Executive in a Parliamentary System: NBSE Class 11 Political Science

Introduction

The Executive, a crucial organ of the government, is responsible for the implementation of laws and policies made by the legislature. It comprises two types: the Political Executive, which includes the Head of the State and Heads of the Governmental Departments, and the Permanent Executive, which consists of the whole body of appointed officers, including those who belong to All-India Services, Central Services, and State Services.

In India, the President, as the Head of the State, holds a significant position. Elected by members of both Houses of Parliament and the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies, the President exercises various powers, including executive, military, diplomatic, legislative, judicial, and emergency powers. However, the President’s role is primarily nominal or constitutional, with discretionary powers exercised under certain circumstances.

The Prime Minister, on the other hand, is the real Executive Head of the State. The Prime Minister’s position is pre-eminent in the government, especially when his party commands a clear majority in the State Legislature. The Prime Minister is responsible for appointing the Council of Ministers, ensuring representation from all major communities and geographical regions of the country. The Council of Ministers, collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly, exercises executive, legislative, and financial powers.

The Governor, another key figure in the State governmental system, acts in two capacities: as the normal Constitutional Head of the State and as a Representative of the Central Government in the State. The Governor exercises certain discretionary powers and plays a crucial role in the administration of Tribal Areas in certain states.

The Chief Minister, the pivot of the State Administration, is appointed by the Governor and holds office during the pleasure of the Governor. The Chief Minister’s position becomes imposing when his party commands a clear majority in the State Legislature. The Chief Minister is responsible for leading the Council of Ministers and ensuring the implementation of government policies.

Textual questions and answers

A. Long answer questions

1. With reference to the powers of the President of India briefly explain the following:

(a) Executive Powers

Answer: The Constitution says that the “executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President”. The Prime Minister is to be appointed by the President and the other Ministers are appointed by him on the advice of the Prime Minister. The President appoints the Attorney General of India, the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, the judges of the Supreme Court and those of the High Courts, the Governors and Ambassadors.

(b) Legislative Powers

Answer: The President is an integral part of the Union Parliament. The President has the power to summon and prorogue the Houses of Parliament and to dissolve the Lok Sabha. The President addresses both Houses of Parliament assembled together at the first session after each General Election and at the commencement of the first session each year. Besides, the President is empowered to address either House or their joint sitting at any time. Every Bill to become law requires President’s assent. The President may give assent to the Bill or may refuse the assent. President can also send it back for reconsideration, if it is not a Money Bill. In case the Bill is passed again by both Houses of Parliament with or without amendment, the President must give his assent thereto. The most important power of the President is the power to promulgate Ordinance under Article 123. The Ordinance has the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament.

(c) Judicial Powers

Answer: The President has the power to grant pardon or reduce the punishment that a person receives. A pardon may be absolute as well as conditional. The pardoning power “exists to afford relief from undue harshness.” The President is not answerable to any Court for the exercise of the powers and duties of his office. No criminal proceedings shall be instituted against the President in any Court during his term of office.

2. Describe the Discretionary powers of the President of India. (Or) Situations may arise when the President may use his discretion to act as he thinks right. In this context mention any three situations when President shall have authority to use his Judgement to decide what to do.

Answer: The Discretionary powers of the President of India include:

The President may require the Council of Ministers to reconsider its advice.
The President can veto a Bill, although it should be called a ‘Limited Veto’. He can withhold or refuse to give his assent to a bill or can also send it back for reconsideration. In case the Bill is passed again by Parliament, the President cannot withhold assent to the Bill.
A situation may arise when after a Prime Minister has resigned, several leaders stake their claim to succeed him, but none of them enjoys majority support in the House. The President will have to make a judicious decision under such circumstances. Such a situation may also arise as a result of a General Election in which no single party has a majority in the Lok Sabha. Under such extraordinary situations, the President has the authority to use his judgement to decide what to do.

3. “The Prime Minister enjoys a pre-eminent position in the government.” Comment. (Or) Explain the position and powers of the Prime Minister of India.

Answer: The Prime Minister is appointed by the President and the other Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. In reality, the Prime Minister is the leader of the Party or Coalition which commands a majority in the Lok Sabha. In appointing the Prime Minister, the President has very little power of making a personal choice.

The position and powers of the Prime Minister can be assessed under the following heads:

Prime Minister and the President: Prime Minister is the link between the Cabinet and the President. The decisions of the Cabinet are conveyed to the President through the Prime Minister. It is he who keeps him informed on all matters of government. In appointing and removing the High officials the President always acts on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Prime Minister and the Cabinet: Prime Minister has a pre-eminent position in the Government. He is “the key-stone of the Cabinet Arch.” The Prime Minister is the recognised leader of the Cabinet. The Prime Minister presides at the Cabinet meetings. He decides the agenda and chooses the order in which items on the agenda will be discussed. At Cabinet meetings, the Ministers put forth their views. The Prime Minister would listen to them and then give his own conclusion, which normally is the decision the Cabinet. In foreign, defence, economic and technological matters, the Prime Minister’s word is final.

Size of the Council of Ministers: As regards the size of the Council of Ministers, the Constitution 91st Amendment Act (2003) stated quite categorically that the total number of Ministers, including the Prime Minister, shall not exceed 15 per cent of the total number of members of the House of the People (the Lok Sabha).

Categories of Ministers: All Ministers do not belong to the same rank. Usually, there are three categories of Ministers: Cabinet Ministers or “members of the Cabinet”, Ministers of State, and Deputy Ministers. The Cabinet Ministers hold major portfolios like Home, Defence, Finance, External Affairs, Railways, etc. Only Cabinet Ministers have a right to attend meetings of the Cabinet. They together determine the policy and programme of the Government.

Powers and Functions of the Cabinet: The functions of the Cabinet have not been defined Constitutionally, but it has enormous powers and responsibilities. The Cabinet formulates external and domestic policies of the Government. It takes decisions on all major problems-defence and security needs, energy requirements, savings for the future, health projects, President’s rule in the State, forming new States, industrial policy, import of technology and electoral reforms, etc. The Cabinet is responsible for whole of the expenditure of Government and for raising necessary revenues to meet it. A Money Bill can be introduced in the Lok Sabha only by a Minister.

4. Explain the functions and powers of the Union Council of Ministers.

Answer: The Union Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, holds significant functions and powers:

Formulating the Policy of the Government: The Union Council of Ministers formulates external and domestic policies of the Government. It takes decisions on all major problems – defence and security needs, energy requirements, savings for the future, health projects, President’s rule in the State, forming new States, industrial policy, import of technology, and electoral reforms, etc.

Administrative Functions: The Union Council of Ministers is essentially a policy framing body. When it has determined a policy, the appropriate department carries it out. With respect to the working of their Departments, Ministers must faithfully follow the directions of the Cabinet.

Control over the National Finance: The Union Council of Ministers is responsible for the whole of the expenditure of Government and for raising necessary revenues to meet it. A Money Bill can be introduced in the Lok Sabha only by a Minister.

Legislative Functions: More than 90 per cent of the bills are Government Bills prepared by the Ministries. They are introduced, explained and defended in the Parliament by the Ministers. With a stable parliamentary support, a majority of members vote in favour of Government’s motions. The Cabinet is instrumental in planning and moving an Amendment to the Constitution.

Proclamation of Emergency: The President cannot proclaim a state of Emergency (under Article 352) unless the Union Cabinet recommends that such a Proclamation should be made. This Article relates to a proclamation of Emergency in the event of a War or External Aggression or the Armed Rebellion.

5. The Governor acts in two capacities-as normal Constitutional Head of the State and as a Representative of the Central Government in the State. Describe his position and powers as Constitutional Head of State.

Answer: As the Constitutional Head of the State, the Governor holds the following position and powers:

Executive Powers: The Governor has the power to appoint the Chief Minister and other high officers of the State. The Governor also has the power to frame rules for the convenient transaction of business of the government.

Legislative Powers: The Governor has the power to summon the State Legislature, to dissolve the Legislative Assembly, to give assent to the Bill, and to promulgate ordinances.

Financial Powers: The Governor has the power to cause the Budget and other money bills to be laid before the Assembly.

Judicial Powers: The Governor has the power to grant pardons and to commute the sentence of any person.

Discretionary Powers: The Governor has the power to exercise discretion in selecting the Chief Minister when no party commands a majority in the House. The Governor also has the power to carry on the administration of Scheduled Areas with Scheduled Tribes therein.

6. Describe the position and powers of the Chief Minister of a State. (Or) “The Chief Minister is the pivot of the State Administration.” Comment.

Answer: The position and powers of the Chief Minister of a State are:

Formation of the Ministry: The Chief Minister has a free hand in preparing the list of his colleagues. Assigning departments or portfolios to the Ministers is done by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister.

Removal of Ministers: The Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the Governor. In fact, the Chief Minister may ask anyone of his colleagues to resign. If he declines, he will be dismissed by the Governor.

The Chief Minister presides over the Meetings: As Chairman of the Cabinet, the Chief Minister controls the agenda for the Cabinet meetings. In matters of public order, agricultural production, supply and distribution of goods, he plays a special role in directing the policy of the Government.

The sessions of the House are summoned and prorogued by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. Moreover, the agenda of the House is determined by the Speaker in consultation with the Chief Minister

The Chief Minister is the leader of the State Legislative Assembly. All principal announcements of policy are made by him. The Chief Minister intervenes in debates of general importance. He can appease an angry House by promising immediate relief or concessions when needed.

In normal circumstances the Governor dissolves the Legislative Assembly when advised by the Chief Minister to do so.

B. Short answer questions

7. What is meant by the Executive?

Answer: The term ‘Executive’ is used in a broad sense to indicate the branch of government responsible for the implementation of laws and policies made by the legislature. In this sense, it includes not only the Head of State (The President, King or the Chancellor) but also the ministers, governors and the whole mass of administrators who constitute the bureaucracy or the “Civil Service”. In fact, the subordinate officers and employees of the government also form a part of the executive structure.

8. What is meant by the Political Executive?

Answer: The Political Executive consists of the Head of the State and Heads of the Governmental Departments, called Ministers. Ministers come and go with the fluctuations in the fortunes of their respective parties. That is the reason why this part of the Executive is known as the ‘Political Executive’.

9. What is Permanent Executive? Mention the two main functions of the Civil Servants.

Answer: The Permanent Executive consists of the whole body of appointed officers i.e., the permanent civil servants. All those civil servants who belong to All-India Services, Central Services and State Services. The main functions of the Civil Servants are:

The Civil Servants provide the necessary information, data, and alternatives for policy-making.
Once the policy is formulated, it is the duty of the Civil Servants to implement it. They ensure that the benefits of the policies reach the people for whom they are meant.

10. Mention the Emergency powers of the President of India.

Answer: An Emergency is “a sudden or unforeseen situation demanding immediate action.” It is a situation in which the Head of State assumes extraordinary powers. President of India is empowered to declare Emergency in the following three conditions:

(1) Emergency caused by War or External Aggression or Armed Rebellion. This may be referred to as “National or General Emergency”;

(ii) Emergency on account of the failure of Constitutional Machinery in States; and

(iii) Emergency on account of a threat to Financial Stability of India.

11. What is meant by the Collective Responsibility of the Council of Ministers?

Answer: Under Article 75(3) of the Constitution “the Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the House of the People.” That is what the term “Ministerial Responsibility” actually means. The Ministers are responsible to the Lok Sabha not as individuals alone, but collectively also. Members of the Cabinet swim and sink together. When a decision has been taken by the Cabinet, every Minister has to stand by it without hesitation. A Ministry that has lost the confidence of the Lok Sabha must resign.

12. Mention any three Discretionary powers of the Governor.

Answer: Three Discretionary powers of the Governor are:

There are some provisions as to the administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura and Mizoram. The Governor of each of these States exercises these functions in his discretion.
The Governor may refuse to give assent to a Bill or he may send it back for reconsideration. He may also reserve a Bill for the assent of the President.
Circumstances can arise when no party commands an absolute majority in the House. In such a case the Governor will have to exercise his personal judgement in selecting the Chief Minister.

13. What is Governor’s role as a Representative of the Union Government in the State.

Answer: The Governor may be regarded as a link between the Union and the State. He shall reserve for consideration of the President any Bill which would endanger the role which the High Court is intended to fulfil under the Constitution. He may reserve other Bills also for the consideration of the President.

The Governors of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Nagaland and Mizoram would constitute District or Regional Councils for the administration of Tribal Areas. They keep the President informed as to the administration of Tribal Areas. As soon as the State comes under President’s rule, the Governor, being a Representative of the Centre, takes over the reins of administration into his own hands.

D. Multiple Choice Questions: Tick (✔) the correct answer.

14. Who among the following are not a part of the Political Executive?

Answer: (c) Members of All-India Civil Services

15. Emergency on account of the Failure of Constitutional Machinery in States arises when:

Answer: (d) Where a Ministry has resigned and no other Party is willing or able to form Ministry

16. While appointing the Prime Minister the President chooses:

Answer: (c) Leader of the Party or Coalition which commands a majority in the Lok Sabha

17. Which of the following is a correct statement about the size of the Union Council of Ministers?

Answer: (b) It should not exceed 15 per cent of the total number of Members of the Lok Sabha ✓

Value-based question

Should only such persons be chosen as Ministers who happen to be Prime Minister’s loyal friends? What should the Prime Minister bear in mind at the time of selecting the Union Ministers?

Answer: The Prime Minister should bear in mind that the selection of Ministers is not merely a matter of rewarding those who have shown him personal loyalty. He should choose those who are likely to prove efficient as Ministers. He should take into account the claims of the different regions, races, and communities. He should also remember that the Cabinet should include persons of experience as well as youth. The Prime Minister should not forget that the Cabinet is a team and should not include those who are not likely to play as members of the same team.

Additional/extra questions and answers

1. What is the broad and narrow meaning of ‘Executive’ in the context of the government?

Answer: In a broad sense, the term ‘Executive’ denotes the branch of government responsible for implementing laws and policies formulated by the legislature. This includes not only the Head of State (The President, King, or the Chancellor) but also ministers, governors, and the entire administrative body constituting the bureaucracy or the “Civil Service”. Subordinate officers and employees of the government also form a part of the executive structure. In a narrower sense, ‘Executive’ refers to the smaller body of decision-makers, often called “the political executive”, comprising Ministers in India and Secretaries in the United States.

2. Who are the components of the Political Executive?

Answer: The Political Executive consists of the Head of the State and Heads of the Governmental Departments, termed as Ministers in England and India, and “Secretaries” in the United States. These individuals are generally public figures, and their tenure is not permanent, but subject to the fortunes of their respective parties.

3. Explain the role of the Political Executive in countries with a Parliamentary System of Government.

Answer: In countries with a Parliamentary System of Government, the executive work is carried out in the name of the Crown or the President, but their powers are usually nominal and ceremonial, holding offices of honour rather than power. The actual executive power is exercised by the Council of Ministers led by the Prime Minister. In Britain, the Cabinet is the real executive. Similarly, in India, modelled on the British pattern, an elected President serves as the nominal head of the State, with the actual executive power vested in the Council of Ministers.

4. Why did the framers of the Constitution favor a Parliamentary Government both at the Centre and in the States in India?

Answer: The framers of the Indian Constitution favored a Parliamentary Government both at the Centre and in the States to ensure an Executive (Council of Ministers) that is answerable to the people’s representatives in Parliament or in the State Legislature. This way, the powers of the government remain accountable to the will and interests of the citizens, facilitating a democratic form of governance.

5. Describe the composition and role of the Permanent Executive.

Answer: The Permanent Executive comprises the entire body of appointed officers and employees of a government. They are recruited through competitive examinations and possess special qualifications and knowledge about their work and vocation. Their tenure is generally permanent. The importance of these permanent civil servants has increased due to the amplified activities of the state. They function as the backbone of administration, maintaining continuity and providing necessary expertise for policy implementation, regardless of changes in the Political Executive. They execute and enforce laws, carry out day-to-day administration, and provide policy inputs to the Political Executive.

Q. What are the roles and functions of civil servants?

Answer: The roles and functions of civil servants encompass three main aspects.

Giving advice and influencing policy: Civil servants, including bureaucrats such as secretaries and other officials, have the crucial task of analyzing issues and collecting relevant data. They then offer advice to ministers, exerting a significant influence on policy-making based on the gathered information.
Administration: After a policy has been determined, it is the duty of the civil servants, from the Secretary-Incharge of the department to the subordinate staff, to implement that policy. The Secretary communicates the minister’s instructions to the staff. The Secretariat Wing, the State officials, the District authorities, and other staff members enforce the government’s policy and programme. Quick and honest execution of policies is the measure of an efficient administration.
Developmental Role: The role of bureaucrats is expanding with the rapid evolution of the state’s role. Our policies are motivated by the ideals of social and economic welfare. This includes self-reliance in food commodities, industrial development, increased employment opportunities, poverty eradication, and the realization of social and economic justice. The government has had to develop many policies and undertake various activities to achieve these goals.

Q. Who is the head of the Indian Union and what role does this individual play?

Answer: The President is the Head of the Indian Union. As the Head of the Executive, the President is also the Head of State and the First Citizen of the country. The President’s powers extend to both the Union Government and State governments.

Q. What is the procedure for electing the President of India?

Answer: The President is elected by the members of an Electoral College. This Electoral College consists of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament and the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. The election takes place by secret ballot, following the system of Proportional Representation by means of the Single Transferable Vote System.

Q. How is the Electoral College for the Presidential election constituted?

Answer: The Electoral College for the Presidential election consists of (a) the elected members of both Houses of Parliament and (b) the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States.

Q. How is the value of the vote for each member of a State Legislative Assembly determined?

Answer: The value of the vote of each member of a State Legislative Assembly is determined by dividing the population of the concerned State by the total number of elected members of the Assembly. The resulting quotient is then divided by one thousand. For example, if the total population of a State is 1,00,00,000 and the total number of elected MLAs is 250, then the total number of Votes for each Member will be:

1,00,00,000 ÷ 250 ÷ 1000 = 40

This value varies from state to state. In the 2017 Presidential election, the lowest value was in Sikkim (7) and the highest in Uttar Pradesh (208).

Q. How is the value of the vote for each Member of Parliament determined?

Answer: The value of the vote for each elected Member of Parliament is obtained by dividing the total number of votes assigned to the MLAs of all States by the total number of elected Members of Parliament. For example, the value of the vote of each Member of Parliament for the 2017 Presidential election was 708.

Q. What are the qualifications for an individual to be eligible for election as the President of India?

Answer: An individual is eligible for election as the President of India if they (a) are a Citizen of India, (b) have completed the age of thirty-five years, and (c) are qualified to become a member of the Lok Sabha. Additionally, a candidate for Presidential election should not hold an office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State. However, a person is not deemed to hold an office of profit in case one is President or Vice-President or Governor or a Minister either for the Union or for any State. A person holding the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha or of State Assembly may contest Presidential election.

Q. What is the term of office for the President of India, and how can the President resign from office?

Answer: The President of India holds office for a term of 5 years and is eligible for re-election. The President may, by writing to the Vice-President, resign his office. This resignation has to be communicated by the Vice-President to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

Q. What is the procedure for impeaching the President of India?

Answer: The President of India can be removed from his office for violation of the Constitution by Impeachment. The resolution to impeach the President may be moved in either House of Parliament. The resolution must be passed by a Special Majority, a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership, of that House. Then the charges levelled against him are investigated by the other House. If the charges are sustained by a two-thirds vote in the other House as well, the Impeachment succeeds. The President is removed from his office from the date on which the resolution is passed.

Q. What are the executive powers of the President of India as stated in the Constitution?

Answer: The Constitution of India states that the “executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President”. The President appoints the Prime Minister and other Ministers are appointed by him on the advice of the Prime Minister. He also appoints the Attorney-General of India, the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, the judges of the Supreme Court and those of the High Courts, the Governors, and Ambassadors.

Q. What are the military and diplomatic powers of the President of India?

Answer: The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Defence forces of India and has the power as to declarations of War and Peace. Diplomatically, the President has the power of appointing Indian representatives abroad and receives ambassadors, High Commissioners, and diplomatic envoys from other countries.

Q. What are the legislative powers of the President of India as part of the Union Parliament?

Answer: The President of India wields significant legislative powers as part of the Union Parliament. These powers are:

The ability to summon and prorogue the Houses of Parliament and to dissolve the Lok Sabha.
The power to address both Houses of Parliament assembled together at the first session after each General Election and at the commencement of the first session each year. Furthermore, the President can address either House or their joint sitting at any time.
Every Bill to become law requires the President’s assent. The President can give or refuse assent to the Bill, and can also send it back for reconsideration, unless it is a Money Bill. If the Bill is passed again by both Houses of Parliament, with or without amendment, the President must give assent.
The President has the power to promulgate Ordinances under Article 123, which have the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament.

Q. Elaborate on the judicial powers of the President of India.

Answer: The President of India is vested with several judicial powers. The most prominent of these powers is the authority to grant pardon or reduce the punishment that a person receives. This pardoning power can be exercised either absolutely or conditionally, serving as a form of relief from undue harshness. Furthermore, the President is not answerable to any court for the exercise of the powers and duties of their office. No criminal proceedings can be instituted against the President in any court during their term of office.

Q. What are the three conditions under which the President of India is empowered to declare an Emergency?

Answer: The President of India is empowered to declare an Emergency under the following three conditions:

Emergency caused by War, External Aggression, or Armed Rebellion, often referred to as “National or General Emergency”.
Emergency on account of the failure of Constitutional Machinery in States.
Emergency on account of a threat to the Financial Stability of India.

Q. Describe the consequences of the imposition of the President’s rule in a State.

Answer: The imposition of the President’s rule in a State has several consequences:

The Legislative Assembly of the State may be dissolved or suspended. In that case, the powers of the State Legislature are exercised by the Parliament.
The President may vest all executive functions in the Governor.

It’s important to note that the President’s Rule in a State can normally continue only for a year. It may be extended beyond one year only under two conditions:

When a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation in the whole of India or in any part of the State.
The Election Commission certifies that holding elections to the Legislative Assembly of the State is difficult. But no such Proclamation shall remain in force for more than three years.

Q. What is the position of the President according to the Indian Constitution?

Answer: According to the Indian Constitution, the President is the Nominal or Constitutional Head of the Government. This means that although the executive power is vested in the President, the President is not the Chief Executive or the real Head of the Executive like the American President. The President exercises his/her powers on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, as established by Article 74 of the Constitution.

Q. What are the circumstances under which a President can be removed from office?

Answer: A President can be removed from office for violation of the Constitution by Impeachment. Any Proclamations of Emergency made by the President have to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament.

Q. What discretionary powers does the President have according to the Indian Constitution?

Answer:

The President may require the Council of Ministers to reconsider its advice.
A Bill to become an Act requires President’s Assent: The President may give assent to the Bill or may refuse his assent. President may also send it back for reconsideration. There is no time limit for giving assent to a Bill. The President can veto a Bill, although it’s a ‘Limited Veto’. He can withhold or refuse to give his assent to a bill or can also send it back for reconsideration. If the Bill is passed again by Parliament, the President cannot withhold assent to the Bill.
The President has the Right to appoint the Prime Minister, especially under extraordinary situations like when no single party has a majority in the Lok Sabha or several leaders stake their claim to succeed the Prime Minister but none of them enjoys majority support in the House.

Q. Describe the role and position of the Vice-President according to the Indian Constitution?

Answer: The Constitution provides for a Vice-President whose office is comparatively insignificant. The method of election of the Vice-President is different from that of the President, as the State Legislatures have no part in it. He is elected by an Electoral College consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament. His normal function is to act as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, regulating debates and proceedings of the House. The Vice-President takes over the Office of the President under situations like the death, resignation, removal of the President, and when the President, owing to absence, illness, or any other cause, is unable to discharge his functions. In the event of the President’s death, resignation or removal, the Vice-President acts as President until a new President is elected and enters upon his office.

Q. Who is responsible for appointing the Prime Minister of India?

Answer: The Prime Minister of India is appointed by the President.

Q. Can you explain the relationship between the Prime Minister and the President of India?

Answer: The Prime Minister is the link between the Cabinet and the President. The decisions of the Cabinet are conveyed to the President through the Prime Minister. He also keeps the President informed on all matters of government. In appointing and removing high officials, the President always acts on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Q. How does the Prime Minister of India relate with the Cabinet? Discuss his role and influence within the Cabinet.

Answer: The Prime Minister has a pre-eminent position in the government and is recognised as the leader of the Cabinet. He is referred to as “the key-stone of the Cabinet Arch.” The Constitution makes no provision for the appointment of different categories of Ministers such as Ministers of the Cabinet rank, Ministers of State, and Deputy Ministers, leaving the Prime Minister at liberty in these matters. The Prime Minister presides at the Cabinet meetings, decides the agenda, and chooses the order in which items on the agenda will be discussed. The Prime Minister listens to the views of the Ministers during these meetings and then gives his own conclusion, which is normally the decision of the Cabinet. He plays a special role in co-ordinating the policy of the Government in foreign, defence, economic and technological affairs. When the Prime Minister resigns, it means the resignation of the whole Council of Ministers.

Q. Elucidate the Prime Minister’s relationship and roles with respect to the Parliament?

Answer: The Prime Minister has a unique relationship with the Parliament. The President summons and prorogues Parliament and dissolves the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is the “principal spokesman” and defender of the Government in Parliament. He makes all the important announcements of national policies on the floor of the House.

Q. Describe the process and factors considered in the appointment of the Prime Minister of India?

Answer: The Prime Minister of India is appointed by the President. However, in reality, the Prime Minister is the leader of the Party or Coalition which commands a majority in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament. This essentially means that the party or coalition with the most elected representatives in the Lok Sabha gets to have their leader as the Prime Minister. In the appointment of the Prime Minister, the President has very little power of making a personal choice as this is majorly determined by the majority representation of the political parties or coalitions in the Lok Sabha. The Prime Minister, once appointed, then advises the President on the appointment of other ministers.

Q. Who represents India at international conferences such as those of Non-aligned nations and SAARC nations?

Answer: The Prime Minister represents India at international conferences of Non-aligned nations and SAARC nations.

Q. What kind of obligations does the Prime Minister have in international conferences?

Answer: At international conferences, the Prime Minister has the power to commit India to the performance of certain international obligations.

Q. How is the position of the Prime Minister in a coalition government affected?

Answer: In a coalition government, the authority of the Prime Minister is weakened due to several factors. First, in a Hung Lok Sabha, where no single party secured a majority in the House, conflict between coalition partners prevents the Prime Minister from taking bold policy initiatives. Second, conflicts between coalition partners tend to produce political instability, thus preoccupying the Prime Minister with the survival of the government. Finally, the Prime Minister is also under scrutiny from the opposition, press and public opinion, which act as effective checks on his power and authority.

Q. Who appoints the Council of Ministers and on what basis?

Answer: The Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is entrusted with the responsibility of forming a government that can work together as a team and secure the support of the Lok Sabha. Additionally, the Prime Minister also has to ensure that all the major communities and geographical regions of the country are represented in the Ministry.

Q. What is the eligibility requirement for a person to be appointed as a Minister?

Answer: All Ministers have to be members of either House of Parliament. Non-members can also be chosen as Ministers, but such persons must get themselves elected or nominated to either House within a period of six months after their appointment.

Q. Why is the term ‘Prime Ministerial Government’ often used to describe the Parliamentary Government, and how is this perception influenced in a Coalition Government?

Answer: The term ‘Prime Ministerial Government’ is used because the Prime Minister is the recognised leader of the nation and the primary source of guidance. The Prime Minister can inspire people by his personal qualities and has the power to make important decisions such as representing India at international conferences or committing India to certain international obligations. However, in a Coalition Government, the authority of the Prime Minister is weakened due to multiple factors like the event of a Hung Lok Sabha, conflicts between coalition partners causing political instability, and additional checks on the Prime Minister’s authority from the Opposition, the Press, and public opinion. These factors hinder the Prime Minister’s decisive influence on the government’s domestic and foreign policies.

Q. Can you elaborate on the role of the Prime Minister in the appointment of the Council of Ministers and what factors he has to consider during this process?

Answer: The Prime Minister plays a crucial role in the appointment of the Council of Ministers. This task is performed by the President, but based on the advice of the Prime Minister. Therefore, the Prime Minister has significant influence over who becomes a part of the Ministry. The Prime Minister’s main goal is to form a government that can work harmoniously as a team and has the ability to secure the support of the Lok Sabha. In addition to this, the Prime Minister also has to ensure representation from all major communities and geographical regions of the country within the Ministry. This responsibility can be a challenging balancing act, as it requires careful consideration of political alliances, representation, and competence. Furthermore, all Ministers must be members of either House of Parliament. Non-members can be selected as Ministers, but they must be elected or nominated to either House within six months of their appointment.

Q. Explain the legislative functions of the Ministries in the Parliament.

Answer: More than 90 per cent of the bills are Government Bills prepared by the Ministries. They are introduced, explained, and defended in the Parliament by the Ministers. With a stable parliamentary support, a majority of members vote in favour of Government’s motions. Additionally, the Cabinet is instrumental in planning and moving an Amendment to the Constitution.

Q. What is the role of the Union Cabinet in the Proclamation of Emergency under Article 352?

Answer: Under Article 352, the President cannot proclaim a state of Emergency unless the Union Cabinet recommends that such a Proclamation should be made. This provision is utilized in the event of a War or External Aggression or the Armed Rebellion.

Q. Define Ministerial Responsibility. What are its two dimensions?

Answer: Ministerial Responsibility is the fundamental feature of Parliamentary Government and in India, like in Britain, it has two dimensions. First is Collective Responsibility, defined under Article 75(3) of the Constitution, where “the Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the House of the People.” Members of the Cabinet must support the decisions taken collectively, and if a Ministry loses the confidence of the Lok Sabha, it must resign. The second dimension is Individual Responsibility, where Ministers are responsible to the Head of State and hold office “during the pleasure of the President.” This implies that the Ministers can be dismissed by the President for their undesirable activities, but in these matters, the President acts on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Q. What are the powers and functions of the Governor in the State Executive?

Answer: The State Executive, like the Union Executive, is parliamentary. The Governor, appointed by the President, is the Constitutional head of the State in whom the executive authority is vested. The Governor holds office for a period of five years but may be terminated earlier as he holds office “during the pleasure of the President”. The position of the Governor in relation to his Ministers is the same as that of the Union President. The Council of Ministers in each State carries on the executive work while the Governor acts as the normal Constitutional Head of the State and as a Representative of the Central Government in the State.

Q. Describe the Executive Powers of the Governor as the Constitutional Head of the Government.

Answer: As the Executive Head of the State, the Governor exercises powers similar to those of the Union President. Firstly, the Governor appoints the Chief Minister, on whose advice the other Ministers are appointed. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the State Legislative Assembly. This implies that the leader of a party or two or more parties which command a majority in the Assembly should be invited to form the Government. Secondly, all executive decisions of the Government are taken in the Governor’s name. The Governor appoints the Advocate-General and the Members of the State Public Service Commission. It is the duty of the Chief Minister to communicate to the Governor all decisions of the Council of Ministers regarding the administration of the State.

Q. What roles does the Governor play in the state legislature?

Answer: The Governor is a critical part of the state legislature, similar to the President’s role in the Parliament. The Governor has the power to summon sessions of the State Legislature, ensuring a gap of not more than six months between two sessions. The Assembly can be dissolved by the Governor based on a request from the Chief Minister. Also, the Governor can nominate one member from the Anglo-Indian Community to the Assembly if needed, and can nominate one-sixth of the members of the Legislative Council from people with special knowledge in literature, science, art etc.

Q. What is the procedure after a Bill has been passed by the State Legislature?

Answer: Once a Bill has been passed by the State Legislature, it must be presented to the Governor. The Governor has four choices in this regard. Firstly, the Governor may assent to the Bill. Secondly, the Governor may withhold his assent. Thirdly, the Governor may reserve the Bill for the President’s consideration. Finally, the Governor may return the Bill to the House or Houses, if it is not a Money Bill, with a request that the Bill may be reconsidered. If the Legislature passes it again, with or without amendment, the Governor cannot withhold assent.

Q. When can an Ordinance be promulgated by the Governor?

Answer: The Governor can promulgate an Ordinance when the Legislative Assembly, or where there is a Legislative Council also, both Houses are not in session. Every such Ordinance should be laid before the State Legislature when it reassembles. The Ordinance ceases to operate at the end of six weeks from the reassembly of the Legislature. However, it can be replaced by an Act of Legislature.

Q. What financial powers does the Governor have regarding the introduction of Money Bills and the establishment of a Contingency Fund?

Answer: In terms of financial powers, no Money Bill can be introduced except on the recommendation of the Governor. Furthermore, the State Legislature may establish a Contingency Fund which is placed at the disposal of the Governor for meeting unforeseen expenditure.

Q. What are the Governor’s powers in granting pardons or remissions of punishment to convicted individuals?

Answer: The Governor has the power to grant pardons or remissions of punishment to individuals convicted of any offence relating to matters which fall under the jurisdiction of the State. The power to grant pardons in cases where the sentence is a death sentence lies with the President alone.

Q. How does the President involve the Governor in the appointment of Judges of the State High Court?

Answer: The President must consult the Governor while making appointments of Judges of the State High Court. This ensures that the Governor’s input is considered, strengthening the cooperative nature of governance between the State and the Union.

Q. What are some instances in which the Governor has to exercise discretionary powers?

Answer: There are several instances where the Governor exercises discretionary powers. This includes administrative provisions for Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, and Mizoram; deciding on whether to give assent to a Bill, send it back for reconsideration, or reserve it for the assent of the President; reporting to the President if the State Government isn’t adhering to constitutional provisions, which could lead to President’s rule; and making a judgement call when no party commands an absolute majority in the House to select the Chief Minister.

Q. Can the Governor act as per his pleasure when exercising discretionary powers?

Answer: No, the Governor cannot act at his pleasure when exercising discretionary powers. The term discretion does not mean “liberty to act at pleasure.” The Governor has to discriminate between ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ and act accordingly.

Q. How is the Governor a link between the Union and the State?

Answer: The Governor can be seen as a link between the Union and the State as he reserves for consideration of the President any Bill that might jeopardize the role that the High Court is intended to fulfill under the Constitution. He may also reserve other Bills for the President’s consideration. Governors of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Nagaland, and Mizoram constitute District or Regional Councils for the administration of Tribal Areas, keeping the President informed about the administration of these areas. Moreover, if the State comes under President’s rule, the Governor, as a representative of the Centre, takes over the reins of administration.

Q. Who is the real Executive Head of the State?

Answer: The real Executive Head of the State is the Chief Minister, who is at the head of the Council of Ministers.

Q. How are the Chief Minister and other Ministers appointed?

Answer: The Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor, and other Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister.

Q. What does the term “during the pleasure” imply about the tenure of the Ministers?

Answer: The term “during the pleasure” does not mean that the Governor can dismiss his Ministers at his will. The real meaning of this expression is that the Ministers remain in office as long as they retain the confidence of the Legislative Assembly.

Q. What is the role of the Chief Minister in relation to the Governor?

Answer: The Chief Minister serves as the bridge between the Governor and the Council of Ministers. He communicates to the Governor all decisions of the Council of Ministers and also provides any information related to the administration of the State that the Governor may ask for. Furthermore, while the Governor appoints many top officials of the State and manages the summoning and proroguing of State Legislature sessions, these powers are exercised based on the Chief Minister’s advice.

Q. Enumerate the powers and functions of the Chief Minister in relation to the Council of Ministers.

Answer:

Formation of the Ministry: The Chief Minister has autonomy in preparing the list of his colleagues. Assigning departments or portfolios to the Ministers is done by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister.
Removal of Ministers: The Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the Governor, but the Chief Minister may ask any of his colleagues to resign. If the minister declines, he will be dismissed by the Governor.
Presides over the Meetings: The Chief Minister, as Chairman of the Cabinet, controls the agenda for the Cabinet meetings. He has a special role in directing the policy of the Government on matters of public order, agricultural production, supply and distribution of goods.

Q. What are the powers and functions of the Chief Minister in relation to the State Legislature?

Answer:

The Chief Minister advises the Governor on when to summon and prorogue the sessions of the House. The agenda of the House is determined by the Speaker in consultation with the Chief Minister.
As the leader of the State Legislative Assembly, the Chief Minister makes all major policy announcements. He can intervene in debates of general importance and appease an angry House by promising immediate relief or concessions when needed.
In normal circumstances, the Governor dissolves the Legislative Assembly on the advice of the Chief Minister.

Q. What is the significance of the Chief Minister’s position in the State Government?

Answer: The Chief Minister holds a pivotal position in the State Government. He has vast responsibilities and wields immense power. As the link between the Governor and the Council of Ministers, the Chief Minister plays a key role in communicating decisions, advising on key appointments, and facilitating legislative sessions. As head of the Council of Ministers, he is crucial in forming the ministry, removing ministers, and directing government policy. Furthermore, as the leader of the State Legislative Assembly, he makes major policy announcements, intervenes in important debates, and advises the Governor on the dissolution of the Assembly. Hence, the Chief Minister is crucial in both the executive and legislative aspects of the State Government.

Q. How does the Chief Minister influence the appointments of top officials of the State and the proceedings of the State Legislature?

Answer: The Chief Minister influences the appointments of top officials of the State by advising the Governor, who makes these appointments. Moreover, the Chief Minister plays a pivotal role in the proceedings of the State Legislature. The sessions of the House are summoned and prorogued by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. Furthermore, the Chief Minister, in consultation with the Speaker, influences the agenda of the House. He also has the power to intervene in debates of general importance and can pacify an irate House by promising immediate relief or concessions. In normal circumstances, the Legislative Assembly is dissolved by the Governor when advised by the Chief Minister. Thus, the Chief Minister’s advice significantly influences the appointments and legislative proceedings of the State.

60. Describe the Chief Minister’s role in the Council of Ministers, particularly in relation to the formation of the ministry, removal of ministers, and presiding over meetings.

Answer: As the head of the Council of Ministers, the Chief Minister plays a significant role. He has a free hand in forming the ministry, i.e., preparing the list of his colleagues. The allocation of departments or portfolios to the Ministers is done by the Governor based on the Chief Minister’s advice. Regarding the removal of ministers, although they hold office during the Governor’s pleasure, the Chief Minister can ask any of his colleagues to resign. If a Minister declines, he will be dismissed by the Governor, showing the Chief Minister’s influence. When it comes to presiding over meetings, the Chief Minister controls the agenda for the Cabinet meetings. He has a significant role in guiding the government’s policy on matters of public order, agricultural production, and supply and distribution of goods. Thus, the Chief Minister’s influence is profound in the Council of Ministers, shaping its composition, functioning, and policy direction.

Additional/extra MCQs

1. Who generally comprises the ‘Political Executive’?

A. Civil Servants B. Legislators C. Ministers and Secretaries D. Judges

Answer: C. Ministers and Secretaries

2. What is the tenure of the Political Executive?

A. Life-long B. Ten years C. Variable D. Permanent

Answer: C. Variable

3. Who is the real executive in a Parliamentary System of Government?

A. The President B. The King C. The Council of Ministers D. The Bureaucracy

Answer: C. The Council of Ministers

4. What type of government did the framers of the Indian Constitution favor at the Centre and States?

A. Presidential B. Federal C. Parliamentary D. Dictatorial

Answer: C. Parliamentary

5. How is the Permanent Executive generally recruited?

A. By appointment B. By election C. Through competitive examinations D. By nomination

Answer: C. Through competitive examinations

Q. Who is considered the nominal head of the State in India?

A. Prime Minister B. President C. Chief Justice D. Speaker of the House

Answer: B. President

Q. In which country is the term ‘Secretary’ used for members of the Political Executive?

A. England B. Australia C. India D. United States

Answer: D. United States

Q. In the context of the government, what does the ‘Executive’ broadly denote?

A. Legislation B. Judiciary C. Implementation of laws D. Policy formulation

Answer: C. Implementation of laws

Q. Who generally wields the real executive power in countries with a Parliamentary System of Government?

A. Crown or President B. Prime Minister C. Parliament D. Judiciary

Answer: B. Prime Minister

Q. What type of tenure does the Permanent Executive generally have?

A. Ten years B. Life-long C. Variable D. Permanent

Answer: D. Permanent

Q. Who is the Head of the Indian Union?

A. Vice President B. Prime Minister C. Chief Justice D. President

Answer: D. President

Q. What is the primary role of civil servants in policy-making?

A. Decision making B. Giving advice C. Enforcing laws D. Lobbying

Answer: B. Giving advice

Q. What is considered as the test of an efficient administration in the context of civil servants?

A. Rigorous training B. Policy formulation C. Expeditious and honest implementation of policies D. Maintaining public order

Answer: C. Expeditious and honest implementation of policies

Q. What is the method used for electing the President of India?

A. Direct Election B. Proportional Representation with Single Transferable Vote C. First-Past-the-Post system D. Mixed Member Proportional system

Answer: B. Proportional Representation with Single Transferable Vote

Q. Who are included in the Electoral College for the Presidential Election?

A. All members of Parliament B. All members of State Legislative Assemblies C. Elected members of Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies D. Elected members of Parliament and Rajya Sabha

Answer: C. Elected members of Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies

Q. How is the value of vote for each member of a State Legislative Assembly calculated?

A. Population divided by elected MLAs and divided by one thousand B. Total area divided by elected MLAs and divided by one thousand C. Population divided by total area and divided by one thousand D. Elected MLAs divided by population and divided by one thousand

Answer: A. Population divided by elected MLAs and divided by one thousand

Q. In the 2017 Presidential Election, which state had the lowest value of vote per MLA?

A. Bihar B. Madhya Pradesh C. Uttar Pradesh D. Sikkim

Answer: D. Sikkim

Q. Which state had the highest value of vote per MLA in the 2017 Presidential Election?

A. Sikkim B. Bihar C. Madhya Pradesh D. Uttar Pradesh

Answer: D. Uttar Pradesh

Q. How is the value of vote for each elected Member of Parliament determined?

A. By the number of States B. By dividing the total number of votes assigned to MLAs of all States by the total number of elected MPs C. By the population of India D. By the number of constituencies

Answer: B. By dividing the total number of votes assigned to MLAs of all States by the total number of elected MPs

Q. What was the value of the vote of each Member of Parliament in the 2017 Presidential Election?

A. 708 B. 500 C. 208 D. 1000

Answer: A. 708

Q. What is the minimum age for a person to be eligible for election as the President of India?

A. Thirty years B. Thirty-five years C. Forty years D. Forty-five years

Answer: B. Thirty-five years

Q. Which position can an individual hold and still be eligible for Presidential election in India?

A. CEO of a company B. Professor in a University C. Speaker of Lok Sabha D. Chief Justice of India

Answer: C. Speaker of Lok Sabha

Q. What is the term of office for the President of India?

A. Four years B. Five years C. Six years D. Seven years

Answer: B. Five years

Q. To whom does the President write to resign from his office?

A. Prime Minister B. Speaker of Lok Sabha C. Vice-President D. Chief Justice of India

Answer: C. Vice-President

Q. What type of majority is required for a resolution to impeach the President?

A. Simple majority B. Absolute majority C. Special majority D. Relative majority

Answer: C. Special majority

Q. What happens after the resolution to impeach the President is passed by a special majority in one House of Parliament?

A. The President is immediately removed B. The charges are investigated by the Supreme Court C. The charges are investigated by the other House D. The resolution is nullified

Answer: C. The charges are investigated by the other House

Q. Who appoints the Prime Minister of India?

A. Speaker of Lok Sabha B. Vice-President C. President D. Chief Justice of India

Answer: C. President

Q. Who is the Supreme Commander of the Defence forces of India?

A. Prime Minister B. Defence Minister C. President D. Chief of Defence Staff

Answer: C. President

Q. Who has the power to declare War and Peace in India?

A. Prime Minister B. Defence Minister C. President D. External Affairs Minister

Answer: C. President

Q. Who receives ambassadors and diplomatic envoys from other countries in India?

A. Prime Minister B. External Affairs Minister C. President D. Vice-President

Answer: C. President

Q. Which Article under the Constitution of India gives the President the power to promulgate Ordinances?

A. Article 120 B. Article 123 C. Article 130 D. Article 143

Answer: B. Article 123

Q. What is the condition under which the President of India can refuse to give assent to a bill?

A. Money Bill B. Private Member Bill C. Financial Bill D. None of the above

Answer: A. Money Bill

Q. Under which condition can the President’s Rule in a State be extended beyond one year?

A. If there is a War B. If there is a Proclamation of Emergency C. If the State Legislative Assembly is dissolved D. If the State Legislative Assembly is suspended

Answer: B. If there is a Proclamation of Emergency

Q. In case of an Emergency caused by War or External Aggression or Armed Rebellion, what term can be referred to?

A. Financial Emergency B. National or General Emergency C. State Emergency D. President’s Emergency

Answer: B. National or General Emergency

Q. Who exercises the powers of the State Legislature when the President’s rule is imposed in a State and the Legislative Assembly is suspended?

A. The Governor B. The Supreme Court C. The Parliament D. The President

Answer: C. The Parliament

Q. Who receives the executive functions when the President’s rule is imposed in a State?

A. The Governor B. The Prime Minister C. The Parliament D. The Chief Minister

Answer: A. The Governor

Q. What is the maximum time period that a Proclamation of Emergency can remain in force?

A. One year B. Two years C. Three years D. Five years

Answer: C. Three years

Q. During whose term of office can no criminal proceedings be instituted in any Court?

A. Prime Minister B. President C. Governor D. Chief Minister

Answer: B. President

Q. Who can the President of India grant pardon to or reduce their punishment?

A. A convicted criminal B. A Member of Parliament C. A Member of the State Legislative Assembly D. A Chief Minister

Answer: A. A convicted criminal

Q. Which body needs to certify that holding elections to the Legislative Assembly of the State is difficult, for the President’s Rule to be extended beyond a year?

A. Supreme Court B. High Court C. Election Commission D. Parliament

Answer: C. Election Commission

Q. According to the Indian Constitution, who is the Chief Executive?

A. President B. Vice-President C. Prime Minister D. None of the above

Answer: D. None of the above

Q. Which Article of the Indian Constitution establishes a Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President?

A. Article 72 B. Article 74 C. Article 76 D. Article 78

Answer: B. Article 74

Q. Who is considered the Constitutional Head of the Indian Government?

A. Prime Minister B. Chief Justice C. President D. Speaker of the Lok Sabha

Answer: C. President

Q. Can a President be removed from office for violation of the Constitution?

A. Yes B. No C. Only with the approval of Parliament D. Only with the approval of Supreme Court

Answer: A. Yes

Q. What type of veto power does the President have?

A. Absolute Veto B. Suspensive Veto C. Pocket Veto D. Limited Veto

Answer: D. Limited Veto

Q. Under what circumstances does the Vice-President take over the office of the President?

A. General Election B. Death of the President C. During a War D. During a State visit

Answer: B. Death of the President

Q. Who is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha?

A. President B. Vice-President C. Prime Minister D. Speaker of the Lok Sabha

Answer: B. Vice-President

Q. Who can appoint the Prime Minister under extraordinary situations according to the Indian Constitution?

A. President B. Vice-President C. Parliament D. Supreme Court

Answer: A. President

Q. Does the Vice-President’s office have a significant role according to the Indian Constitution?

A. Yes B. No C. Depends on the situation D. Not specified

Answer: B. No

Q. Who elects the Vice-President of India?

A. State Legislatures B. The people of India C. Electoral College consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament D. The Prime Minister

Answer: C. Electoral College consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament

Q. Who appoints the Prime Minister of India? A. The Lok Sabha B. The Rajya Sabha C. The President D. The Cabinet

Answer: C. The President

Q. Who acts as the link between the Cabinet and the President in India? A. The Vice President B. The Prime Minister C. The Speaker of Lok Sabha D. The Chief Justice

Answer: B. The Prime Minister

Q. Who presides at the Cabinet meetings in India? A. The President B. The Vice President C. The Prime Minister D. The Speaker of Lok Sabha