Synonyms
More meanings
Tip: select a single word for meaning & synonyms.
Select multiple words normally to copy text.
Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour: AHSEC Class 11 Education
Get summaries, questions, answers, solutions, notes, extras, PDF and guide of Class 11 (first year) Education textbook, chapter 6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour, which is part of the syllabus of students studying under AHSEC/ASSEB (Assam Board). These solutions, however, should only be treated as references and can be modified/changed.
If you notice any errors in the notes, please mention them in the comments
Summary
Human behaviour is a complex result of psycho-physical reactions to various stimuli, encompassing every aspect of an individual’s actions, including thoughts, emotions, and physical activities. Understanding the bases and directions of human behaviour is essential to comprehend why people act the way they do. This understanding involves examining concepts such as needs, drives, instincts, and emotions.
Needs are fundamental to human existence and signify a lack or want of something necessary or desired. They are the essential psycho-physical, socio-cultural, and personality requirements without which humans cannot exist. Maslow, a notable psychologist, formulated a hierarchy of needs, arranging them in order of prepotency. These include physiological needs like food and water, safety needs, love and belongingness, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. The satisfaction of lower-level needs is crucial before higher-level needs can be addressed.
Drives are closely connected to needs and act as the driving forces of the human body. They are the psycho-physical forces that operate as constant motivational forces towards fulfilling needs. For example, hunger, thirst, and sex drives are primary drives that activate and direct a person’s behaviour. Drives are essential in initiating actions to satisfy physiological needs, and they multiply with habit strength to produce reaction potential, as theorized by psychologists like Hull and Skinner.
Instincts are inborn tendencies or natural abilities that guide behaviour. They are innate, unlearned patterns of reacting essential for survival and adaptation. Instincts like self-preservation, aggression, and food-seeking are universal among living organisms. Psychologists like McDougall and Freud have studied instincts extensively, explaining their roles in behaviour. Instincts are often accompanied by specific emotional responses, making them complex and varied in their manifestations.
Emotion is another critical component of human behaviour. It is an acquired state of psycho-physical reactions to stimuli, involving both the body and mind. Emotions are innate responses characterised by inner adjustments, conditioned by the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. They play a vital role in motivating and directing actions designed to satisfy various needs. Emotions can be classified as primary, secondary, or derived, each with distinct characteristics and influences on behaviour. Emotions like anger, fear, joy, and sorrow are common and significantly impact an individual’s responses to their environment.
Textbook questions and answers
1. What is psychology defined as?
Answer: Psychology is defined as the science of behaviour.
2. Who established behaviourism as a new school of psychology?
Answer: John Broadus Watson established behaviourism as a new school of psychology.
3. In which year did Wilhelm Wundt establish psychology as an independent and experimental science?
Answer: Wilhelm Wundt established psychology as an independent and experimental science in 1879.
4. What did Robert S. Woodworth say about the evolving concept of psychology?
Answer: Robert S. Woodworth said, “First psychology lost its soul, then it lost its mind, then it lost consciousness, it still has behaviour of a kind.”
5. What does behaviourism study?
Answer: Behaviourism studies behaviour objectively using empirical methods like observation, conditioning, testing, and verbal report.
6. What are the two main dimensions of behaviour?
Answer: The two main dimensions of behaviour are overt behaviour and covert behaviour.
7. Define needs in the context of psychology.
Answer: Needs signify a lack or want of something which is very useful or desired. Human needs are the essential psycho-physical, socio-cultural, and personality requirements without which man never exists.
8. List the five types of needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy.
Answer:
- Physiological needs
- Safety needs
- Love and belongingness needs
- Esteem needs
- Self-actualization needs
9. Explain physiological needs with two characteristics.
Answer: Physiological needs are the basic or fundamental needs of human beings, such as needs for food, water, oxygen, temperature, and sex. Two characteristics are: (a) These needs recur after a specific period of time. (b) These needs may be completely satisfied at a certain point in time.
10. What does safety mean in the context of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Answer: Safety means the condition of being safe or freedom from danger, harm, or risk. Safety needs include physical security, protection, stability, freedom from anxiety, danger, and chaos.
11. What are love and belongingness needs?
Answer: Love and belongingness needs arise in the process of socialization and are satisfied with the help of social interaction. Examples include the need for friendship, belonging to a group, showing love and affection to families, and companionship.
12. Describe esteem needs.
Answer: Esteem needs include two sets: needs for strength, competence, self-confidence, independence, mastery, and needs for prestige, fame, dominance, dignity, and appreciation. Satisfaction of self-esteem needs produces feelings like self-confidence, capability, strength, worth, etc., while thwarting these needs lead to feelings of inferiority, helplessness, and weakness.
13. Define self-actualization.
Answer: Self-actualization means the desire for self-fulfillment, realization of all the potentials of the individual’s self, and becoming according to the wishes of the individual. It involves reaching the peak of one’s potential to become a fully functioning person.
14. What are drives according to psychology?
Answer: Drives are the driving forces of the human body, internal states which, when aroused, lead to action. They are psycho-physical forces that operate as constant motivational forces towards the fulfillment of needs.
15. What did Freud mean by instinct?
Answer: Freud defined instinct as an internal drive that operates as a constant motivational force, originating from the ‘id’ but coming under the control of ‘ego.’ Instincts have four major features: a source, an aim, an object, and an impetus.
16. Explain the three aspects of instinct according to McDougall.
Answer: (i) Cognitive or perceptual aspect: Relates to perceptual predisposition to notice some stimuli. (ii) Conative or motivational aspect: Relates to the ability to move towards the final goal. (iii) Affective or emotional aspect: Relates to the feelings involved in the instinct.
17. What is the primary issue of study in psychology?
Answer: The primary issue of study in psychology is to determine the relationship between the body and mind.
18. What are the two types of behaviour identified in the text?
Answer: The two types of behaviour are overt behaviour and covert behaviour.
19. What are instincts according to the provided text?
Answer: Instincts are the original or innate dispositions of living organisms, inborn tendencies to behave in a certain way, unlearned behaviour patterns, and complex innate non-variable behaviours.
20. Explain the relationship between instincts and emotions according to McDougall.
Answer: McDougall regarded emotion as the essential, unchanging aspect of every instinct, ascribing a specific emotional reaction to all instincts.
21. What did William James say about instincts?
Answer: William James defined instincts as ‘the faculty of acting in such a way as to produce certain ends, without foresight of the ends, and without previous education in the performance,’ considering them as unlearnt patterns of reacting and modifiable by habit.
Extra fill in the blanks
1. Psychology was established as an independent and experimental science by ______ in 1879.
Answer: Wilhelm Wundt
2. The school of psychology founded by John Broadus Watson in 1913 is known as ______.
Answer: Behaviourism
3. ‘The Origin of Species by Natural Selection’ was published by ______ in 1859.
Answer: Charles Darwin
4. According to Robert S. Woodworth, psychology first lost its soul, then its mind, then its consciousness, and it still has ______.
Answer: Behaviour
5. The systematic observation, conditioning, testing, and verbal report methods are used in ______.
Answer: Psychology
6. J.B. Watson published ‘Behaviour: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology’ in the year ______.
Answer: 1914
7. The book ‘Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviourist’ was published by J.B. Watson in ______.
Answer: 1919
8. The term ______ describes every aspect of an individual’s actions, including thought, emotional, and physical activities.
Answer: Behaviour
9. The evolutionary doctrine important in psychology was detailed in ______.
Answer: The Origin of Species
10. The primary issue in psychology is the relationship between the body and ______.
Answer: Mind
11. Overt behaviour refers to ______ responses that are observable.
Answer: External
12. The influence of environment on adaptation was explained by ______.
Answer: Charles Darwin
13. Subjective reactions and responses to stimuli are studied objectively in ______.
Answer: Psychology
14. Empirical methods like observation and testing are used in the study of ______.
Answer: Behaviour
15. Before becoming independent, psychology was discussed within philosophy, medicine, and ______.
Answer: Theology
16. The concept of self-actualization was formulated by ______.
Answer: Maslow, Abraham
17. Physiological needs, according to Maslow, include the need for ______.
Answer: food
18. Safety needs refer to the condition of being ______.
Answer: safe
19. The need for love and belongingness becomes effective after the satisfaction of ______ needs.
Answer: physiological and safety
20. Esteem needs include the need for ______.
Answer: self-confidence
21. Self-actualization is the desire for ______.
Answer: self-fulfillment
22. Metaneeds are also known as ______.
Answer: being values
23. Basic needs are considered essential for ______.
Answer: self-existence
24. Carl R. Rogers and Abraham Maslow contributed to the development of ______ psychology.
Answer: humanistic
25. According to Jung, needs arise due to processes taking place within the ______.
Answer: body
26. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs includes five levels, with the highest level being ______.
Answer: self-actualization
27. The need for social acceptance and companionship are examples of ______ needs.
Answer: personality
28. Needs for economic security include the need for ______.
Answer: job and income
29. The satisfaction of physiological needs leads to the origination of ______.
Answer: higher types of needs
30. Erikson’s concept related to esteem needs includes the need for ______.
Answer: mastery
31. The Concise Psychological Dictionary defines need as an individual’s state created by his necessity in objects essential for his ______.
Answer: existence and development
32. Carl Gustav Jung was a psychologist and ______.
Answer: psychiatrist
33. Esteem needs can be divided into two sets: needs for strength and needs for ______.
Answer: prestige
34. The need for ______ is one of the metaneeds under self-actualization.
Answer: perfection
35. Human activity reflects the nature of human ______.
Answer: being
36. Sigmund Freud was born in ______.
Answer: 1856
37. Abraham Maslow, a U.S. psychologist, is known for his ______ Theory.
Answer: Personality
38. According to Hull’s theory, drive is a temporary state of the organism produced by ______ or painful stimulation.
Answer: something our body needs
39. B.F. Skinner explained drive operationally in terms of hours of deprivation for ______.
Answer: food, water, etc.
40. Longman’s Active Study Dictionary of English defines drives as a forceful quality of mind or spirit that ______.
Answer: gets things done
41. Drives refer to internal states which, when aroused, lead to ______.
Answer: action
42. According to Freud, an instinct is an internal drive that operates as a constant ______ force.
Answer: motivational
43. Maslow’s Personality Theory explains physiological drives as aroused bodily conditions that activate and direct a person’s ______.
Answer: behavior
44. The three primary physiological drives mentioned by Maslow are ______.
Answer: hunger, thirst, and sex
45. Klausmeier defined a drive as a tendency initiated by shifts in physiological balance, tissue tension, and sensitivity to stimuli of a certain class, resulting in responses related to the attainment of ______.
Answer: a certain goal
46. Hull’s system of learning comprises a series of postulates and corollaries centered around drive, reinforcement, and ______.
Answer: response strength
47. Skinner measured drive in terms of hours of deprivation or the percentage of an animal’s ______.
Answer: normal body weight
48. In simple perception, drives are the ______ to action of the psychophysical state of the human being.
Answer: urges
49. The term instinct originates from the Latin term ______.
Answer: ‘instincts’
50. Instincts are original or innate dispositions of ______.
Answer: living organisms
51. According to Longman Active Study Dictionary, instinct is the natural force in people and animals causing certain behavior patterns not based on ______.
Answer: learning or thinking
52. The concept of instinct, as explained by A. V. Petrovsky and M.G. Yaroshevsky, includes genetic basis, neurophysiological mechanism, and ______.
Answer: behavioral manifestations
53. Rene Descartes viewed instinct as a form of behavior contrasted with ______ and reason.
Answer: intelligence
54. Charles Darwin challenged the sharp distinction between instincts in animals and ______ in humans.
Answer: reason
55. Darwin observed that humans share some instincts with animals, such as self-preservation and ______.
Answer: sexual love
56. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution was published in his book ‘______’.
Answer: The Origin of Species
57. Darwin’s book ‘Descent of Man’ was published in ______.
Answer: 1871
58. Darwin concluded that human beings are descended from an ______.
Answer: ape-like ancestor
59. William James defined instincts as the faculty of acting in such a way as to produce certain ends, without foresight of the ends, and without previous ______.
Answer: education
60. James William was influenced by Darwin and other animal psychologists in his doctrine of ______.
Answer: instinct
61. Major instincts in human infants include crying, biting, moving, and ______.
Answer: vocalizing
62. Freud Sigmund maintained that human beings are complex ______ systems.
Answer: energy
63. Freud distinguished two categories of instincts: the life instinct or eros and the death instinct or ______.
Answer: Thantos
64. The energy of the sex instinct, according to Freud, is called ______.
Answer: libido
65. McDougall’s theory of instinct was developed in his system of ______ psychology.
Answer: hormic
66. McDougall’s ‘Outline of Abnormal Psychology’ was published in ______.
Answer: 1926
67. McDougall defined psychology in his first book ‘Physiological Psychology’ as the positive science of ______ of living creatures.
Answer: conduct
68. McDougall considered instincts as release mechanisms or easily exploding containers of ______.
Answer: energy
69. According to McDougall, the three aspects or functions of instinct are cognitive or perceptual, conative or motivational, and ______.
Answer: affective or emotional
70. One of the characteristics of instincts is that they are innate or ______ tendencies of living organisms.
Answer: inborn
71. McDougall listed the instinct of escape with its associated emotion of ______.
Answer: fear
72. Instincts are the psycho-physical aspects of a living being and constitute unlearnt patterns of ______.
Answer: reacting
73. Instincts have mainly two goals: self-preserving and ______ preserving.
Answer: race
74. Instincts indicate the animal nature of man and are universally similar in all living creatures, differentiating only by ______.
Answer: reason and intellectual abilities
75. Instincts are wishes to fulfill ______ needs.
Answer: physiological
76. McDougall pointed out some innate tendencies such as sympathy, suggestion, imitation, play, and habit, which he called ______ instincts.
Answer: quasi
77. According to Freud, the psychological or mental representations of bodily excitations or needs are called ______.
Answer: instincts
78. In Freud’s theory, instincts originate from the ‘id’ but come under control of the ______.
Answer: ego
79. The concept of reflexes refers to ______ reactions to stimuli.
Answer: automatic
80. Reflex actions are innately determined by connections between the sensorium and the ______ nerves of the body.
Answer: motorium
81. Instincts are more complex than reflex reactions and are ______ potentialities.
Answer: inborn
82. Reflex reactions affect only a specific part of the body and are ______.
Answer: non-variable
83. Instinctive activities have emotional expressions and are ______ reactions.
Answer: psycho-physical
84. William James classified the major instincts in infants and adults, identifying ______ as a major instinct in adults.
Answer: jealousy
85. The repression method is used to drive unfulfilled desires back to the ______ level of the mind.
Answer: unconscious
86. Catharsis is a clinical device for mental treatment that purges out the harmful effects of ______ reactions.
Answer: instinctive
87. Sublimation is the process of redirecting an instinct from its primitive biological goal to one that is socially and individually ______.
Answer: uplifting
88. The principle of disuse involves blocking, diverting, and non-repetition of harmful ______.
Answer: instincts
89. The use of pleasure and pain method involves punishment to reduce harmful instincts and reward to encourage ______ norms of behaviour.
Answer: social
90. The term catharsis means to ______ out or drive out.
Answer: purge
91. The principle of complete freedom for self-learning was emphasized by ______.
Answer: Rousseau
92. According to McDougall, the three main aspects or functions of instincts are the cognitive, ______, and affective aspects.
Answer: conative
93. Freud emphasized the animal nature of man in his theory of ______.
Answer: instinct
94. Man’s instinctive reactions should be modified to help encourage his/her ______ self.
Answer: social
95. The use of complete freedom for better and balanced development of personality was advocated by the naturalist ______.
Answer: Rousseau
96. The affective or emotional aspect of instinct is inherited and cannot be modified through experience or ______.
Answer: learning
97. Psychologists believe that excessive repression of instinctive urges can lead to ______ complexity.
Answer: psychic
98. The substitution principle involves replacing harmful instinctive reactions to provide a ______ outlet.
Answer: suitable
99. Instinctive activities can be modified by experience, training, or ______.
Answer: learning
100. The repression method can control unpleasant and harmful instinctive reactions by forcefully driving them back to the ______ level.
Answer: unconscious
101. The founder of behaviourism, who expressed important views on the emotional life of the human child, is ______.
Answer: J.B. Watson
102. William McDougall classified emotions into three types: primary, secondary, and ______ emotions.
Answer: derived
103. The term habit is originated from the Latin term ______.
Answer: habitus
104. The psychologist who referred to habit as “second nature” is ______.
Answer: William James
105. The French philosopher who formulated the reflex principle of brain activity is ______.
Answer: Rene Descartes
106. The British neurologist whose works contributed to the understanding of reflexes is ______.
Answer: Thomas Willis
107. The Czech physiologist who contributed to the study of reflexes is ______.
Answer: Georg Prochaska
108. The term reflex has been explained as a natural response of an organism by the nervous system to an ______.
Answer: irritant
109. McDougall associated the instinct of escape with the primary emotion of ______.
Answer: fear
110. According to Watson, the three identifiable emotions present at birth are fear, rage, and ______.
Answer: love
111. The psychologist who studied anger responses in young children and found infants responding with anger to minor physical discomforts is ______.
Answer: Goodenough
112. The old French term from which “jealousy” is derived is ______.
Answer: gelos
113. The Latin term “reflexus” means ______.
Answer: a bending back
114. The law of effect, which prescribes reward and punishment to encourage good impulses and discourage bad ones, was formulated by ______.
Answer: Thorndike
115. The psychologist who found three clear-cut identifiable emotions present at birth through longitudinal studies is ______.
Answer: J.B. Watson
Extra questions and answers
1. Who led the movement in the field of psychology and established behaviourism as a new school?
Answer: J. B. Watson led a new movement in the field of psychology and established behaviourism as a new school of psychology.
Q. What are the four antecedent roots of behaviourism?
Answer: Behaviourism as a school had mainly four antecedent roots such as, early philosophical trends, animal psychology, Pavlovian conditioned reflex, and functionalism.
Q. When did psychology establish as an independent experimental science and by whom?
Answer: In 1879 psychology was established as an independent and experimental science with the effort of Wilhelm Wundt in Germany.
Q. According to Robert S. Woodworth, what has psychology lost over time?
Answer: Woodworth, just to mean the evolving concept of psychology, said, ‘First psychology lost its soul, then it lost its mind, then it lost consciousness, it still has behaviour of a kind.’
Q. What is the primary issue of study in psychology according to modern thinkers?
Answer: The primary issue of study of psychology is to determine the relationship between the body and mind.
Q. How did Watson define psychology and what did he reject?
Answer: Watson straight forwardly rejected the concept of mind. He put importance on the physiological, i.e. bodily processes of the living being. Thus, for Watson, psychology became the study of bodily responses that are made towards various stimuli in the total surroundings of man. As mind was not observable and it did not exist within the framework of space and time, Watson straightforwardly rejected the idea of mind. For him, man’s physical reactions towards stimuli helped to study behaviours and this is the primary issue of psychology.
Q. What does human behaviour cover according to the concept provided?
Answer: Human behaviour covers everything a person feels, thinks and does.
Q. What is behaviourism and who founded it?
Answer: Behaviourism is a school of thought which was founded by Watson in 1913. Behaviourism and the behaviourists considered psychology and its subject matter from the point of view of behaviour of the living organisms. Psychology for the behaviourists is purely an objective experimental branch of natural science.
Q. What did Watson’s books explain about behaviourism?
Answer: The concepts of behaviour and behaviourism were explained by Watson in his books. In 1914, Watson published his book ‘Behaviour: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology’. Likewise in 1919, his another book ‘Psychology from the Standpoint of Behaviourist’ appeared. The principles of animal psychology were extended into human behavioural problems in the second book of Watson already mentioned here. Again in 1925, Watson wrote his third book ‘Behaviourism’ where he explained and gave a detailed account of the environmentalist position and programme for the improvement of human beings.
Q. How did Charles Darwin contribute to the understanding of behaviourism before Watson?
Answer: Before Watson, the influence of the environment on the process of adaptation was thoroughly explained by Charles Darwin, an English natural scientist. It was Darwin who published his great book ‘The Origin of Species by Natural Selection’ briefly known as ‘The Origin of Species’ in 1859. In this book, the evolutionary doctrine which is considered as very important data in the history of psychology was published. Darwin, after careful thought, came to the conclusion that in every generation some individuals or species survive and produce while others die before they can produce. In brief, there is a process of selection, that is, those best suited to the available environment survived and the remaining die out.
Q. What does behaviour include according to the historical observation and analysis of the concepts of psychology?
Answer: Behaviour includes every deed and feeling of the human being towards stimuli. It not only includes the physical responses or reactions but also the psychic responses or reactions. From this point, verbalization or ‘saying’ is also a behaviour. Behaviour has two main dimensions. Thus, behaviour may be of two types. They are the Overt behaviour and the Covert behaviour. Overt behaviour is that which is the result of external manifestation of responses. This type of behaviour is observable, say for example, the physical reaction of any kind of disturbance. On the other hand, the covert behaviour is that which is internal reaction or responses to a stimulus. This type of behaviour is not observable, say for example the psychic reaction of any kind of stimulation. The process of studying human behaviour is not an easy one. For this, it is to be understood the thinking process, emotion, and motivations of the human being. The study of behaviour of the human being helps to understand the ways and means of how people cope with life and respond to its demands.
Q. What did psychology study before the establishment of Watsonian Behaviourism?
Answer: Before Watsonian Behaviourism, the focal point of discussion of psychology was the human soul and mind respectively.
Q. How did philosophy influence early psychological investigation?
Answer: Until psychology was established as an independent experimental science, all psychological questions were considered and discussed within the realm of philosophy, medicine or theology. Thus, the influence of philosophy was very deep on psychological investigation at its early stage. As a result, psychological discussions were more or less philosophical prior to the establishment of an independent experimental science in 1879.
Q. What methods does psychology use to study behaviour objectively?
Answer: Psychology uses empirical methods like observation, conditioning, testing and verbal report for the systematic study of behaviour.
Q. How do modern thinkers describe the origins of psychology?
Answer: Modern thinkers opine that philosophy is the mother and physiology is the father of psychology.
Q. What is the main concern of psychology today?
Answer: The main concern of psychology today is to help, to understand what people feel, think and do. It studies the nature, causes and roots of man’s responses towards the total surroundings, i.e. the world as a whole.
Q. What is the primary aim of every living organism according to the concept of needs?
Answer: To exist is the primary aim of every living organism.
Q. What happens when an organism fails to satisfy its own needs?
Answer: Whenever an organism fails to satisfy his/her own needs life becomes complex.
Q. How is ‘need’ defined in its simple perception?
Answer: In its simple perception, need means the condition of lacking or wanting something necessary or very useful.
Q. What does need signify more precisely?
Answer: More precisely, need signifies a lack or want of something which is very useful or desired.
Q. What are human needs according to the document?
Answer: Human needs are the essential psycho-physical, socio-cultural, and personality requirements without which man never exists. Man strives for the satisfaction of his/her needs.
Q. How does the Anmol Dictionary of Education define needs?
Answer: Anmol Dictionary of Education has explained needs as the positive driving forces that impel a person towards certain objectives or conditions.
Q. How is the term ‘need’ explained in A Concise Psychological Dictionary?
Answer: A Concise Psychological Dictionary has explained the term need as an individual’s state created by his necessity in objects essential for his existence and development.
Q. Who formulated the self-theory and self-actualization theory?
Answer: It was Rogers, Carl R. (1902), a US psychologist, and Maslow, Abraham (1908-1968), also a U. S. psychologist, who formulated the self-theory and self-actualization theory respectively to develop the humanistic psychology.
Q. What concept did Maslow formulate regarding needs?
Answer: It was Maslow who formulated the concept of need hierarchy in which five different needs are arranged in order of prepotency. They are physiological needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.
Q. Into how many categories did Maslow separate the five needs, and what are they?
Answer: These needs were separated into two categories such as lower level needs and higher level needs by Maslow. Physiological needs and safety needs were placed in the category of higher level needs.
Q. What are physiological needs?
Answer: Physiological needs may be explained as the basic or fundamental needs of human beings. Basic needs are the primary requirements of every human being. These needs are the essential conditions for self-existence. Without satisfying these needs man never can think about any other higher needs.
Q. Give examples of physiological needs.
Answer: Few examples of physiological or the basic needs may be given as needs for food, need for water, need for oxygen, need for temperature, need for sex etc. These needs may also be termed as the biological needs of the living organisms.
Q. What helps to originate all higher types of needs in humans?
Answer: In the case of human beings, the satisfying state of such needs helps to originate all higher types of needs. Suppose, an individual is very hungry or thirsty. Without satisfying his hunger or thirst he/she will not think about the need of love and respect for self and others.
Q. What are the two important characteristics of physiological needs?
Answer: Physiological needs have two important characteristics. They are: (a) These needs recur after a specific period of time. These needs if satisfied fully at a particular point of time may reoccur after a certain period of time. Thus these needs are of cyclic nature. (b) In a certain point of time these needs may completely be satisfied.
Q. What does safety mean and what are safety needs?
Answer: Safety means the condition of being safe or freedom from danger, harm or risk. Safety needs are such needs by the help of which physical and mental conditions of being safe are felt.
Q. What comes to the forefront after the satisfaction of physiological needs?
Answer: After the satisfaction of the physiological needs, safety needs come to the forefront.
Q. Give examples of some safety needs.
Answer: Need for physical security, protection, stability, freedom from anxiety, danger, and chaos etc. are examples of some of the safety needs.
Q. When do the needs of love and belongingness become more effective?
Answer: After the partial or complete satisfaction of physiological and safety needs, the needs of love and belongingness become more effective.
Q. How are the needs of love and belongingness satisfied?
Answer: These needs arise in the process of socialization and these are satisfied with the help of social interaction.
Q. What are some examples of love and belongingness needs?
Answer: Need of friendship, for belonging to a group, showing love and affection to families, need for a companion etc. are some of the needs of this category.
Q. What did Maslow say about the fulfillment of love and belongingness needs?
Answer: In the words of Maslow, without the fulfillment of such needs children and the adults face difficulties in growing their personalities with sound psychological health.
Q. What needs arise after all four types of needs are satisfied?
Answer: After all the four types of needs are satisfied, esteem needs arise.
Q. What are the two sets of needs included in esteem needs?
Answer: Two sets of needs are included in esteem needs. Needs for strength, competence, self-confidence, independence, mastery etc. fall under the first set. Likewise, needs for prestige, fame, dominance, dignity, and appreciation fall under the second set.
Q. What did Maslow say about the satisfaction of self-esteem needs?
Answer: In the words of Maslow, satisfaction of self-esteem needs produces feelings like self-confidence, capability, strength, worth etc. and thwarting of these needs lead to feelings of inferiority, helplessness, weakness etc.
Q. Which psychologists pointed out striving for superiority need and need for mastery?
Answer: Alfred Adler (1870-1957), a US psychologist, and Erikson, Erick H (1900), also a US psychologist, have pointed out striving for superiority need and need for mastery respectively.
Q. What is self-actualization?
Answer: Self-actualization means the desire for self-fulfillment. It also means the realization of all the potentials of the individual’s self by the individual, to become according to the wishes of the individual and to be creative in real sense of the term.
Q. How is self-actualization perceived precisely?
Answer: In its precise perception, self-actualization means to reach the peak of one’s potential so that he/she could become a fully functioning person.
Q. What type of need is self-actualization and what does it cover?
Answer: It is one of the higher-level needs which is an umbrella need that covers 17 metaneeds or being values. Metaneeds do not have any hierarchy and these needs are equally potent for the well-being of the individual.
Q. Give examples of metaneeds.
Answer: Examples of metaneeds may be given as the need for perfection, need for wholeness, need for richness, need for beauty, need for goodness, need for truth etc.
Q. What theory is Maslow famous for and what does it explain?
Answer: Maslow is famous for his self-actualization theory. To explain the concept of self-actualization Maslow has explained the theory of hierarchy of needs where different needs and their importance for self-actualization have been explained.
Q. How have other psychologists defined and classified human needs?
Answer: Besides Maslow, other psychologists have defined and classified human needs. According to them, human needs in general may be classified as basic or fundamental needs and personality needs.
Q. What are basic or fundamental needs?
Answer: Basic or fundamental needs are those which are important for the existence of human being. Basic or fundamental needs include the physiological and psychological needs.
Q. Who forwarded the list of basic needs and what did it include?
Answer: It was Jung Carl Gustav (1875-1961), a Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist, who forwarded the list of basic needs and of the goals that satisfy them. In the words of Young:
- Needs arise because of processes taking place within the body. (a) Seeks food and water to satisfy hunger and thirst; (b) Seeks rest and sleep to avoid or reduce fatigue; (c) Seeks to rid the body of waste products by excretory activities; (d) Seeks a member of the opposite sex to satisfy sexual desire; (e) During bodily illness with high temperature and under conditions of heat, cold or lack of oxygen, the body automatically becomes active and perspires, shivers, and gasps in an attempt to right imbalance.
- Needs arise because of stimulation by external subjects. Resulting behaviour may broadly be divided into: (a) approach activities aimed to seek comfort and pleasurable stimulation; (b) withdrawing activities aimed to prevent discomfort and pain.
- Needs arise for physical and for expression of feeling. An individual satisfies such needs through: (a) random movement of the arms, legs, hands; gross activity of the whole body; as the running, climbing, and swimming; (b) random vocalization, bodily movement; jumping and shouting in excitement or joy; slumping and weeping in sorrow.
Q. What is the significance of basic or fundamental needs?
Answer: Basic or fundamental needs have special significance for human existence and personality development as well.
Q. What are personality needs?
Answer: Personality needs are those needs which have special significance for better and balanced development of personality. All social needs are personality needs. The need for economic security such as need of job and income, life free from poverty, need for building, land, equipment, animals, trees, need for savings etc. all are personality needs. Likewise, the need for social security as belongingness, social acceptance, friendship, love, affection, companionship, etc. have special significance for better and balanced development of human personality. The need for personal worth and superiority such as success, leadership, mastery and power, favourable attention or recognition, prestige and food status, high standing self-enhancement, approval, importance, self-respect esteem, worthiness, self-satisfaction, honour etc. have special significance for the development of personality of every individual.
Q. What is the basis of human existence and personality development?
Answer: Both basic or fundamental needs and the personality needs are the basis of human existence and the element of personality development. These needs are the motivational forces by the help of which man indulges in different works.
Q: What are drives?
Answer: Drives, in brief, are the driving forces of the human body. According to Freud Sigmund, an instinct is an internal drive that operates as a constant motivational force. Maslow has mentioned physiological drives to explain his Personality Theory, stating, “A physiological drive is an aroused bodily condition that activates and directs a person’s behaviour.”
Q: How did Hull define drive?
Answer: Hull defined drive as a temporary state of the organism that is produced by something our body needs or by painful stimulation. He explained that drive has a distinct function, making primary reinforcement more effective, producing response by activating habit strength into reaction potential, and producing action habits set up on the basis of different drive conditions.
Q: What did Skinner say about drive?
Answer: Skinner explained drive operationally in terms of hours of deprivation for food, water, etc., or in terms of the percentage of the animal’s normal body weight. He made it clear that drive could be measured objectively.
Q: What is motive according to the Longman Active Study Dictionary of English?
Answer: Motive is defined as a cause of or reason for action.
Q: How does the Anmol Dictionary of Education define motive?
Answer: Motive is explained as the impulse or drive that arouses and supports an activity.
Q: What is the comprehensive definition of motive given by the Concise Psychological Dictionary?
Answer: According to the Concise Psychological Dictionary, a motive is an inducement to activity linked with the satisfaction of a subject’s needs; a set of external and internal conditions that bring about a subject’s activeness and determine its direction. A motive is an object (material or ideal) including and determining the choice of direction of activity for the sake of which the object is implemented.
Q: How did Maslow view motives?
Answer: Maslow assumed that human beings have inborn or innate motives to seek self-realization. He stated that any internal condition within an organism that appears to produce goal-directed behaviour is motivation.
Q: How does need relate to motive and drive?
Answer: Need is an aroused physiological condition involving an imbalance. Drive is an aroused condition within the organism that initiates behaviour to satisfy physiological needs. Motive is a specific internal condition directing an organism’s behaviour toward a goal. All three terms have a close relationship.
Q: What example illustrates the relationship between need, motive, and drive?
Answer: When one feels thirsty, one desires to drink water which quenches thirst. Desire for water drives or urges the person to an action. In this case, thirst is the need, to drink water is the motivation, and desire for water is the drive.
Q: What is an instinct according to the Longman Active Study Dictionary of English?
Answer: Instinct is the natural force in people and animals that causes certain behaviour patterns, such as nest-building, which are not based on learning or thinking.
Q: What are the three viewpoints to interpret instinct as per the Concise Psychological Dictionary?
Answer:
- Genetic basis
- Neurophysiological mechanism
- Totality of behavioural manifestations
Q: How did Rene Descartes view instinct?
Answer: Rene Descartes regarded instinct as a form of behaviour contrasted with intelligence and reason. He considered it to be implemented in the organism by God, offering unerring guidance for adaptation, and mechanical and unconscious in nature.
Q: How did Charles Darwin challenge the concept of instinct and reason?
Answer: Charles Darwin challenged the sharp distinction between instincts in animals and reason in man. He emphasized the similarity between human characteristics and those of higher animals, concluding that humans are descended from an ape-like ancestor and share instincts with animals, such as self-preservation and sexual love.
Q: What did William James mean by instinct?
Answer: William James defined instinct as the faculty of acting in such a way as to produce certain ends, without foresight of the ends, and without previous education in the performance. He considered instincts to be unlearnt patterns of reacting, modifiable by habit, and not blind and invariable.
Q: What were Freud’s two categories of instincts?
Answer: Freud distinguished two categories of instincts:
- The life instinct or eros, which includes forces that maintain vital life processes and assure the propagation of species.
- The death instinct or Thantos, which includes forces underlying murder, suicide, aggression, and cruelty.
Q: What is the role of instincts in Freud’s theory?
Answer: According to Freud, instincts are the psychological representations of bodily excitations or needs, serving as wishes to fulfill physiological needs. He considered instincts to be internal drives that operate as constant motivational forces, originating from the ‘id’ but coming under the control of the ‘ego’. Instincts have features such as a source, an aim, an object, and an impetus, and are fundamental in determining behaviour.
Q: Who was William McDougall and what is he famous for?
Answer: William McDougall (1871-1938) was a US psychologist mainly famous for his theory of instinct. He developed the system of hormic psychology, borrowing the term ‘hormic’ from the Greek term ‘horme’, which means an ‘urge’. McDougall highlighted his concepts of psychology in several major books, such as ‘Physiological Psychology’ (1905), ‘Body and Mind’ (1911), and ‘Introduction to Social Psychology’ (1908), among others. His ‘Outline of Abnormal Psychology’ (1926) and ‘Introduction to Social Psychology’ (1908) became particularly popular.
Q: How did McDougall define psychology in his first book ‘Physiological Psychology’?
Answer: In his first book ‘Physiological Psychology’ published in 1905, McDougall defined psychology as ‘the positive science of conduct of living creatures.’ He meant behaviour by the term conduct.
Q: What is the key idea of McDougall’s theory of instinct as outlined in his book ‘Introduction to Psychology’?
Answer: McDougall defined instinct as inherited psychological dispositions that determine a person to perceive or pay attention to objects of a certain class, to experience emotional excitement, and to act in regard to it in a particular manner. He considered instincts as “release mechanisms or just easily exploding containers of energy,” describing them as the storage of potential energy liberated into appropriate channels when excited. Instincts are vital forces that drive the organism towards some sort of goal, with cognitive, conative, and affective aspects.
Q: What are the three aspects or functions of instinct according to McDougall?
Answer:
- Cognitive or perceptual aspect: This relates to our perceptual predisposition to notice some stimuli. For example, perceiving certain food odours when one is hungry.
- Conative or motivational aspect: This relates to our ability to move towards the final goal. For example, moving towards taking food after perceiving certain food odours.
- Affective or emotional aspect: This is the central part of the instinct and relates to the feelings involved in the instinct. For example, the feeling of fear involved in the escape mechanism.
Q: List the characteristics of instincts as determined from the definitions and explanations provided.
Answer:
- Instincts are the innate or inborn or inherited tendencies of living organisms.
- Both man and animals have some common instincts, such as self-preservation, sexual love, and the love of a mother for her newborn offspring.
- Instincts constitute the psycho-physical aspects of a living being.
- Instincts are the unlearnt patterns of reacting.
- Instincts have mainly two goals: self-preserving and race-preserving.
- Instincts are modifiable by habit and are not considered blind and invariable.
- Instincts indicate the animal nature of man.
- Instincts are universally similar in all living creatures, differentiating only in reason and intellectual abilities between man and animal.
- Instincts are the wishes to fulfill physiological needs.
- Instincts give the impression of racial characteristics of all groups of species.
- Instincts are the release mechanisms or just easily exploding containers of energy.
- Instincts are the vital forces that drive organisms towards some goals.
Q: How did McDougall’s list of major instincts evolve over time?
Answer: In 1908, McDougall mentioned about 12 major instincts in the first edition of his famous book ‘Introduction to Social Psychology.’ However, experts believe that there are 14 instincts forwarded by McDougall. The original list of 12 instincts includes specific emotional experiences, and later additions or revisions expanded this list.
Q: What are quasi-instincts according to McDougall?
Answer: Quasi-instincts are innate tendencies that do not have specific emotions or specific bodily behaviour. McDougall pointed out that tendencies such as sympathy, suggestion, imitation, play, and habit or routine fall into this category. These tendencies are general innate tendencies and may be called quasi-instincts.
Q: What are the differences between reflex reactions and instinctive activities?
Answer:
| Reflex Reactions | Instinctive Activities |
|---|---|
| Reflex reactions are sensory reactions. | Instinctive activities are emotional reactions. |
| Reflex reactions are bodily reactions. | Instinctive activities are psycho-physical reactions. |
| Reflex reactions affect only a special part of the body. | Instinctive activities affect the whole physique. |
| Reflex reactions are non-variable. | Instinctive activities are variable. |
| The effect of reflex reactions is very temporary. | The effect of instinctive activities has a lasting impression on the psycho-physical state of the organism. |
| Reflex reactions are aimless. | Instinctive activities have special goals or motives linked with them. |
| Reflex reactions do not have a feeling aspect of experience. | Instinctive activities have emotional expressions. |
| Reflex reactions are unchangeable. | Instinctive activities may be diverted by training. |
Q. What is emotion?
Answer: Emotion is one of the complex psycho-physical experiences of the living organism. It involves the body as well as the mind. It is an acquired state of psycho-physical reactions to stimuli.
Q. What is the origin of the word ‘emotion’?
Answer: The word ‘emotion’ is derived from the Latin word ‘emovare’ which means ‘disturb’.
Q. How does the Anmol Dictionary of Education define emotion?
Answer: The Anmol Dictionary of Education explains the term emotion as a complex state of heightened perception, bodily changes, attraction or repulsion, approach or withdrawal behavior.
Q. How does the Concise Psychological Dictionary explain the term emotion?
Answer: The Concise Psychological Dictionary explains the term emotion as a psychic reflection in the form of immediate affective experience of the vital significance of phenomena and situations caused by the relationship of their objective properties to the subject’s needs.
Q. According to the Concise Psychological Dictionary, how did emotion develop?
Answer: In the course of evolution, emotion developed as a means for allowing living creatures to determine the biological significance of the states of their organisms and environmental effects.
Q. How does Webster’s Dictionary (1963) define emotion?
Answer: Webster’s Dictionary (1963) defines emotion as ‘the stirred-up state of the individual, as represented by a combination of factors.’
Q. How does Lefton define emotion?
Answer: Lefton defines emotion as an aroused state within an organism which may occur in response to internal and external stimuli.
Q. What physiological changes occur during an emotional state?
Answer: During the emotional state, the breathing of the individual becomes faster, the heart beating rate increases, blood pressure increases, the sound of the mouth becomes loud and quick, and the person may sweat and sometimes tremble.
Q. What are the common types of emotions mentioned in the document?
Answer: The common types of emotions mentioned are anger, fear, joy, and sorrow.
Q. What are the methods or devices prescribed by psychologists for the modification of instinctive activities?
Answer:
- The use of pleasure and pain
- The principle of disuse
- The use of complete freedom
- The repression method
- Substitution principle
- Catharsis
- Sublimation method
Q. Explain the use of pleasure and pain method for modifying instinctive activities.
Answer: The use of pleasure and pain method involves encouraging instinctive reactions that help uplift the norms of behavior by reward (pleasure principle) and discouraging harmful instinctive reactions that violate social norms by punishment (pain principle).
Q. What does the principle of disuse emphasize?
Answer: The principle of disuse emphasizes discouraging exercises. It involves blocking, diverting, and non-repetition of harmful instincts. For example, the combat instinct may be blocked by punishment or diverted by changing the playgroup.
Q. What is the significance of complete freedom in self-learning according to Rousseau?
Answer: Complete freedom is significant for self-learning as it allows the natural development of instincts without external restrictions. Rousseau believed that repressing instinctive urges could create psycho-physical complexities and complicate behavioral manifestations. Therefore, the principle of freedom should be applied for balanced personality development.
Q. Describe the repression method and its potential drawbacks.
Answer: The repression method involves forcefully driving back unfulfilled desires to the unconscious level of the mind. While it can control unpleasant and harmful instinctive reactions, excessive repression can lead to psychic complexity and various mental ailments. Hence, this method should be used carefully and thoughtfully.
Q. What does the substitution principle entail?
Answer: The substitution principle involves replacing harmful instinctive reactions with alternative activities. This helps reduce the painful effect of unfulfilled instinctive urges by providing a suitable outlet for their satisfaction in a pleasurable way without disturbing psychological needs.
Q. Define catharsis and its role in managing instinctive reactions.
Answer: Catharsis means ‘to purge out’ or ‘to drive out’. It is a psychological term referring to the purging out of harmful instinctive reactions. By using catharsis, repressed instinctive urges can be driven out from the mind, helping to maintain normal mental health and balance.
Q. Explain the sublimation method and its educational significance.
Answer: Sublimation involves redirecting an instinct from its primitive biological goal to one that is socially and individually uplifting. Ross defines it as the process of redirecting an instinct from its primitive biological goal to one that is socially and individually uplifting. Sublimation helps socialise instinctive reactions, making them socially acceptable.
Q. What is the educational significance of needs, drives, motives, and instincts?
Answer: Modification of human behaviour is a primary goal of education. Needs, drives, motives, and instincts, which are initially immature and imperfect at birth, play a crucial role in this process. Understanding and satisfying these aspects help shape a child’s mental health and personality. Teachers can improve learning and mental health by knowing and gratifying individual needs and motives. Stimulating curiosity and exploratory motives can lead to the discovery of new ideas, while constructive motives can foster strong personalities. Educationally significant instincts like curiosity, construction, and self-assertion, among others, can be channelised towards positive outcomes through proper guidance and activities.
Q. What are the main characteristics of emotion?
Answer:
- Emotions are complex and affective mental states of the living organism.
- Emotions are innate responses.
- Emotions involve the whole body in their expression. They involve the glandular and visceral system of the physiology.
- Human emotions are the product of socio-historical development and belong to processes of internal regulation of behaviour.
- Emotions subjectively manifest various needs of the organism. Emotions always refer to some objects.
- Emotions are the motivating properties which impel and direct a person toward actions. Thus emotions motivate and direct all activities designed to satisfy them.
- Emotions involve feelings, impulses, and physiological reactions.
- Emotions are individual experiences which depend on individual mental make-up.
- Emotional reactions appear at all stages of the life of an organism, i.e., from the beginning of life till death.
- Emotional reactions persist for a long period of time. These are not easily removable; once these are aroused they persist. In such a state, even after the disappearance of the emotional reactions, mood remains.
- Emotions interfere with the exercise of judgments of the organism.
- Emotions are easily conditioned.
Q. How are emotions classified from broader and common sense perceptions?
Answer: From broader and common sense perceptions, emotion is classified as pleasant and unpleasant types. Pleasant emotions are agreeable or pleasing, such as love, tenderness, curiosity, elation, ownership, creativeness, and amusement. Unpleasant emotions are unagreeable or unpleasing, such as fear, anger, distress, subjection, and loneliness.
Q. What is a primary emotion according to William McDougall?
Answer: Primary emotions are those which are derived by the influence of a particular instinct. Such emotion has a definite instinctive tendency which is closely associated. For example, fear is associated with the instinct of escape, lust with the instinct of pairing, and appetite with the instinct of food seeking.
Q. What are secondary or blended emotions?
Answer: Secondary emotions, also called blended emotions, occur when more than one emotion is combined to produce a result, reaction, or response. For instance, the combination of anger and disgust leads to the feeling of hatred toward a person, and the combination of distress and subjection leads to the feeling of loneliness or isolation.
Q. What are derived emotions?
Answer: Derived emotions, also known as acquired emotions, are neither fundamental nor blended types. They are situational and closely related to an individual’s past experiences or future expectations. Examples include confidence, faith, and hope.
Q. What did J.B. Watson conclude about the emotional life of infants and children?
Answer: J.B. Watson concluded that there were three clear-cut identifiable emotions present at birth: fear, rage, and love. He noted that fear causes a sudden catching of the breath, closing of the eyes, and puckering of lips; rage results in body stiffening and striking movements of the hands and arms; and love leads to smiling and attempts at gurgling and cooing in infants.
Q. How do instincts and emotions relate according to McDougall and William James?
Answer: McDougall regarded emotion as the essential, unchanging aspect of every instinct and ascribed specific emotional reactions to all instincts. William James maintained that instincts urge organisms to act and behave according to the situation or environment, while emotions are originated from feelings of pleasure and pain from different experiences of the total situation.
Q. What are the differences between instincts and emotions?
Answer:
- Instincts motivate us to act, while emotions motivate us to feel.
- Instincts are directed toward extrovert things, beings, and objects, whereas emotions are directed to internal experiences.
- Instincts stimulate psycho-physical reactions; emotions are expressed through behaviours.
- Instinctive reactions are universal, while emotional reactions may differ from organism to organism.
- Instinctive reactions are objective and depend upon the situations, while emotional reactions are subjective as well as objective.
Q. What distinguishes emotion from sentiment?
Answer:
- Emotion is a ‘stirred-up’ state of feelings of an organism, while sentiment is an organized and regulated state of tendencies and attitudes.
- Emotion is immediately experienced and transitory, whereas sentiment is a permanent disposition and a more or less permanent attitude of mind.
- Emotion is more concerned with the present situation, while sentiment is concerned with past and present experiences.
- Emotion is a fact of experience, whereas sentiment is a fact of mental structure.
- Emotion is an innate response, while sentiment is an acquired life experience.
Q. What role does fear play in a child’s life according to J.B. Watson?
Answer: Fear is an unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harm. J.B. Watson identified fear as the primary emotional reaction of the child. Psychologists believe that children are troubled by fear from an early age, which can impair their freedom of action. Fear acts as the sentry and first line of defense for the organism, and its causes may include stimuli or physical conditions of the organism.
Q. How does anger manifest in young children, and what are its causes?
Answer: Anger is a strong feeling of extreme displeasure commonly observed in infancy and childhood. It can be aroused by forcible restraints, interference with movement, blocking of activities, thwarting of wishes, and criticism. Psychologists note that younger children are more prone to anger, and its causes include interference with possessions, thwarting of plans, expectations, and anything that threatens cherished ideas. Anger makes children restless and can lead to violent psycho-physical reactions, negatively affecting personality development.
Q. What is the significance of affection in a child’s life?
Answer: Affection, or love, is a feeling of fondness or liking. Psychologists believe that the need for affection in children arises from their helplessness. Affection is a conditioned response, and a child’s love for a person, object, or thing can be traced to self-centered needs. For instance, a child’s love for their mother may be linked to their love for milk. The emotion of affection becomes strong as the child develops mentally and begins to understand relationships with others.
Q. What is the origin of the term ‘habit’?
Answer: The term ‘habit’ is originated from the Latin term ‘habitus’, which means ‘condition.’
Q. What does habit mean?
Answer: Habit means an action so often repeated as to become a fixed characteristic or tendency. It is a fixed pattern of behaviour formed as a result of repetition.
Q. What role does the law of exercise play in the formation of habits?
Answer: The law of exercise plays an important role in the formation of habits. Intentional and conscious repetition of actions helps to form habits. After several trials, any action performed by an individual becomes a permanent part of their self. Once a habit is formed, the requirement of continuous effort or exercise to perform the action becomes unnecessary.
Q. How are habits acquired?
Answer: Habits are acquired by repeated exercise of the same activities. They are formed intentionally and sometimes unintentionally, and consciously and sometimes unconsciously.
Q. What is the nature of habitual activities?
Answer: Habitual activities are automatic and mechanical activities of human beings. They generally take place without proper control or conscious thought. In habitual activities, the influence of personal will and expectation is not powerful. They take place in the same set of time, environment, or situation and are done without serious thought.
Q. What are the characteristics of habit?
Answer:
- Uniformity: Habitual works are always the same in all classes and at all times.
- Propensity: The tendency to behave in a certain way in all situations and cases.
- Facility: A natural ability to do something well and easily.
- Independence of attention: Individuals are free to accomplish their works according to their own speed, power, confidence, and necessity.
- Mechanical performance: Habits make individuals mechanical in performing different works.
- Personality reflection: Habits reflect the personality traits of an individual.
- Increased performance: Habits help to increase the performance level of an individual’s works.
- Decreased creativity: Habits decrease the creativity level of an individual.
- Behavioral pattern: Habits help to shape a special pattern of behaviour.
- Decreased imagination: Habits decrease the imaginative power of an individual.
Q. What is meant by the formation of good habits and dissolution of bad habits?
Answer: The formation of good habits means the action of forming habits that have a positive influence on the individual. The dissolution of bad habits means the action of dissolving habits that have a negative influence on the individual. Good habits are formed through intentional repetition, and bad habits can be dissolved through firm determination, practice, and substitution with good habits.
Q. What steps can help form good habits?
Answer:
- Firm determination and confidence.
- Application of willpower.
- Active participation.
- Practice and repetition.
Q. What steps can help dissolve bad habits?
Answer:
- Firm determination and discipline.
- Immediate steps to avoid bad habits.
- Practice or repetition to remove bad habits.
- Application of willpower.
- Yoga and meditation for control.
Q. What is the definition of reflex?
Answer: Reflex means an action done without conscious thought as a response to something. It is a natural response of an organism, by the nervous system, to an irritant.
Q. How do reflex and instinctive activities differ from habitual activities?
Answer: Reflex and instinctive activities are native and inherited, while habitual activities are acquired or learned. Reflex actions are spontaneous and do not involve mental processes, whereas habitual and instinctive activities involve psychic and mental processes. Reflex actions cannot be modified, but instinctive and habitual actions can be modified to a certain degree.
99. What roles do family and teachers play in the formation of good habits and dissolution of bad habits?
Answer:
- Family members and teachers can keep close contact and cooperate to teach good things.
- Children’s minds are receptive and can be motivated towards good deeds by examples.
- Confidence and firmness to honor basic values can be developed with practical examples.
- Children should be encouraged for good deeds and punished for wrong deeds to develop a positive view of life.
- Practice or exercise of good deeds should be given special importance to make them permanent.
