gas over other fossil fuels?
A. It produces more energy B. It is more abundant C. It burns cleaner D. It is cheaper to extract
Answer: C. It burns cleaner
27. Which of the following is the oldest oil-producing state in India?
A. Gujarat B. Maharashtra C. Assam D. Tamil Nadu
Answer: C. Assam
28. What is the primary use of electricity in today’s world?
A. For lighting and heating B. For propelling vehicles C. For running machinery D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
29. Which of the following is an example of a multipurpose project that produces hydro-electricity?
A. Bhakra Nangal B. Damodar Valley Corporation C. Kopili Hydel Project D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
30. Which of the following states has a nuclear power station?
A. Maharashtra B. Tamil Nadu C. Rajasthan D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
31. What is the primary source of energy for geothermal electricity generation?
A. Heat from the Earth’s interior B. Tidal energy C. Wind energy D. Solar energy
Answer: A. Heat from the Earth’s interior
32. Which of the following regions in India has reserves of natural gas?
A. Andaman and Nicobar Islands B. Krishna-Godavari Basin C. Gulf of Cambay D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
33. Which of the following is a use of tidal energy?
A. Generating electricity B. Propelling vehicles C. Lighting and heating D. Running machinery
Answer: A. Generating electricity
34. What is the primary purpose of a gobar gas plant?
A. To produce biogas for domestic consumption B. To produce manure for agricultural use C. Both A and B D. None of the above
Answer: C. Both A and B
35. Which of the following is a limitation of fossil fuels?
A. They are renewable B. They are eco-friendly C. They are limited in supply D. They are abundant
Answer: C. They are limited in supply
36. Which of the following is a reason for promoting energy conservation?
A. Rising prices of fossil fuels B. Potential shortages of fossil fuels C. Environmental problems caused by fossil fuels D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
37. Which of the following is a non-conventional source of energy?
A. Petroleum B. Coal C. Biomass D. Natural gas
Answer: C. Biomass
38. What is the primary purpose of a nuclear power station?
A. To generate electricity B. To produce fuel for vehicles C. To provide heating and lighting D. To run machinery
Answer: A. To generate electricity
39. Which of the following is a disadvantage of non-conventional sources of energy?
A. They are limited in supply B. They cause environmental pollution C. They are expensive to develop D. None of the above
Answer: D. None of the above
40. Which of the following is a factor that needs to be targeted for sustainable energy development?
A. Promotion of energy conservation B. Popularizing the use of renewable energy sources C. Both A and B D. None of the above
Answer: C. Both A and B
41. Which of the following is a reason for the growing consumption of energy in India?
A. Increasing population B. Industrialization C. Economic growth D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
42. What is the primary source of energy for thermal power plants?
A. Coal B. Petroleum C. Natural gas D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
43. Which of the following is a characteristic of non-conventional sources of energy?
A. They are limited in supply B. They cause environmental pollution C. They are renewable and eco-friendly D. They are expensive to develop
Answer: C. They are renewable and eco-friendly
44. Which of the following is a factor contributing to the success of energy conservation measures?
A. Changing personal behavior B. Increasing and maintaining efficiency C. Reducing waste of energy D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
45. Which of the following is a reason for locating heavy industries near coalfields?
A. Availability of skilled labor B. Proximity to markets C. Negligible cost of transportation D. Availability of water resources
Answer: C. Negligible cost of transportation
46. Which of the following is a use of coal?
A. Production of chemical products B. Fuel for power generation C. Supplying energy to industries D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
47. Which of the following is a disadvantage of fossil fuels?
A. They are non-renewable B. They cause environmental pollution C. They are limited in supply D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
48. Which of the following is a source of thorium deposits in India?
A. Jharkhand B. Aravali range of Rajasthan C. Monazite sands of Kerala D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
49. Which of the following is a factor contributing to the need for alternative energy sources in rural India?
A. Decreasing forest area B. Requirement of dung for manures C. Both A and B D. None of the above
Answer: C. Both A and B
50. Which of the following is a reason for promoting the use of renewable energy sources?
A. To reduce dependency on fossil fuels B. To mitigate environmental impacts C. To ensure energy security D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
Extra questions and answers
1. What percentage of energy required in rural households of India is provided by firewood and cow dung cake?
Answer: It is estimated that firewood and cow dung cake provide 70 per cent of the energy required in the rural households.
2. What is the role of coal in the production of chemical products?
Answer: In addition to supplying fuel, coal is used in the production of many chemical products, including medicines and pesticides.
3. What is the importance of petroleum refineries in the industrial sector?
Answer: On account of the various by-products obtained during the refining process, petroleum refineries serve as ‘nodal industry’ for chemical, fertiliser and synthetic textile industries.
4. Explain the process of coal formation.
Answer: Coal is created from decaying plant materials compressed over millions of years to form a solid mass of almost pure carbon. It is the world’s most abundant fossil fuel. This fossil fuel is found in a variety of forms, depending on the degree of compression and the depth and time of burial.
The formation of peat was the first step in the coal-making process. Over time, the peat was compacted beneath other deposits. Water was squeezed out of the peat, and methane was expelled into the atmosphere. Over thousands of years, continued burial and compression caused the peat to change into different grades of coal – lignite, bituminous, and anthracite.
5. Describe the geographical distribution of petroleum production in India.
Answer: In percentage, Mumbai High produces 63 per cent, Assam 16 per cent, and Gujarat 18 per cent of the total petroleum production in India. Some oil is also found in Tamil Nadu, Arunachal Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh. In western India, Mumbai High, Bassein, and Aliabet are important offshore oil fields. In Gujarat, important oil fields are in Ankleshwar near Vadodara.
This oil is refined at Trombay and Koyali. Lunej and Kalol oil fields are located near Ahmedabad. Assam, in north-eastern India, is the oldest oil-producing state of India. It has three important oil fields – Naharkatiya, Moran-Hugrijan, and Digboi. Oil from these fields is refined at Digboi, Numaligarh, Guwahati, and Bongaigaon in Assam and Barauni in Bihar.
6. Why is natural gas considered a clean energy resource?
Answer: One advantage of natural gas is that it does not require processing, as do coal and oil. After being cleared of impurities, natural gas is ready for the consumer.
7. Mention the advantages of using natural gas as a fuel.
Answer: While burning it does produce carbon dioxide, natural gas burns hotter and cleaner than other fossil fuels. It is also cheaper. Natural gas is also used to generate electricity. While natural gas has many advantages, it does have a big problem – it is limited.
8. What is the primary use of natural gas in India?
Answer: Power and fertiliser industries are the key users of natural gas.
9. Highlight the importance of gas pipelines in India’s natural gas production.
Answer: Gas pipelines have proved to be an artery and have provided an impetus to India’s gas production. An important cross country gas pipeline is the 1700 km long Hazira-Bijapur-Jagdishpur pipeline which links Mumbai High and Bassein with the fertiliser, power and industrial regions of western and northern India.
10. What is the difference between LPG and CNG?
Answer: The gas supplied for use in households is called LPG (liquified petroleum gas), and that used for running vehicles is called CNG (compressed natural gas).
11. How is hydro-electricity generated? Give examples of multipurpose projects producing hydro-electricity.
Answer: Hydro-electricity is generated by fast-flowing water. Renewable resource is used to produce this electricity. Multipurpose projects like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Corporation, Kopili Hydel Project, etc., produce this kind of electricity.
12. How is thermal electricity produced?
Answer: Thermal electricity is generated by using coal, petroleum, and natural gas to drive turbines and produce thermal power.
13. Explain how nuclear or atomic energy is produced.
Answer: This kind of electricity is obtained by changing the structure of atoms. When this happens, energy is released in the form of heat which is utilised to generate electric power.
14. Which states in India have rich deposits of thorium?
Answer: The monazite sands of Kerala are rich in thorium deposits. India is rich in thorium and that used for running vehicles is called CNG (compressed natural gas).
15. Name the nuclear power stations located in India.
Answer: India has six nuclear power stations – (i) Tarapur (Maharashtra), (ii) Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), (iii) Rawatbhata (Rajasthan), (iv) Narora (Uttar Pradesh), (v) Kakrapara (Gujarat), and (vi) Kaiga (Karnataka).
16. Discuss the need and importance of non-conventional sources of energy.
Answer: Rising prices of oil and gas and their shortage in future has brought to light certain uncertainties about the security of energy supplies in future, which in turn could have serious effects on the growth of the national economy. Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems. Hence, there is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass, and energy from waste material. These are called non-conventional energy sources. ‘Energy saved is energy produced’ – all of us should remember this. India is one of the least energy-efficient countries in the world. There is a great need to plan and adopt a cautious approach to deal with our limited resources. We need to develop a sustainable path of energy development and energy consumption.
17. Which technology is used to convert solar energy directly into electricity?
Answer: Photovoltaic technology converts solar energy directly into electricity.
18. How can solar energy help in environmental conservation in rural areas?
Answer: Solar energy can help in environmental conservation by restricting the use of firewood and dung cakes in rural areas.
19. Where is the largest wind farm located in India?
Answer: The largest wind farm is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai.
20. What are the advantages of using biogas as a fuel?
Answer: A gas is produced when organic matter decomposes. This gas is higher in thermal efficiency when compared to charcoal, kerosene, and cow dung. Gobar gas plants use cow dung and give twin benefits to the farmers – energy and manure.
21. Which element is essential for the conservation of energy resources?
Answer: Change in personal behavior is an essential element for the conservation of energy resources.
22. How can energy efficiency be increased and maintained for energy conservation?
Answer: To increase and maintain efficiency for energy conservation, we should choose appliances that are most energy efficient.
23. What is an effective way to reduce waste of energy?
Answer: To reduce waste of energy, we should switch off lights when not required.
24. Why is electricity consumption considered an index of industrial development?
Answer: Electricity has varied uses in today’s world, and its consumption is considered an index of development.
25. Explain the difference between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
Answer: Conventional sources like coal, petroleum, etc. have been in use since a long time. Such sources are non-renewable, limited, create pollution, and are not eco-friendly. Non-conventional sources of energy, such as wind, sun, etc., are new sources. These sources are abundant and eco-friendly. There is a need to develop a sustainable path of energy development and consumption by promoting non-conventional sources and energy conservation measures.
26. Why are thermal power stations located near coalfields?
Answer: Coal is a heavy and bulky material, but after use (i.e., burning), it becomes ash. Hence, if heavy industries or thermal power stations are located on or near the coalfields, the cost and problems of transportation of this fuel become almost negligible. It is because of this reason that heavy industries and thermal power stations are located in or near the coalfields.
27. Which is the world’s most abundant fossil fuel?
Answer: Coal is the world’s most abundant fossil fuel.
28. Why are petroleum refineries termed as ‘nodal industries’?
Answer: On account of the various by-products obtained during the refining process, petroleum refineries serve as ‘nodal industry’ for chemical, fertiliser and synthetic textile industries.
29. How is petroleum an important source of both energy and raw material?
Answer: Petroleum provides fuel for heating, lighting, running machineries and vehicles, lubricants for machineries and raw materials for manufacturing different products such as plastics, chemicals, etc. This fuel is obtained from sedimentary rocks. It emits very little smoke, leaves no ash and can be used to the last drop. On account of the various by-products obtained during the refining process, petroleum refineries serve as ‘nodal industry’ for chemical, fertiliser and synthetic textile industries.
30. What are the two primary uses of natural gas in India?
Answer: Power and fertiliser industries are the key users of natural gas.
31. What is Hazira-Bijapur-Jagdishpur gas pipeline?
Answer: An important cross country gas pipeline is the 1700 km long Hazira-Bijapur-Jagdishpur pipeline which links Mumbai High and Bassein with the fertiliser, power and industrial regions of western and northern India.
32. Which non-conventional energy source uses waste material?
Answer: Biomass is a non-conventional energy source that uses waste material.
33. Explain the process of generating tidal energy.
Answer: Oceanic tides are used to generate electricity. During high tide, water flows into the inlet and gets trapped by the flood gates. This water is carried through pipes back to the sea after the tide falls. The water in the pipe is carried through a power generating turbine.
34. Which area in India provides ideal conditions for using tidal energy?
Answer: The Gulf of Kuchchh provides ideal conditions for using tidal energy.
35. How is geothermal energy produced?
Answer: Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the earth. Groundwater at high geothermal gradient absorbs heat from rocks and becomes hot, almost turning to steam when it rises to the earth’s surface. This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity.
36. Which regions in India have potential for geothermal energy production?
Answer: A large number of hot springs are located in India which can be used to generate geothermal electricity.
37. Why is India considered a wind super power?
Answer: India ranks as a wind super power. Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known areas for effective use of wind energy.
38. Which states have important wind farms in India?
Answer: Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms.
39. How is biogas produced and utilized in rural areas?
Answer: Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste is utilized to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. Gobar gas plants use cow dung and give twin benefits to the farmers – energy and manure.
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