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Development: NBSE class 10 social science notes
Get here all the questions and answers and notes for chapter 16 Development of social science for class 10 students studying under Nagaland Board of School Education (NBSE). However, the study materials should be used only for references and nothing more. The notes can be modified/changed according to needs.
If you notice any errors in the notes, please mention them in the comments
Summary
The term ‘development highlights the need and means to provide better living conditions for the people of the country. It includes not only economic growth but also human development by providing facilities for better health, nutrition, education and a clean environment for living. Thus, development is the process of developing or being developed. The emotional, social and physical development of young children has a direct effect on their overall development. Therefore, it is very important to invest in young children in the form of health and education. We should not forget that children are also a part of the human resource of the country.
Development involves the goals and aspirations of people and the ways in which they work towards achieving these goals. We know that different persons can have different developmental goals. What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other. For example, the construction of a dam may be the developmental goal for an industrialist, but the same dam can create havoc with the life of people who need to be evacuated in the catchment area.
Textual questions and answers
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Per capita income is:
A. Income per person B. Income per family C. Income per earning person D. Income per month
Answer: A. Income per person
2. In which of the following, is the life expectancy rate highest?
A. Sri Lanka B. India C. China D. Afghanistan
Answer: A. Sri Lanka
3. Which state in India has the lowest Infant Mortality Rate?
A. Punjab B. Bihar C. Kerala D. Haryana
Answer: C. Kerala
4. The most important criterion while comparing the real development of a country is
A. Human Development Index (HDI) B. Literacy rate C. Export earnings D. Income
Answer: A. Human Development Index (HDI)
5. What is the relationship between IMR and the level of economic development in a country?
A. IMR is unrelated to economic development B. Higher economic development leads to higher IMR C. Higher economic development generally leads to lower IMR D. Economic development has no impact on healthcare indicators
Answer: C. Higher economic development generally leads to lower IMR
6. Read the following statements: Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose one of the correct alternatives.
Assertion (A): Developmental goals are not only about better income but also about other important things in life. Reason (R): A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. A. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). B. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). C. Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. D. Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
Answer: B. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
7. A village is improving access to clean water, education, and healthcare while promoting organic farming and biodiversity conservation. What type of development approach is the village adopting?
A. Short-term development B. Isolated development C. Traditional development D. Sustainable development
Answer: D. Sustainable development
Very Short Answer Questions
1. What is meant by Per Capita Income?
Answer: The national income of a country divided by its total population is called the per capita income of that country.
2. Mention any two importance of education.
Answer: Two importance of education are:
(i) Education produces skilled and trained workers.
(ii) It increases labour productivity.
3. Define Infant Mortality Rate.
Answer: The term Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) indicates the number of living children per thousand, who die before completing one year of age.
Short Answer Questions
1. What is meant by Death Rate? What was the death rate in India in 2013?
Answer: The death rate is the number of people dYing Per thousand of the population during a particular year. In 2013, the death rate in India was 7.4 per thousand.
2. State two ways in which good health contributes to economic development.
Answer: Good health contributes to economic development in the following ways :
(i) It increases the efficiency of workers.
(ii) It reduces production loss caused by a worker’s illness.
3. What is National Income? Mention any one feature of National Income.
Answer: National income is the money value of all final goods and services produced in a country plus income from abroad during a financial year.
One feature of National Income is that National income can be measured both at current prices and at constant prices.
4. Mention any two conditions necessary for sustainable development.
Answer: Two conditions necessary for sustainable development are:
(i) Limiting the human population to the level within the carrying capacity of the environment.
(ii) Technological progress must be input-efficient particularly about nonrenewable resources.
Long Answer Questions
1. What do you mean by the per capita income of a country? How it can be used to compare two countries?
Answer: The national income of a country divided by its total population is called the per capita income of that country, It is also known as the average national income per head of population. It can be calculated by dividing national income by total population as shown below.
For comparison between countries, national income is not a useful measure. Since countries have different populations, comparing national income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. Therefore, the size of the national income of a country cannot be considered as a good measure of economic growth, especially when the growth of population is more than its growth of real national income. Here, per capita income would be a better indicator of economic growth.
2. What is meant by sustainable development? Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Answer: Development should take place without damaging the environment and the development in the present should not compromise on the needs of future generations. Sustainable development, therefore, means development only when resources are managed in such a way that future generations do not suffer and have at least the same which present generations have.
The issue of sustainable development is important to us because non-renewable resources get exhausted after years of use. These resources cannot be replenished. Crude oil and coal are examples of non-renewable resources. If people in the world continue to use crude oil in the present manner, we would run out of stock in 43 years. Further, the present type of development has caused great damage to the environment.
4. What is the sex ratio? Describe the reasons for the steady decline in the sex ratio in India.
Answer: Sex Ratio (SR) is defined as the number of females per thousand males.
The reasons for the steady decline in sex ratio in India are:
(i) Less care of female children as compared to male children.
(ii) Women are subject to greater risks of life, especially at the time of delivery.
(iii) Indians prefer a male child to that of a female child. This leads to female foeticide and infanticide.
(iv) Females do not get a good diet and medical care. Males, as they are supposed to be bread-earners for the family, get preference in this regard.
Extra/additional MCQs
1. What does the term ‘development’ highlight?
A. Economic growth alone B. Need and means to provide better living conditions C. Human development alone D. Environmental development
Answer: B. Need and means to provide better living conditions
Q. What is included in the meaning of development?
A. Only economic growth B. Only human development by providing facilities C. Both economic growth and human development by providing facilities D. None of the above
Answer: C. Both economic growth and human development by providing facilities
Q. What has a direct effect on the overall development of young children?
A. Their emotional development B. Their social development C. Their physical development D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
Q. What is development concerned with?
A. Only goals and aspirations of people B. Only the ways in which people work towards achieving goals C. Both goals and aspirations of people and the ways to achieve them D. None of the above
Answer: C. Both goals and aspirations of people and the ways to achieve them
Q. What does Global Warming refer to?
A. The phenomenon of increasing average air temperatures near the surface of the Earth over the past one or two centuries B. The phenomenon of decreasing average air temperatures near the surface of the Earth over the past one or two centuries C. The phenomenon of increasing average water temperatures in the oceans over the past one or two centuries D. None of the above
Answer: A. The phenomenon of increasing average air temperatures near the surface of the Earth over the past one or two centuries
Q. What is National Development?
A. Development of a country in all aspects B. Development of a person in all aspects C. Development of a family in all aspects D. None of the above
Answer: A. Development of a country in all aspects
Q. What is the basis for comparing countries in terms of development?
A. Their income B. Their population C. Their area D. None of the above
Answer: A. Their income
Q. What is the traditional notion of development?
A. Rise in per capita income and growth in the economy B. Improvement in literacy rate C. Improvement in health facilities D. None of the above
Answer: A. Rise in per capita income and growth in the economy
Q. What is National Income?
A. The money value of all final goods and services produced in a country B. The money value of all final goods and services produced in a country plus income from abroad C. The money value of all intermediate goods and services produced in a country D. None of the above
Answer: B. The money value of all final goods and services produced in a country plus income from abroad
Q. What is Nominal National Income?
A. National income at constant prices B. National income at current prices C. National income at future prices D. None of the above
Answer: B. National income at current prices
Q. What is Real National Income?
A. National income at current prices B. National income at constant prices C. National income at future prices D. None of the above
Answer: B. National income at constant prices
Q. What is Per Capita Income?
A. National Income divided by total population B. National Income multiplied by total population C. National Income added to total population D. None of the above
Answer: A. National Income divided by total population
Q. Which is a better indicator of economic growth, National Income or Per Capita Income?
A. National Income B. Per Capita Income C. Both are equally good indicators D. None of the above
Answer: B. Per Capita Income
Q. What is the criterion used in the World Development Reports to classify countries?
A. National Income B. Per Capita Income C. Population D. None of the above
Answer: B. Per Capita Income
Q. Which of the following is NOT a reason for the steady decline in sex ratio in India?
A. Less care of female children B. Women are subject to greater risks of life C. Indians prefer a male child D. Females get better diet and medical care
Answer: D. Females get better diet and medical care
Q. What does Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) indicate?
A. The number of children dying before the age of one year per thousand live births B. The number of children dying after the age of one year per thousand live births C. The number of adults dying per thousand live births D. None of the above
Answer: A. The number of children dying before the age of one year per thousand live births
Q. What has been a key factor behind the overall declining death rate in India?
A. Increase in literacy rate B. Increase in per capita income C. Drastic fall in infant mortality rate D. Increase in life expectancy
Answer: C. Drastic fall in infant mortality rate
Q. What is the need for good health?
A. It increases the efficiency of workers B. It reduces production loss caused by worker’s illness C. It permits the use of natural and other resources D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
Q. What is NOT included in the role of education in human development?
A. It produces skilled and trained workers B. It increases labour productivity C. It modifies/improves human behaviour D. It reduces the need for healthcare facilities
Answer: D. It reduces the need for healthcare facilities
Q. What is the basis for measuring Human Development Index (HDI)?
A. Income alone B. Education alone C. Health alone D. Income, education, and health
Answer: D. Income, education, and health
Q. What is the main emphasis of HDI?
A. Goals, such as longevity, knowledge, and standard of living B. Means of achieving development C. Resources available for development D. None of the above
Answer: A. Goals, such as longevity, knowledge, and standard of living
Q. What is the full form of ‘PPP’ used in the context of per capita income?
A. Purchasing Power Parity B. Personal Prosperity Parity C. Population Purchasing Power D. None of the above
Answer: A. Purchasing Power Parity
Q. Which of the following is NOT a necessary condition for sustainable development?
A. Limiting human population to the carrying capacity of the environment B. Technological progress must be input-efficient C. Renewable resources should be extracted on a sustainable basis D. The rate of depletion of non-renewable resources should exceed the rate of growth of renewable substitutes
Answer: D. The rate of depletion of non-renewable resources should exceed the rate of growth of renewable substitutes
Q. What does sustainable development ensure?
A. Future generations do not suffer and have at least the same as present generations B. Future generations have more resources than present generations C. Present generations have more resources than future generations D. None of the above
Answer: A. Future generations do not suffer and have at least the same as present generations
Q. What is a renewable resource?
A. A resource which can be used repeatedly and replaced naturally B. A resource which cannot be replaced once used C. A resource which is available in limited quantities D. None of the above
Answer: A. A resource which can be used repeatedly and replaced naturally
Q. What is a non-renewable resource?
A. A resource which can be used repeatedly and replaced naturally B. A resource of economic value that cannot be readily replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption C. A resource which is available in unlimited quantities D. None of the above
Answer: B. A resource of economic value that cannot be readily replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption
Q. What is the full form of ‘IMR’?
A. Infant Mortality Ratio B. Infant Mortality Rate C. International Mortality Rate D. None of the above
Answer: B. Infant Mortality Rate
Q. What is the relationship between literacy rate and life expectancy?
A. Positive relationship B. Negative relationship C. No relationship D. Cannot be determined
Answer: A. Positive relationship
Q. What is the full form of ‘GDP’?
A. Gross Domestic Price B. Gross Domestic Product C. Global Domestic Product D. None of the above
Answer: B. Gross Domestic Product
Q. What is the full form of ‘GNP’?
A. Gross National Price B. Gross National Product C. Global National Product D. None of the above
Answer: B. Gross National Product
Q. What does GNP include?
A. Only the money value of all final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country B. Money value of all final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country and net factor income from abroad C. Money value of all intermediate goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country D. None of the above
Answer: B. Money value of all final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country and net factor income from abroad
Q. What does Birth Rate refer to?
A. The number of live births per thousand of population per year B. The number of live births per hundred of population per year C. The number of live births per thousand of population per month D. None of the above
Answer: A. The number of live births per thousand of population per year
Q. What does Death Rate refer to?
A. The number of people dying per thousand of population during a particular year B. The number of people dying per hundred of population during a particular year C. The number of children dying per thousand of population during a particular year D. None of the above
Answer: A. The number of people dying per thousand of population during a particular year
Q. What is the basis for growth of national income?
A. Increase in national income indicates economic growth B. Increase in per capita income indicates economic growth C. Both increase in national income and per capita income indicate economic growth D. None of the above
Answer: C. Both increase in national income and per capita income indicate economic growth
37. What does Adult Literacy Rate refer to?
A. Percentage of people aged between 15 and above who can understand, read and write short and simple sentences B. Percentage of people aged between 18 and above who can understand, read and write short and simple sentences C. Percentage of people aged between 10 and above who can understand, read and write short and simple sentences D. None of the above
Answer: A. Percentage of people aged between 15 and above who can understand, read and write short and simple sentences
Extra/additional questions and answers/solutions
1. What does the term ‘development’ highlight?
Answer: The need and means to provide better living conditions for people of the country.
Q. What does the development of young children have a direct effect on?
Answer: Their overall development.
Q. What is considered one of the most important attributes for comparing countries?
Answer: Income.
Q. What measure is used to calculate the real national income?
Answer: National income computed at constant prices.
Q. What is the most common indicator used for measuring the quality of life in a country?
Answer: Development indicators.
Q. What is the ideal sex ratio considered to be?
Answer: More or less equal.
Q. Which state in India has a favorable sex ratio for females?
Answer: Kerala.
Q. What is the full form of IMR?
Answer: Infant Mortality Rate.
Q. What is considered another important indicator of development besides literacy rate?
Answer: Life expectancy.
Q. What is the main reason behind the declining sex ratio in India?
Answer: Preference for a male child.
Q. What is one of the key factors behind the overall declining death rate in India?
Answer: A drastic fall in infant mortality rate.
Q. What is considered to be one of the most important forms of health expenditure?
Answer: Provision of clean drinking water and good sanitation.
Q. What does HDI measure?
Answer: The average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development.
Q. What is the full form of PPP used in the context of per capita income?
Answer: Purchasing Power Parity.
Q. What does the traditional notion of development imply?
Answer: The traditional notion of development implies development in the conventional sense. It means rise in per capita income and growth in the economy. Since long, economists have been using national income and per capita income as major indicators of economic development.
Q. How is nominal national income different from real national income?
Answer: National income at current prices is called Nominal National Income. It measures the value of currently produced goods and services at current prices. However, national income can be measured at constant prices also, which is called Real National Income. It expresses the money value of final output of goods and services in terms of prices prevailing in the base year.
Q. Why is per capita income considered a better indicator than national income?
Answer: For comparison between countries, national income is not a useful measure. Since countries have different population, comparing national income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. Therefore, per capita income would be a better indicator of economic growth.
Q. How does good health contribute to economic development?
Answer: Good health contributes to economic development in the following ways: It increases the efficiency of workers, it reduces production loss caused by worker’s illness, it permits the use of natural and other resources, it spares resources that otherwise would have to be spent on treating illness, and it increases the enrolment of children in schools and makes them better able to learn.
Q. What is the role of education in human development?
Answer: Education is a key factor behind human development. It produces skilled and trained workers, increases labour productivity, modifies/improves human behaviour, promotes science and technology, and develops personality and sense of national consciousness among the people which are important for economic development.
Q. What does the Human Development Index (HDI) measure?
Answer: HDI measures the average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life as measured by life expectancy at birth, knowledge as measured by adult literacy rate, and a decent standard of living as measured by per capita GDP.
Q. What are the necessary conditions for sustainable development?
Answer: To achieve sustainable development, the following needs to be done: limiting the human population to a level within the carrying capacity of the environment, ensuring technological progress is input-efficient particularly about non-renewable resources, extracting renewable resources on a sustainable basis, ensuring the rate of depletion of non-renewable resources does not exceed the rate of growth of renewable substitutes, and correcting inefficiencies like global warming that arise from pollution.
Q. What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources?
Answer: Renewable resources are those which can be used repeatedly and replaced naturally, like groundwater which is replenished by nature. Non-renewable resources are those of economic value that cannot be readily replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption, like crude oil and coal which will get exhausted after years of use.
Q. Why is the present type of development considered not sustainable?
Answer: The present type of development is not sustainable because rapid economic development and industrialisation have led to the reckless exploitation of limited natural resources like fossil fuels. Further, the increasing use of fossil fuels and minerals damages the environment and ecology, leading to issues like global warming which is now a serious threat to the entire world.
Q. What is the relationship between sex ratio and level of development?
Answer: Sex Ratio (SR) is defined as the number of females per thousand males. An ideal sex ratio should be more or less equal. Ratio in favour of males indicates sex discrimination which goes against the notion of development. A steady decline in sex ratio, as observed in India, is due to factors like preference for a male child leading to female foeticide and infanticide, and gender discrimination in access to healthcare, education and economic rights.
Q. Discuss the importance of focusing on human development indicators like health and education, in addition to income, for measuring a country’s development.
Answer: Although the level of income is an important indicator of development, it is an inadequate measure of the level of development. We, therefore, begin to think in terms of other criteria like health and education which are considered most important. Physical capital (machines, buildings etc.) can be productively utilized only by healthy and educated people. Underdeveloped countries have remained poor on account of underdevelopment of their human resources. Health and environment indirectly help the process of economic development by supplying healthy, active and energetic workforce. Investments in medical knowledge, disease prevention, treatment of the sick, provision of clean drinking water and good sanitation contribute to good health. Education, on the other hand, produces skilled and trained workers, increases labour productivity, modifies/improves human behavior, promotes science and technology, and develops personality and sense of national consciousness among the people which are important for economic development.
Q. Explain the significance of the Sex Ratio as an indicator of development and analyze the reasons behind the adverse sex ratio in India.
Answer: Sex Ratio (SR) is defined as the number of females per thousand males. An ideal sex ratio should be more or less equal. Ratio in favour of males indicates sex discrimination which goes against the notion of development. Sex Ratio in India is very low as compared to developed countries. The overall trend in the sex ratio in the country since 1901 is declining excepting a marginal improvement in 1981 and 2011. This steady decline in sex ratio is due to the following reasons:
- Less care of female children as compared to male children.
- Women are subject to greater risks of life, especially at the time of delivery.
- Indians prefer a male child to that of a female child. This leads to female foeticide and infanticide.
- Females do not get good diet and medical care. Males, as they are supposed to be bread-earners for the family, get preference in this regard leading to higher mortality rates among females.
Q. Discuss the concept of sustainable development and explain why the present type of development is considered not sustainable.
Answer: In recent years, it has been strongly felt that rapid economic development and industrialization have led to the reckless exploitation of natural resources (such as fossil fuels, e.g. coal, gas and petroleum) which are limited. The development of all the countries of the world in future is likely to be endangered if these limited natural resources are completely exhausted. Further, although these fossil fuels are essential for economic development, but their use pollutes the environment. Greater the production of goods, the more will be the pollution. The global concern today, therefore, is to adopt an environment-friendly strategy of economic development.
The present type of development is not sustainable because:
- If exhaustible resources deplete fast, future generations may not have enough stock for their use.
- The increasing use of fossil-fuels and minerals damages the environment and ecology.
- Global warming is now a serious threat to the entire world.
Q. Differentiate between nominal national income and real national income. Explain their significance in measuring economic development.
Answer: National income at current prices is called Nominal National Income. Since the nominal national income measures the value of currently produced goods and services at current prices, it will change either when overall price level changes or when the actual volume of output of goods and services changes or when both change simultaneously.
However, national income can be measured at constant prices also. This measure is obtained by using constant prices, and it is called Real National Income. In this, the money value of final output of goods and services is expressed in terms of prices prevailing in the base year. It is the real national income which is the true index of economic development as it changes only when the quantity of goods produced changes.
Economists generally measure economic development in terms of increase in real national income. A mere increase in the money value of goods and services produced (nominal national income) is not a correct measure because a part of the increase may be due to an increase in prices of goods and services and only a part due to an increase in physical output of goods and services.
Q. What are the necessary conditions for achieving sustainable development? Discuss with examples.
Answer: To achieve sustainable development, the following needs to be done:
- Limiting the human population to a level within the carrying capacity of the environment.
- Technological progress must be input-efficient particularly about non-renewable resources.
- Renewable resources should be extracted on a sustainable basis. In other words, the rate of extraction must not exceed the rate of regeneration. For example, groundwater is a renewable resource as it is replenished by nature. However, if we use more than what is being replenished by rain, then we would be overusing this resource.
- The rate of depletion of non-renewable resources should not exceed the rate of growth of renewable substitutes. Non-renewable resources like crude oil and coal will get exhausted after years of use, so their depletion rate should not be more than the growth rate of their renewable substitutes.
- Inefficiencies like global warming that arise from pollution should be corrected.
Q. Analyze the role of education in the process of human development and economic development of a country.
Answer: Education is another key factor behind human development and thereby in economic development. The role of education in human development and economic development becomes evident from the following:
- Education produces skilled and trained workers which increases labor productivity. It is estimated that primary education causes an increase of 40%, secondary education 100% and higher education 300% in labor productivity.
- It modifies/improves human behavior which is important for development.
- It promotes science and technology which drives innovation and growth.
- It develops personality and sense of national consciousness among the people which are important for economic development.
- Expenditure on education by individuals is similar to the expenditure incurred by producers on capital goods (physical capital). People spend on education to raise their future income by gaining additional skills to do useful things.
Thus, education is crucial for creating human capital which is essential for sustained economic growth and development of a country.
Q. Explain the concept of Human Development Index (HDI) and discuss its significance in measuring human development.
Answer: To measure human development, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has been constructing Human Development Index (HDI) since 1990. HDI measures the average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development:
- A long and healthy life as measured by life expectancy at birth.
- Knowledge as measured by adult literacy rate. Adult literacy rate refers to the percentage of people aged between 15 and above who can understand, read and write short and simple sentences in their daily life.
- A decent standard of living as measured by per capita GDP.
HDI makes rating of all countries on a scale of 0 (lowest human development) to 1 (highest human development). It is widely agreed that the concept of human development is much wider and richer than any index or set of indicators. HDI does not replace national income but adds considerably to an understanding of the real development of a country by including education and health besides income. It measures relative and not absolute level of human development.
30. Discuss the significance of per capita income as an indicator of economic development and compare it with national income.
Answer: Per capita income is considered a better indicator of economic development than national income. National income gives the total income of the country, but for comparison between countries, it is not a useful measure since countries have different population sizes. Comparing national incomes does not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.
Per capita income, which is national income divided by the total population, overcomes this drawback. It gives the average income of a person in the country. A higher per capita income means more income for an average person which translates into higher consumption, savings and investment. This drives economic growth and development.
Moreover, while estimating economic growth, growth of per capita income in real terms is considered. A continuous growth in real per capita income for a number of years brings improvement in the living standards of the people. The World Bank uses this criterion of per capita income in classifying countries into rich, middle-income and low-income categories for assessing their level of economic development.
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Hello Sir Can you please check MCQ question number 2. How is answer Sri Lanka correct because in textbook clearly it’s China if we compare these 4 countries.
Editor’s response
We checked. It’s Sri Lanka.