Cultural Perspective of Education: NBSE Class 11 Education notes

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Here, you will find summaries, questions, answers, textbook solutions, pdf, extras etc. of (Nagaland Board) NBSE Class 11 Education Chapter 10: Cultural Perspective of Education. These solutions, however, should be only treated as references and can be modified/changed. 

Introduction

Culture and education are two sides of the same coin, each influencing and shaping the other in a continuous cycle. The cultural milieu of a society is shaped by various factors including its educational standards, religious beliefs, occupations, financial position, and geographical conditions. Education, in turn, is deeply influenced by the cultural context in which it is delivered.

Education serves as a conduit for the transmission of culture from one generation to the next. It is through education that the cultural heritage of a society is preserved and passed on. This includes the preservation of literature, art, music, sculpture, and other cultural artifacts. The curriculum taught in schools is a reflection of the cultural aspirations of the present generation, which they wish to be passed on to the future generations.

However, education also plays a crucial role in the development and evolution of culture. As societies evolve, they may recognize certain aspects of their culture that are detrimental or outdated. In such cases, education can serve as a tool for cultural development, bringing about necessary changes and fostering a spirit of inquiry among learners.

Socialisation, another crucial aspect of education, is the process through which individuals learn to live in society. It involves developing an awareness of others and learning to react appropriately to their gestures, words, and actions. Socialisation is instrumental in shaping an individual’s personality and preparing them to lead an accepted social life. It also provides individuals with the opportunity to develop their individuality according to their goals, aims, likings, and interests.

Textual questions and answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. What is ‘Culture’?

Answer: Culture is a way of life. It is the general customs and beliefs of a particular group of people at a particular time.

2. What is socialisation?

Answer: Socialisation is the process of moulding a person into a social being.

3. What are the phases of socialisation?

Answer: The phases of socialisation are:

a. Primary Stage: This includes the Oral Stage (0-1 year) where the infant builds up definite expectations about feeding time and learns to signal for care, and the Anal Stage (1-4 years) which is concerned with toilet training of the child.

b. Secondary Stage: This includes the Oedipal Stage (4-Puberty Age) when a child becomes a member of the family as a whole.

4. Name the agencies of socialisation?

Answer: The agencies of socialisation are:

• School
• Family
• Mass-Media
• Peer-Group

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Explain “Culture is stable but not static”.

Answer: Culture is stable but not static, it changes slowly with time. 100 years ago, head hunting was a part of Naga Culture, but now it is not so. The new generation may get upset even at the mention of such a practice. After 20-30 years, some practices and conventions of today may seem uncivilised and vice versa. What is unacceptable to the present society may become a part of culture of the society after 20-30 years.

2. What are the functions of culture?

Answer: The human needs of an individual are fulfilled with the manifold elements of culture. The existence of human race is possible due to culture. Culture helps individuals to live in harmony with their natural environment. Man always protects the physical environment which is essential for his survival.

3. How can the culture of the society be preserved?

Answer: Education should be helpful in preserving literature, art, music, sculpture etc. of the race. Even from this point of view, the teacher should teach his/her students to honour the cultural heritage of the past. It should be a part of the school curriculum to know and respect the cultural heritage of the society or nation.

4. What is the process of cultural transmission?

Answer: The process of cultural transmission is through education. It is the society that decides what should be taught. A teacher is not free to teach anything he/she likes, he/she is bound to teach the syllabus or curriculum assigned to him/her. Many practices in school education are meant to transmit the culture to the new generation.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. Discuss the relation between culture and education.

Answer: Culture and education are interrelated and interdependent. The process of formation of a society’s culture is influenced by its education standards, religious beliefs, occupation of the people, financial position and geographical conditions. Education is intimately related to one’s development of personality. Therefore, education depends upon the nature of culture of the society. In the educational process, an individual chooses for own options from among various experiences. In other words, society makes man and man makes society. In the same society, various children obtain varying experiences. These experiences also depend on their homes and particular environments. Therefore, in order to guide the children, the teacher should understand the various elements of their sub-cultures, i.e., he/she must closely study the home and the surrounding environment of the child.

2. Explain the four functions of education in relation to culture.

Answer: The function of education with reference to culture are four fold:

a. Preservation: The present generation wants that culture should be preserved without being diluted. It is the duty of teachers and schools to preserve the culture. In general, society is reluctant to accept any kind of change. Therefore, it is always of the opinion that the present culture is the best and it should be protected and preserved. Education should be helpful in preserving literature, art, music, sculpture etc. of the race. Even from this point of view, the teacher should teach his/her students to honour the cultural heritage of the past.

b. Transmission: The process of cultural transmission is through education. It is the society that decides what should be taught. A teacher is not free to teach anything he/she likes, he/she is bound to teach the syllabus or curriculum assigned to him/her. Curriculum or syllabus is the cultural heritage of the present generation. It is the cultural aspiration of the present generation which they wish to be passed on to the coming generation.

c. Development: Society needs preservation, transmission and also development of its culture. It should be done through education. Sometimes society accepts that there are drawbacks and negativities in the present culture and it is affecting the civilization adversely.

d. Socialisation: Socialisation is the process of learning to live in society. It implies awareness of the presence of the other people and reacting at other’s gestures, words and actions. It is a process of coming in contact with others, and noticing and responding to them. The process of socialisation prepares the child to lead an accepted way of social life.

3. What are the phases of socialisation?

Answer: The phases of socialisation are:

a. Primary Stage: This includes the Oral Stage (0-1 year) where the infant builds up definite expectations about feeding time and learns to signal for care, and the Anal Stage (1-4 years) which is concerned with toilet training of the child.

b. Secondary Stage: This includes the Oedipal Stage (4-Puberty Age) when a child becomes a member of the family as a whole.

4. Discuss the need for development of culture.

Answer: Society needs preservation, transmission and also development of its culture. It should be done through education. Sometimes society accepts that there are drawbacks and negativities in the present culture and it is affecting the civilization adversely. It is also possible that some learned people or intellectuals in the society may convince the society with arguments for change in the culture or bring about a cultural revolution. At that time society turns to education for development of culture. A school is capable of changing many things through education. The school, through education, can implement changes and inculcate inquisitiveness in the young learners or encourage them to ask new questions. So through education, change is possible. School can play an important role to bring positive changes and development through the tool of education.

Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions

1. What is the importance of socialisation as a cultural function of education? Explain.

Answer: Socialisation implies awareness of the presence of other people and reacting at others’ gestures, words, and actions. It is a process of coming in contact with others, and noticing and responding to them. An individual’s personality is a product of the society. It contributes to the development of the personality. Personality is developed through interaction with groups. The personality of a newborn child is shaped and moulded by the society. The process of socialisation prepares the child to lead an accepted way of social life. Socialisation also provides scope for the individual to develop his individuality according to his goals, aims, likings, and interests. In modern times, values and conventions are constantly facing challenges, and monetary gain is becoming the primary factor. The role of education, in preserving, transmitting, developing a culture and in helping a person to socialise, is of utmost importance.

2. Some of the early practices of the Naga society are prohibited today. Discuss it with examples.

Answer: Culture is stable but not static, it changes slowly with time. 100 years ago, head hunting was a part of Naga Culture, but now it is not so. The new generation may get upset even at the mention of such a practice. After 20-30 years, some practices and conventions of today may seem uncivilised and vice versa. What is unacceptable to the present society may become a part of culture of the society after 20-30 years.

Additional/extra questions and answers

1. What is the definition of culture? 

Answer: Culture is a way of life. It is the general customs and beliefs of a particular group of people at a particular time. Culture is also the sum total of a community’s beliefs, habits, traditions, and practices. It represents the general behaviour of a society and is a way of life adapted by the society. Culture encompasses the progress of art, music, architecture, literature, and can be seen as modified and accepted behaviour. 

2. How is culture related to the various activities of a person in his social surroundings? 

Answer: Culture encompasses all activities of a person in his social surroundings. The individual seeks to maintain good relations with other members of society and hence creates numerous traditions, customs, behaviours, and disciplines to fulfil this desire. It significantly influences how people interact, behave, and perceive societal norms. 

3. How does culture vary? Give some examples. 

Answer: Culture varies significantly across different communities. This is why terms such as Eastern Culture, Western Culture, Japanese Culture, Naga Culture are used. Every individual is born into a cultural heritage, and when their behaviour aligns with their society’s culture, they are considered cultured. The customs followed in one society may not necessarily be followed in another. This variation can be due to various factors including geographical conditions, historical background, and societal norms. 

4. Discuss the process of formation of a society’s culture. 

Answer: The formation of a society’s culture is a complex process that’s influenced by several factors such as education standards, religious beliefs, the occupations of the people, financial positions, and geographical conditions. These elements shape the community’s beliefs, habits, traditions, and practices. For instance, Indian culture finds it acceptable to eat with hands, but this is not usually accepted in Western culture. This cultural difference reflects the different societal norms, behaviors, and practices, based on various influencing factors. 

5. What does it mean when we say ‘culture is stable but not static’? 

Answer: When we say ‘culture is stable but not static’, it means that while culture is a constant feature of a society, it does not remain unchanged. It evolves over time, adapting to societal changes, new experiences, and generational shifts. A case in point is the Naga culture where head hunting was practiced 100 years ago but is now no longer a part of their culture. New practices may emerge, and old practices may disappear or change. The pace of cultural change may be slow, but it is continuous. 

Q. How would you explain Tylor’s definition of culture? 

Answer: Tylor defined culture as “that complex whole which includes, knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, customs and any other capacities acquired by a human as a member of society”. According to this definition, culture is more than the material wealth of a society. It focuses on the capacities and abilities acquired by individuals as they function within their society. This definition emphasizes that culture is a complex whole composed of different units. It implies that culture is not just about the basic physiological needs of individuals, but about their learned behaviors, habits, customs, and practices that enable them to live harmoniously within their society. 

Q. Discuss the interrelation and interdependence of culture and education. 

Answer: Culture and education are intricately linked and influence each other profoundly. Education plays a crucial role in transmitting a society’s culture. As individuals go through the educational process, they learn and internalize the norms, values, and behaviors that their culture espouses. They learn to modify their behaviors and habits to fit into their societal context. Conversely, the culture of a society impacts its educational systems and practices. The beliefs, values, and norms of a society are reflected in its curriculum, pedagogical approaches, and educational policies. This interplay between culture and education underscores their mutual influence and interdependence. 

Q. What role does culture play in fulfilling the needs of an individual? 

Answer: Culture has an instrumental role in fulfilling an individual’s needs. It allows individuals to live in harmony with their natural environment, promoting protection of the physical environment essential for survival. Culture encourages social living by facilitating social adjustment within families and neighborhoods. It also fosters an appreciation for beauty, making art, music, and literature an integral part of society. Moreover, culture is vital in preserving these aspects. 

Q. Explain the relationship between culture and cleanliness or protection of drinking water. 

Answer: Culture instills certain norms in society that don’t need to be explicitly written or regulated. One such norm prevalent across cultures is the importance of cleanliness. Similarly, the protection of drinking water, which is vital for human survival, is an unwritten rule observed globally, guided by the collective cultural understanding. 

Q. How does culture affect an individual’s respect for elements of beauty such as art, music, and literature? 

Answer: Culture influences an individual’s perception of beauty and fosters respect for elements like art, music, and literature. It’s culture that ingrains in individuals the value of these elements, making them integral to societal life. Thus, these elements of beauty are not only a part of culture but are also considered culture themselves, requiring its sustenance and development. 

Q. Describe the impact of culture on the educational system of a society. 

Answer: The culture of a society significantly influences its educational system. The focus of education is organised around the needs of the society, as pointed out by its cultural leanings. For instance, a materialistic culture will emphasize competition and individual efforts towards material goals in its education system. Similarly, if individualism is valued in a culture, the educational system will be coloured by individualism. Hence, what we learn through education is immensely influenced by culture. 

Q. How does the cultural aspect of a society influence the learning process and educational standards? 

Answer: The cultural aspect of a society largely influences the learning process and the standard of education. A society with an underdeveloped culture typically has an ordinary educational standard with basic interactions. The learning process in such a system is often limited to ordinary things pertaining to social life, such as protection of society, carving out a living, etc. When a culture is complex, however, specialized education systems are needed to transmit cultural elements from one generation to another. 

Q. Elaborate on the role of culture in shaping an individual’s learning and memory. 

Answer: Culture plays a pivotal role in shaping an individual’s learning and memory. It influences what an individual perceives as important and worth remembering. For example, elements of culture that are likely to increase one’s prestige are often prioritized and retained, while commonplace items are forgotten. Thus, culture not only motivates an individual to learn certain things, but it also determines what information is retained and what is forgotten. 

Q. How does the nature of a society’s culture impact education and personality development? 

Answer: The nature of a society’s culture has a profound impact on education and personality development. In a society with a well-developed culture, education extends beyond learning basic survival skills to include more complex interactions, requiring formal education systems. These systems, termed as ‘schools’, play a crucial role in transmitting cultural elements across generations, fostering intellectual growth and personality development. On the other hand, in societies with less developed cultures, education often revolves around learning basic social life skills, thereby limiting personality development. Thus, education and personality development are intimately tied to the nature of a society’s culture. 

Q. What is the role of the individual and society in the educational process? 

Answer: In the educational process, the individual and society play significant roles. The individual absorbs education, choosing options from a range of experiences. Sometimes, based on these experiences, they mould themselves. This can be understood as society shaping the individual. At the same time, the individual also influences society, showing how man also makes society. Within the same society, different children acquire different experiences depending on their homes and environments. Therefore, the educational process is a dynamic interplay between the individual and society. 

Q. How should a teacher approach the diverse cultural backgrounds of their students? 

Answer: To effectively guide students, a teacher needs to understand the various elements of their students’ sub-cultures. This requires studying closely the home and surrounding environment of each child, as these greatly influence the child’s experiences and worldview. Additionally, the teacher must understand the cultural motivations of the parents, which are closely related to their expectations regarding the education of their children. 

Q. Why is it important to consider the culture a child represents before making judgments about them? 

Answer: It is important not to judge a child without considering the culture they represent because each child’s experiences and responses to situations depend significantly on their homes and particular environments. Different children from the same society can have vastly different experiences and perspectives based on their cultural backgrounds. These backgrounds shape how they think, react to problems, and interact with their peers. Therefore, an understanding of a child’s culture is crucial to accurately interpret and guide their behaviour and educational development. 

Q. Why is the agreement on a uniform ideal of education necessary for society’s development, and what challenges do we face in achieving this? 

Answer: An agreement on a uniform ideal of education is crucial for society’s development as it ensures that everyone is moving forward in unison according to some common accepted social values. However, different people naturally have different outlooks on life, leading to various viewpoints regarding the ideals of education. Balancing these diverse perspectives and agreeing on common goals can be challenging. Yet, for the successful functioning of society, it is important to organize education in alignment with commonly accepted social values. 

Q. Why is the preservation of culture essential, and how can education contribute to this? 

Answer: The preservation of culture is crucial as it enables the present generation to establish itself on firm ground. Every educated person takes pride in their inherited culture and tries to protect it. The culture becomes part of one’s personality, creating a sense of pride. Education can contribute to this preservation by teaching students to honor the cultural heritage of the past. This can be achieved through curriculum design that includes learning about and respecting the cultural heritage of the society or nation. 

Q. What is the role of education in the preservation of culture? 

Answer: Education has a crucial role in preserving culture. This responsibility falls largely on the shoulders of teachers and schools. The education system should assist in conserving literature, art, music, sculpture etc. of the race. The preservation of culture helps the present generation to establish itself on a firm ground, making culture an integral part of one’s personality. Every educated person takes pride in his/her inherited culture and always attempts to protect it. Therefore, it should be a part of the school curriculum to know and respect the cultural heritage of the society or nation. 

Q. How is culture transmitted through education? 

Answer: The process of cultural transmission occurs through education. The society decides what should be taught, and the teacher is bound to teach the syllabus or curriculum assigned to him/her. This curriculum is the cultural heritage of the present generation that they wish to be passed on to the coming generation. Practices in school education are designed to transmit culture to the new generation. For example, if a teacher instructs students not to wash their hands with water and soap, parents would likely complain because it goes against the norms of hygiene. 

Q. Explain A.N. Whitehead’s statement “Culture is activity of thought because the aim of education is to produce men/women who possess both culture and knowledge in same direction”. 

Answer: A.N. Whitehead’s statement suggests that culture is an active process of thought and that the goal of education is to develop individuals who carry both cultural understanding and knowledge harmoniously. What a person says, writes, thinks, and does are expressions of culture that need to be passed on to new generations for social continuity. For instance, if in the past a man learned the art of lighting a lamp, that knowledge is still known today because it has been transmitted from generation to generation. Therefore, the role of education is to facilitate this transmission of cultural practices, ideas, or knowledge. 

Q. How does education contribute to the development of culture? 

Answer: Education plays a significant role in the development of culture. Society requires preservation, transmission, and development of its culture, which should be achieved through education. When society recognizes drawbacks and negativities in the present culture affecting civilization adversely, it may seek to bring about cultural changes or a cultural revolution. At such a time, society turns to education. Schools can implement changes through education and cultivate curiosity in young learners, encouraging them to question. Education, defined as the process of molding and shaping the behavior and character of the youngsters, can facilitate positive cultural changes and development. 

Q. Explain the relationship between culture, education, and societal continuity with an example. 

Answer: Culture, education, and societal continuity are intricately interconnected. Education is a key mechanism for transmitting and preserving cultural heritage, and thus ensuring societal continuity. This is reflected in the curriculum or syllabus of education, which encompasses the cultural heritage of the present generation that they wish to pass on to the next. As an example, let’s consider the practice of hygiene. A teacher instructs students to wash their hands with soap, a cultural norm aligned with health and cleanliness. If a teacher were to contradict this norm by telling students not to wash their hands, it would likely elicit complaints from parents because it undermines a key aspect of the cultural understanding of hygiene. This illustrates how societal expectations and cultural norms are taught and reinforced through education, contributing to the continuity of societal practices and values. 

Q. What is socialisation according to Cooley, Ogburn and Bogardus? 

Answer: Socialisation has been defined in various ways by different sociologists. According to Cooley, “Socialisation is a social process through which an individual develops his own self by learning the norms and by knowing about his own self from others.” Ogburn, on the other hand, views it as the process by which the individual learns to conform to the norms of the group. Bogardus defines socialisation as “the process of working together, of developing group responsibility or being guided by the welfare needs of others.” 

Q. Explain the primary stage of socialisation with emphasis on the Oral and Anal stages. 

Answer: The primary stage of socialisation is a crucial stage in a child’s development. This stage is broken down into the Oral stage and the Anal stage. 

• The Oral Stage (0-1 year): In this stage, the infant builds up definite expectations about feeding time and learns to signal for care. The child relies heavily on their caregivers for nourishment, developing a sense of trust and security when their needs are met consistently. 
• The Anal Stage (1-4 years): The anal stage is focused on the toilet training of the child. During this stage, the child learns about bodily autonomy, control, and societal expectations about cleanliness and orderliness. 

Q. Discuss the secondary stage of socialisation, specifically the Oedipal Stage. 

Answer: The secondary stage of socialisation commences at the Oedipal Stage. This stage begins roughly at the fourth year and continues up to puberty. This is a critical period when a child evolves from being primarily attached to their primary caregivers, usually the mother, to becoming a member of the family as a whole. During this stage, the child learns to negotiate more complex social relationships within the family structure, including dynamics with siblings and the opposite-sex parent. This stage is termed the “Oedipal Stage” after the Freudian concept of the Oedipus Complex, where a child learns to identify with the same-sex parent and interact appropriately with the opposite-sex parent. 

Q. Describe anticipatory socialisation and give an example. 

Answer: Anticipatory socialisation refers to the process where individuals mimic or copy the behaviour associated with their anticipated future roles. This process allows individuals to rehearse and prepare for future social positions by adopting and practicing behaviors, norms, and values associated with those roles. For instance, if a person anticipates their future role to be a doctor, they may start observing and picking up a doctor’s mannerisms, learning medical terminology, understanding the ethical responsibilities involved in the profession, and other relevant behaviors associated with the profession. 

Q. What is reverse socialisation and provide an example. 

Answer: Reverse socialisation is a process where the younger generation transfers knowledge to the older generation. This is particularly prevalent in industrial societies where the pace of technological change is very rapid. It flips the traditional expectation of socialisation, which generally flows from the older, more experienced members of society to the younger ones. An example of reverse socialisation is a child teaching a grandparent how to use a computer or a smartphone. This occurs when the child, who is more comfortable and familiar with the technology, imparts their knowledge and skills to the older generation, who may be less familiar or comfortable with these advancements. 

Q. Explain Freud’s concept of Superego, Ego, and ID. 

Answer: Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality comprises three components: the superego, ego, and id. 

• The Superego: This is the component of personality composed of our internalized ideals that we have acquired from our parents and society. It works to suppress the urges of the ID and tries to make the ego behave morally, rather than realistically. The superego represents society’s norms and values and leads to the perfection of human action. It controls both the ID and the EGO and provides the person with a strong sense of right and wrong. 
• The Ego: The ego operates on the reality principle. It works to keep desires realistic and under control. It mediates between the id and the superego, striving to satisfy the id’s desires in realistic and socially acceptable ways. 
• The ID: The ID is the primitive and instinctual part of the personality that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories. It is a real pleasure seeker and it wants immediate gratification. It operates on the pleasure principle, seeking to avoid pain and gain pleasure with no regard for reality or morality. 

These three elements interact to shape an individual’s behavior and personality. 

Q. What are the primary ways schools contribute to socialisation? 

Answer: Schools primarily contribute to socialisation by emphasizing the importance of being on time, teaching how to be docile, instructing that authority should be respected, and teaching students to follow directions. 

Q. Explain the role of the family in socialisation. 

Answer: The family is the first agency of socialisation for a youngster before formal schooling. It has a strong early influence on norms, morals, and roles, shaping the child’s initial understanding of societal expectations and behaviors. 

Q. How does mass-media function as an agency of socialisation? 

Answer: Mass-media, which consists of print, radio, internet, and television, serves as a powerful tool for socialisation. It often indoctrinates people into prejudices such as sexism, ageism, and racism, either deliberately or not. This pervasive influence is due to the wide reach and accessibility of mass media, impacting the perceptions and behaviours of individuals at a societal level. 

Q. What role does the peer group play in the process of socialisation, especially during adolescence? 

Answer: Peer groups begin to have a powerful influence on socialisation around the time of adolescence, a period when family influence weakens and individuals strive to establish separate identities. This is a key stage in social development as adolescents look to their peers for behavioral cues and validation, further shaping their understanding of societal norms and expectations. 

Q. Describe the process and importance of socialisation. 

Answer: Socialisation is the process by which a child becomes an adult member of the society. It involves learning the rules of society and the practices of social groups, thereby developing the individual’s personality and adjusting them to their social environment. Socialisation maintains social order by inculcating societal norms and expectations in individuals, transforming them from a biological being to a socially adapted being. It allows individuals to learn the behaviours, values, and expectations that enable them to take on particular roles in society, thereby contributing to their societal recognition and cooperation. 

Q. Discuss the role of socialisation in the development of an individual’s personality and societal role. 

Answer: Socialisation plays a crucial role in the development of an individual’s personality and societal role. Through socialisation, an individual acquires the knowledge, dispositions, and skills necessary to become a respected member of the society. It’s a process by which the individual adapts to their social environment, becoming a recognised, cooperating, and efficient member of it. An individual is not born with a societal role; they learn it through socialisation. Their personality is also shaped and moulded by society, preparing them to lead an accepted way of social life. Socialisation provides scope for the individual to develop their individuality according to their goals, aims, likings, and interests, contributing to their personal growth and societal functioning. 

37. How does education contribute to the process of socialisation? Discuss in the context of modern times. 

Answer: Education plays a significant role in socialisation, especially in modern times. In preserving, transmitting, and developing culture, education prepares individuals to participate effectively in social life. It equips them with the knowledge and skills needed to navigate societal structures and norms, contributing to their social adjustment. In the modern context, traditional values and conventions are constantly challenged, and monetary gain has become a primary factor influencing societal behaviour. Despite these challenges, education continues to serve as a vital medium for socialisation, shaping individuals’ perceptions, behaviours, and roles in society. Through education, individuals are equipped to adapt to changes in societal norms and expectations, thereby maintaining social order and harmony.

Additional/extra MCQs

1. What does culture encompass in a society? 

A. Traditions B. Art, Music, Literature C. Adapted behaviours D. All of the above 

Answer: D. All of the above 

2. Who defined culture as “that complex whole which includes, knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, customs and any other capacities acquired by a human as a member of society”? 

A. Tylor B. Freud C. Jung D. Piaget 

Answer: A. Tylor 

3. Which cultural practice was a part of Naga Culture 100 years ago? 

A. Foot Binding B. Bull Fighting C. Head Hunting D. Fire Walking 

Answer: C. Head Hunting 

4. What is a custom socially acceptable in Indian culture but not in the West? 

A. Eating with hands B. Eating with chopsticks C. Eating with a spoon D. Eating with a fork 

Answer: A. Eating with hands 

5. Which term best describes culture? 

A. Static B. Unchanging C. Fluid D. Stable 

Answer: D. Stable 

Q. What is considered the sum total of a community’s beliefs, habits, traditions, and practices? 

A. Society B. Culture C. Heritage D. Tradition 

Answer: B. Culture 

Q. When is an individual considered ‘cultured’? 

A. When they show kindness B. When their behavior aligns with their society’s culture C. When they acquire a high level of education D. When they possess vast knowledge 

Answer: B. When their behavior aligns with their society’s culture 

Q. Culture is more than the material wealth of a society according to which definition? 

A. Freud’s definition B. Jung’s definition C. Tylor’s definition D. Piaget’s definition 

Answer: C. Tylor’s definition 

Q. What is an important process through which the patterns of culture are transmitted to an individual? 

A. Communication B. Socialization C. Education D. Observation 

Answer: C. Education 

Q. What influences the formation of a society’s culture? 

A. Geographical conditions B. Education standards C. Religious beliefs D. All of the above 

Answer: D. All of the above 

Q. What aspect of culture prompts social living and harmony within a family and neighborhood? 

A. Individualism B. Materialism C. Competition D. Social adjustment 

Answer: D. Social adjustment 

Q. What elements of culture are considered a part and parcel of culture itself? 

A. Religion and language  B. Art, music, and literature  C. Social norms and taboos  D. Food and clothing 

Answer: B. Art, music, and literature 

Q. In a materialistic society, what aspect is the education system based on? 

A. Spiritual goals  B. Aesthetic goals  C. Competition  D. Collaboration 

Answer: C. Competition 

Q. In a society valuing individualism, what is likely to be a characteristic of its education system? 

A. Collaboration B. Spirituality C. Individualism D. Socialism 

Answer: C. Individualism 

Q. What aspect of a person’s learning is immensely influenced by culture? 

A. Memory retention  B. Forgetting  C. What is learnt  D. Learning speed 

Answer: C. What is learnt 

Q. In a society with a not well developed culture, what is the standard of its educational system? 

A. Complex  B. Ordinary  C. Advanced  D. Specialized 

Answer: B. Ordinary 

Q. In a society with a complex culture, what becomes necessary to transmit cultural elements? 

A. Family B. Community  C. School  D. Religion 

Answer: C. School 

Q. What does a society with an underdeveloped culture primarily focus on in its learning process? 

A. Advanced subjects B. Spiritual aspects C. Ordinary aspects of social life D. Aesthetic aspects 

Answer: C. Ordinary aspects of social life 

Q. What determines the focus of a society’s education system? 

A. Government policies B. Economic status C. Cultural leanings D. Technological advancement 

Answer: C. Cultural leanings 

Q. What does culture motivate an individual to do? 

A. Question authority B. Learn certain things C. Rebel D. Be indifferent 

Answer: B. Learn certain things 

Q. What is the first role of education with reference to culture? 

A. Innovation B. Assimilation C. Preservation D. Change 

Answer: C. Preservation 

Q. What influences a child from the very beginning aside from school? 

A. Peers B. Media C. Other sources of education D. Internet 

Answer: C. Other sources of education 

Q. Who is required to closely study the home and surrounding environment of a child? 

A. Parents B. Friends C. Teacher D. Neighbors 

Answer: C. Teacher 

Q. What is every educated person supposed to take pride in? 

A. Achievements B. Financial Success C. Inherited Culture D. Social Status 

Answer: C. Inherited Culture 

Q. Whose cultural motivations should a teacher understand? 

A. Student’s B. Other teachers’ C. Parents’ D. Society’s 

Answer: C. Parents’ 

Q. What is a significant part of the educational process? 

A. Standardized Testing B. Homework C. Individual’s experiences D. Discipline 

Answer: C. Individual’s experiences 

Q. What could obstruct the development of society? 

A. Financial Instability B. Lack of Uniform Ideal of Education C. Natural Disasters D. Political Instability 

Answer: B. Lack of Uniform Ideal of Education 

Q. What becomes the part and parcel of one’s personality? 

A. Personal Success B. Physical Appearance C. Culture D. Social Status 

Answer: C. Culture 

Q. Who has the primary duty of preserving culture in education? 

A. Parents B. Students C. Government D. Teachers and schools 

Answer: D. Teachers and schools 

Q. What should be a part of the school curriculum for preserving culture? 

A. Sports B. Advanced Mathematics C. Cultural heritage knowledge D. Scientific experiments 

Answer: C. Cultural heritage knowledge 

Q. What can be preserved through the process of education? 

A. Wild animals B. Old buildings C. Literature, art, music, sculpture D. Rainforests 

Answer: C. Literature, art, music, sculpture 

Q. Through what process is culture primarily transmitted? 

A. Television B. Social media C. Books D. Education 

Answer: D. Education 

Q. What decides what should be taught in schools? 

A. School management B. Teachers C. The society D. Students 

Answer: C. The society 

Q. What is the cultural heritage of the present generation as related to education? 

A. Libraries B. Museums C. Curriculum or syllabus D. Historical monuments 

Answer: C. Curriculum or syllabus 

Q. According to A.N. Whitehead, what does culture include? 

A. Clothes B. Food C. What man says, writes, thinks, and does D. Architectural styles 

Answer: C. What man says, writes, thinks, and does 

Q. What is one of the primary duties of education in terms of culture? 

A. Creating new cultures B. Criticizing other cultures C. Cultural transmission D. Segregating cultures 

Answer: C. Cultural transmission 

Q. How can the development of culture be brought about when needed? 

A. Through war B. Through entertainment C. Through sports D. Through education 

Answer: D. Through education 

Q. What is the definition of education as it pertains to culture and behavior? 

A. The process of moulding and shaping behavior and character B. The process of gaining knowledge C. The process of getting good grades D. The process of learning languages 

Answer: A. The process of moulding and shaping behavior and character 

Q. According to Cooley, socialisation is a process through which an individual… 

A. Develops his own self B. Works together C. Conforms to norms D. Mimics others 

Answer: A. Develops his own self 

Q. The oral stage of primary socialisation is concerned with… 

A. Learning norms B. Toilet training C. Feeding time expectations D. Anticipatory behaviour 

Answer: C. Feeding time expectations 

Q. The anal stage of primary socialisation pertains to… 

A. Learning norms B. Toilet training C. Feeding time expectations D. Anticipatory behaviour 

Answer: B. Toilet training 

Q. The Oedipal Stage of socialisation begins at approximately… 

A. 0-1 year B. 1-4 years C. 4 years D. Puberty 

Answer: C. 4 years 

Q. In anticipatory socialisation, individuals mimic behaviour related to their… 

A. Past role B. Present role C. Anticipated future role D. Imaginary role 

Answer: C. Anticipated future role 

Q. In reverse-socialisation, knowledge is transferred from… 

A. Older to younger generation B. Younger to older generation C. Parents to children D. Teachers to students 

Answer: B. Younger to older generation 

Q. The superego, according to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, represents… 

A. Reality principle B. Society’s norms and values C. Pleasure principle D. Expectations of the group 

Answer: B. Society’s norms and values 

Q. The Ego, according to Freud, operates based on the… 

A. Reality principle B. Society’s norms and values C. Pleasure principle D. Expectations of the group 

Answer: A. Reality principle 

Q. The ID, according to Freud, seeks… 

A. Reality B. Society’s norms and values C. Immediate gratification D. Expectations of the group 

Answer: C. Immediate gratification 

Q. According to Ogburn, socialisation is the process by which an individual… 

A. Develops his own self B. Works together C. Conforms to the norms of the group D. Mimics others 

Answer: C. Conforms to the norms of the group 

Q. Which agency of socialisation primarily emphasizes the importance of being on time? 

A. Family B. Mass-Media C. School D. Peer Groups 

Answer: C. School 

Q. Which is the first agency of socialisation for a youngster before formal schooling? 

A. School B. Mass-Media C. Family D. Peer Groups 

Answer: C. Family 

Q. Which agency of socialisation is a powerful tool that often indoctrinates people into prejudices such as sexism, ageism, and racism? 

A. Family B. Mass-Media C. School D. Peer Groups 

Answer: B. Mass-Media 

Q. Around which phase of a child’s life do peer groups begin to have a powerful influence on socialisation? 

A. Infancy B. Childhood C. Adolescence D. Adulthood 

Answer: C. Adolescence 

Q. Which process transforms a human born with animal instincts into a human being with human instincts? 

A. Education B. Maturation C. Socialisation D. Development 

Answer: C. Socialisation 

Q. Socialisation is a process by which an individual learns the behaviour, the values, and expectations that enable him to take on a particular role in which entity? 

A. Family B. School C. Peer Group D. Society 

Answer: D. Society 

Q. According to Drever, socialisation is a process by which an individual is adapted to what environment? 

A. Physical B. Natural C. Social D. Emotional 

Answer: C. Social 

Q. What does socialisation imply? 

A. Solitude B. Social Interaction C. Isolation D. Disengagement 

Answer: B. Social Interaction 

Q. What is developed through interaction with groups as part of the process of socialisation? 

A. Intelligence B. Skills C. Personality D. Physical Strength 

Answer: C. Personality 

58. Which factor is becoming the primary one influencing societal behaviour in modern times, as per the provided information? 

A. Cultural Values B. Education C. Monetary Gain D. Religion 

Answer: C. Monetary Gain