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Growth of Nationalism: ICSE Class 10 Total History solutions
Get notes, summary, questions and answers, MCQs, extras, and PDFs of Chapter 2 “Growth of Nationalism” which is part of ICSE Class 10 History (Total History). However, the notes should only be treated as references and changes should be made according to the needs of the students.
If you notice any errors in the notes, please mention them in the comments
Summary
The chapter discusses the factors that led to the growth of nationalism in India during the 19th century. The rise of nationalism in India was influenced by several factors, including economic exploitation, repressive colonial policies, socio-religious reform movements, and the role of the press.
Economic exploitation by the British was a significant cause of discontent. The British policies favored their own economic interests at the expense of Indians. Peasants were heavily taxed, artisans and craftsmen were ruined due to the destruction of local industries, and the working class faced exploitation in factories. Educated Indians, who expected development under British rule, were disappointed as they found limited opportunities for advancement.
Repressive colonial policies also contributed to the growth of nationalistic sentiments. For instance, Lord Lytton’s policies, such as the Vernacular Press Act and the reduction in the age limit for civil service exams, were seen as discriminatory and unfair. These policies, along with others, were viewed as tools to suppress Indian rights and maintain British dominance.
Socio-religious reform movements played a crucial role in shaping Indian nationalism. Reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy and Jyotiba Phule worked to eliminate social evils such as caste discrimination, child marriage, and the subjugation of women. They also promoted the idea of unity and equality, which resonated with the emerging national consciousness. The press was instrumental in spreading these ideas, criticizing British policies, and uniting Indians across different regions.
The formation of political associations, such as the Indian National Congress in 1885, marked a significant step in organizing the nationalist movement. The Congress aimed to promote unity, formulate popular demands, and train public opinion to challenge British rule. The early sessions of the Congress, led by prominent leaders like W.C. Bonnerjee and Dadabhai Naoroji, laid the foundation for India’s struggle for independence.
Textbook (Total History) solutions
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. Nationalism is defined as feeling of oneness that emerges when people living in a common territory share the same
A. (i), (ii), and (iii)
B. (i), (iii), and (iv)
C. (i), (ii), and (iv)
D. (ii), (iii), and (iv)
Answer: A. (i), (ii), and (iii)
2. How did the socio-religious reform movements of the 19th century act as pioneers of Indian Nationalism?
A. (i) and (ii)
B. (ii) and (iii)
C. (i) and (iii)
D. All of the above
Answer: C. (i) and (iii)
3. Ilbert Bill proposed to be introduced in 1883 during the reign of Lord Ripon advocated which of the following?
A. Higher power for European Magistrates
B. Equal power for European and Indian Magistrates
C. Abolishment of the appointment of Indian Judges in High Courts
D. None of these
Answer: B. Equal power for European and Indian Magistrates
4. The first meeting/session of the Indian National Congress was held at
A. Kolkata
B. Mumbai
C. Chennai
D. Prayagraj
Answer: B. Mumbai
5. Who presided over the first Session of Indian National Congress?
A. Allen Octavian Hume
B. W. C. Bonnerjee
C. Dadabhai Naoroji
D. Motilal Nehru
Answer: B. W. C. Bonnerjee
6. W. C. Bonnerjee: Mumbai:: Dadabhai Naoroji:
A. Nagpur
B. Mumbai
C. Kolkata
D. Allahabad
Answer: C. Kolkata
7. Why did Lord Dufferin favour the formation of the Congress?
A. He wanted to promote the growth of nationalism in India
B. He wanted it to act like a safety-valve for popular discontent
C. He wanted to mould public opinion in favour of the British
D. None of the above
Answer: B. He wanted it to act like a safety-valve for popular discontent
8. From the given list, identify the aims of the Indian National Congress at its First session.
A. Only (i) and (iii)
B. Only (i), (ii) and (iv)
C. Only (i) and (iv)
D. Only (iii) and (iv)
Answer: C. Only (i) and (iv)
9. Sakshi was given an assignment to study in detail about the evil practice of ‘Sati’ in India. While doing so, she come to know that this practice was abolished by William Bentinck, the Governor-General of India in 1829. Who was the Indian social reformer whose efforts led to the abolition of this evil practice?
A. Swami Dayanand Saraswati
B. Rammohan Roy
C. Jyotiba Phule
D. Swami Vivekananda
Answer: B. Rammohan Roy
10. He considered the caste system prevalent in India as an epitome of slavery. In one of his famous books he described the hardships felt by the lower castes. Who was he?
A. Rammohan Roy
B. Swami Dayanand Saraswati
C. Jyotiba Phule
D. Ramakrishna Paramhansa
Answer: C. Jyotiba Phule
Select the correct relationship
1. (A) Although India had a long history going back to many centuries, it was never a one nation and comprised many kingdoms.
(B) The feeling of nationalism emerged during the British rule mainly as a reaction to the British rule.
(a) (B) contradicts (A)
(b) (B) is the reason for (A)
(c) (A) is true but (B) is false
(d) (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Answer: (b) (B) is the reason for (A)
Explanation: India’s history shows that it was composed of several kingdoms and regions with no unified national identity. However, during British rule, the shared experience of colonial oppression fostered a collective consciousness and desire for self-rule, giving rise to nationalism. Therefore, the emergence of nationalism (B) was directly caused by the reaction to British rule, which ties back to the fragmented historical past (A).
2. (A) The British government used to take away a large part of the farmers’ produce in the form of land revenue and other taxes.
(B) The farmers were led into the clutches of landlords and moneylenders.
(a) (B) contradicts (A)
(b) (B) is the reason for (A)
(c) (A) is true but (B) is false
(d) (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Answer: (b) (B) is the reason for (A)
Explanation: The British government imposed heavy taxes on farmers, leading to their impoverishment. Unable to pay these taxes, farmers were often forced to borrow money from landlords and moneylenders, trapping them in a cycle of debt. This sequence shows that the oppressive taxation (A) directly resulted in farmers becoming indebted to landlords and moneylenders (B).
3. (A) All sections of Indian society gradually realised that their salvation lay in freeing themselves from the yoke of British rule.
(B) Many newspapers and magazines in vernacular languages were brought out.
(a) (B) contradicts (A)
(b) (B) is the reason for (A)
(c) (A) is true but (B) is false
(d) (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Answer: (d) (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Explanation: The growing realization among all sections of society that freedom from British rule was necessary (A) was a separate phenomenon from the rise of newspapers and magazines in vernacular languages (B). While both contributed to the nationalistic movement, they developed independently of one another. The press did help spread awareness, but the realization itself (A) did not solely stem from the press’s existence (B).
4. (A) The social reformers launched a crusade against socio-religious evils prevalent in Indian society in the 19th century.
(B) The British government supported these reforms to strengthen their control over India.
(a) (B) contradicts (A)
(b) (B) is the reason for (A)
(c) (A) is true but (B) is false
(d) (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Answer: (c) (A) is true but (B) is false
Explanation: Social reformers indeed fought against socio-religious evils during the 19th century (A), but it is incorrect to say that the British government supported these reforms to strengthen their control (B). In reality, the British often viewed these reforms with suspicion and did not actively support them as a means of consolidating power. Thus, (A) is true, but (B) is false.
5. (A) Various political associations were formed in India by the second half of the 19th century to protect and promote general public interests.
(B) The Indian National Congress was the first political association to be established in India.
(a) (B) contradicts (A)
(b) (B) is the reason for (A)
(c) (A) is true but (B) is false
(d) (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Answer: (c) (A) is true but (B) is false
Explanation: Several political associations did emerge in India during the second half of the 19th century to address public concerns (A), but the Indian National Congress was not the first; it was preceded by other organizations such as the Indian Association and the East India Association. Hence, while (A) is accurate, (B) is incorrect.
Short Answer Questions
1. State two reasons for the development of nationalism in the late 19th century.
Answer: The concepts of nationalism and the right of self-determination initiated by the French Revolution; the socio-religious reform movements in India.
2. Give two reasons for industrial stagnation during the British rule in India.
Answer: The British economic policies were against the interests of Indian trade and industry. India became a source of raw materials for the industries of Britain and a market for its finished products.
3. Who passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878? Why was it passed?
Answer: Lord Lytton introduced the Vernacular Press Act (1878). The Vernacular Press Act forbade vernacular papers to publish any material that might incite feelings of dissatisfaction against the British Government. This Act was not applicable to English newspapers.
4. Who repealed the Vernacular Press Act in 1882? What impact did the Act have on Indians?
Answer: In 1881 this Act was repealed by Lord Ripon. The Act caused widespread discontent among the Indians as it curbed their freedom of speech and expression.
5. Name any two prominent newspapers of the 19th century which played a significant role in arousing national sentiment among the Indians.
Answer: The Hindu and the Statesman.
6. State any two issues that the socio-religious reform movements worked for.
Answer: They worked for the abolition of the caste system and the promotion of women’s rights, including the right to education and the right to remarry.
7. Name any two socio-religious reformers who prepared the ground for national movement.
Answer: Raja Rammohan Roy, Jyotiba Phule
8. Write a short note on Raja Rammohan Roy’s approach to religion.
Answer: Raja Rammohan Roy was a great humanist who stressed the unity of all religions. He studied Sanskrit and Hindu philosophy, the Quran, Persian and Arabic literature, and Western thought and culture. He believed that all the principal ancient texts of the Hindus preached monotheism. In 1803, he wrote Gift to Monotheists in Persian, where he expressed his views against the belief in many gods and advocated for the worship of a single God. In 1815, he started the Atmiya Sabha, opposing idol worship and meaningless religious rituals. In 1828, he founded the Brahmo Sabha, later renamed Brahmo Samaj, which believed in monotheism, condemned idol worship, and emphasised prayer, meditation, charity, morality, and unity among men of all religions and creeds.
9. Name the organisation founded by Raja Rammohan Roy. Why did he establish this organisation?
Answer: The organisation founded by Raja Rammohan Roy was the Brahmo Sabha, later renamed Brahmo Samaj. He established this organisation to promote monotheism, oppose idol worship and meaningless religious rituals, and to strengthen the bonds of unity between men of all religions and creeds.
10. What was the objective of the Ilbert Bill? Why was it not passed?
Answer: The objective of the Ilbert Bill was to allow Indian judges to try British or European persons in India. It was not passed because it was strongly opposed by the British community in India, who resented the idea of being judged by Indians. This led to a counter-agitation by educated Indians, and the government ultimately withdrew the Bill.
11. Mention two main objectives of the Indian Association.
Answer:
- Creation of a strong body of public opinion.
- Integration of Indian people on the basis of common political interests.
12. Mention the regional association that each nationalist was associated with: (a) Surendranath Banerjee (b) Dadabhai Naoroji
Answer: (a) Surendranath Banerjee: Indian Association
(b) Dadabhai Naoroji: East India Association
Structured Questions
1. Various factors led to the rise and growth of nationalism in India in the 19th century. In this context, explain the role of each of the following:
(a) Economic Exploitation
Answer: The economic discontent of various sections of society included:
(i) The Peasants: They were the main victims of British colonial policies, losing a large part of their produce to land revenue and taxes, pushing them into the clutches of landlords and moneylenders.
(ii) The Artisans and Craftsmen: British economic policies destroyed Indian handicrafts and industry, turning India into a source of raw materials for British industries and a market for their finished products, depriving artisans of their livelihood.
(iii) The Working Class: Modern industries led to the rise of a new working class, exploited by factory owners, mainly Englishmen. Although small in number, they developed a broad political outlook, significant beyond their numerical strength.
(iv) The Educated Indians: Employment for educated Indians was limited to government service with tough competition and bleak promotion prospects. They found that British policies kept India economically backward instead of aiding its development.
(b) Repressive Colonial Policies
Answer: The British conquered India to serve their own interests, enforcing repressive policies that hindered India’s economic, social, cultural, intellectual, and political development. These policies, particularly those of Lord Lytton, Viceroy from 1876 to 1880, catalysed the nationalist movement in India. Key policies included:
(i) Grand Delhi Durbar (1877): Lord Lytton organised this event to proclaim Queen Victoria as Empress of India, spending lavishly while ignoring the famine affecting Indians.
(ii) Vernacular Press Act (1878): This Act censored vernacular newspapers from publishing content that could incite dissatisfaction against the British, while exempting English newspapers. It was repealed by Lord Ripon in 1881.
The Indian Arms Act (1878) made it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without a licence, exempting the British.
(iii) Civil Service Exam: The maximum age limit for appearing in the Indian Civil Service exam was reduced from 21 to 19, making it more difficult for Indians.
(iv) Import Duties: Lord Lytton removed import duties on cotton textiles to benefit the British cloth industry, harming the nascent Indian textile industry.
(c) The Press
Answer: A large number of newspapers were started in the later half of the 19th century. Some of the prominent newspapers were the Amrit Bazar Patrika, The Bengali, The Tribune, The Pioneer, The Times of India, The Hindu and The Statesman in English. Many other newspapers and magazines in the vernacular languages were also brought out. These newspapers played a significant role in developing a strong national sentiment among the Indians. It did so in the following manner:
(i) It was through the press that the message of patriotism and modern liberal ideals of liberty, freedom, equality, home rule and independence spread among the people.
(ii) The press carried on daily criticism of the unjust policies of the British Government in India and exposed the true nature of British rule in India.
(iii) It made possible the exchange of views among different social groups from different parts of the country and to organise political movements.
(iv) It made Indians aware of what was happening in the world. This awareness helped them to understand the political and social development of the outside world and shape their own policies and programmes.
2. With reference to Nationalism and the birth of the Indian National Congress, explain each of the following:
(a) Vernacular Press Act, 1878
Answer: Lord Lytton introduced the Vernacular Press Act (1878) and Indian Arms Act (1878). The Vernacular Press Act forbade vernacular papers to publish any material that might incite feelings of dissatisfaction against the British Government. This Act was not applicable to English newspapers. In 1881 this Act was repealed by Lord Ripon.
(b) State any three objectives of the Indian National Congress
Answer: In his presidential address at the first session of the Indian National Congress, W.C. Bonnerjee declared the following as the aims of the Indian National Congress:
(i) To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts of the country;
(ii) To develop and consolidate the feelings of national unity irrespective of caste, religion or province;
(iii) To formulate popular demands and present them before the government.
(c) Role of Dadabhai Naoroji
Answer: Dadabhai Naoroji, often referred to as the “Grand Old Man of India,” was a key figure in the Indian Nationalist Movement. He was one of the founding members of the Indian National Congress and played a significant role in articulating the economic critique of British rule in India. Naoroji’s work focused on highlighting the economic drain theory, which argued that India’s wealth was being systematically drained to Britain, leaving the country impoverished. He was instrumental in making the British public and government aware of the economic hardships faced by Indians under colonial rule. His advocacy for Indian self-rule and his efforts to unite Indians of different regions and communities under a common national cause were crucial in the early phases of the Indian independence movement.
3. The establishment of the Indian National Congress was a significant event in the development of national movement in India. In this context:
(a) What was the name of the Indian National Congress before it got this name? Who gave it its present name? Where was it established and who was its founder?
Answer: In 1884, Hume, in consultation with the Indian leaders, laid the foundation of the Indian National Union. The conference of the representatives of different parts of India was convened by the Union at Pune on December 25, 1885. Plague broke out in Pune at that point of time. So the meeting of the Union was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Mumbai from December 28 to 31, 1885 under the presidentship of Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee. It was attended by 72 delegates. On the suggestion of Dadabhai Naoroji, the name of the Union was changed to the Indian National Congress. Thus, the foundation of the Indian National Congress was laid on December 28, 1885.
(b) Why did Lord Dufferin favour the formation of the Indian National Congress?
Answer: The Viceroy, Lord Dufferin, favoured the formation of the Congress because he wanted it to act as a ‘safety-valve’ for popular discontent, thereby, safeguarding the British interest in India.
(c) What was the nature of the political associations formed before the Indian National Congress was established? Name any two associations which acted as the forerunners of the Indian National Congress.
Answer: By the second half of the 19th century, there emerged a consciousness among the Indians that the British were exercising control over the resources of India and the lives of its people and until this control existed, India could not be a sovereign nation. This consciousness led to the formation of a number of political associations led by English-educated professionals. Though many of these associations were formed in specific parts of the country, they had common goals for all the people of India. They did not work for any one religion, community or class. The first political association to be started in India was the Landholders’ Society in Kolkata in 1838. Many public associations were started in different parts of India like Bengal British India Society, British Indian Association, East India Association, the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, London Indian Society and Indian Association. These associations served as a base for the formation of the Congress – an all India political organisation. The most prominent among these associations were the East India Association and the Indian Association.
Picture Study
(a) Identify the person in the given picture. Name the organisation formed by him. State any two beliefs of this organisation with regard to upliftment of women.
Answer: The person in the given picture is Jyotiba Phule. The organisation formed by him is Satya Shodhak Samaj. Two beliefs of this organisation with regard to the upliftment of women are:
- Jyotiba Phule considered women superior to men and worked towards providing education to women to maintain their status of superiority.
- He pioneered the widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra and worked for the education of women.
(b) Mention his contribution to the growth of Indian National movement.
Answer: Jyotiba Phule worked towards socio-economic and gender equality. He wanted to liberate the depressed classes and make them aware of their rights by educating them. He considered the caste structure prevalent in India as an epitome of slavery and worked for social justice for the lower castes. His efforts laid the groundwork for social equality, which became a crucial aspect of the Indian National movement.
(c) How did the socio-religious reform movements of the 19th century act as pioneers of Indian Nationalism?
Answer: The socio-religious reform movements of the 19th century acted as pioneers of Indian Nationalism in the following ways:
- Swami Dayanand and Swami Vivekananda proclaimed the superiority of Indian culture and civilisation.
- The reformers condemned untouchability and the caste system, and the ideas of brotherhood and equality attracted the so-called lower castes.
- The reformers taught people not to ignore the importance of women, who could participate in the national movement.
- They protested against the British domination of India. Swami Dayanand Saraswati was the first to use the word ‘Swaraj’ and to raise the slogan ‘India for the Indians.’
- The reform movements created consciousness of a new society devoid of privileges based on caste, creed, or religion.
Thinking Skills
1. Imagine you are a potter, making water pitchers. List the difficulties that you are facing in the second half of the 19th century.
Answer: As a potter in the second half of the 19th century, I am facing severe difficulties due to the British economic policies. The British have systematically destroyed the local handicrafts industry, which has severely impacted my livelihood. The introduction of mass-produced goods from Britain has reduced the demand for my handcrafted water pitchers. Additionally, the exorbitant taxes imposed by the British government have increased the cost of raw materials, making it even more challenging to sustain my business. The influx of cheaper, machine-made goods has flooded the market, further diminishing the value of traditional crafts like mine. This has led to financial instability and the loss of a craft that has been passed down through generations.
2. Imagine you are a member of Brahmo Samaj. Elaborate what convinced you to join the Brahmo Samaj and how are you influenced by Raja Rammohan Roy.
Answer: I was convinced to join the Brahmo Samaj because of its progressive ideals and the vision of Raja Rammohan Roy. The Brahmo Samaj advocates for Monotheism, which aligns with my belief in the worship of one God, rejecting the prevalent practices of idol worship. The emphasis on rational thinking, moral values, and social reform resonated with me deeply. Raja Rammohan Roy’s relentless efforts to abolish the oppressive practices such as sati, child marriage, and the purdah system were particularly inspiring. His campaign against the rigidity of the caste system and his advocacy for the rights of widows to remarry reflected a modern and humane approach to religion and society. Roy’s pioneering work in promoting education, especially for women, and his commitment to the upliftment of the marginalized sections of society convinced me that the Brahmo Samaj was the right path for bringing about meaningful change in our society. His efforts to create a society based on equality, justice, and moral integrity influenced me profoundly and motivated me to join the movement.
3. Suppose you were a high school student living in the second half of the 19th century. State how your routine of reading a newspaper every day created strong nationalist sentiments against the British.
Answer: As a high school student in the second half of the 19th century, my daily routine of reading the newspaper played a crucial role in shaping my nationalist sentiments against the British. The newspapers were a powerful tool for spreading awareness about the unjust policies of the British government and the exploitation faced by the Indian people. Through the press, I learned about the various repressive laws imposed by the British, such as the Vernacular Press Act, which attempted to silence the voice of Indian publications. The newspapers exposed the economic exploitation of our country, detailing how the British were draining our resources and impoverishing our people. I also read about the struggles and sacrifices of Indian leaders who were fighting for our rights and dignity. The exchange of ideas and the sense of unity among different regions of India, as reported in the newspapers, inspired me to believe in the possibility of an independent and united India. The coverage of events like the formation of the Indian National Congress and the discussions on social and political issues made me aware of the importance of collective action against British rule. This daily exposure to nationalist ideas and the injustices inflicted by the British fueled my desire to contribute to the freedom movement and strengthened my resolve to fight for our country’s independence.
Extra/additional MCQs
1. In what year was the Indian National Congress established?
A. 1885
B. 1875
C. 1895
D. 1865
Answer: A. 1885
Q. What was the primary cause for the rise of nationalistic sentiments among Indians during British rule?
A. Introduction of modern technology
B. Economic exploitation by the British
C. Educational reforms
D. Military victories over British forces
Answer: B. Economic exploitation by the British
Q. Which British Viceroy organized the Grand Delhi Durbar in 1877?
A. Lord Curzon
B. Lord Ripon
C. Lord Lytton
D. Lord Minto
Answer: C. Lord Lytton
Q. What Act did Lord Lytton introduce in 1878 that restricted Indian newspapers?
A. Indian Press Act
B. Vernacular Press Act
C. Indian Newspapers Act
D. Freedom of Press Act
Answer: B. Vernacular Press Act
Q. What was the Indian Arms Act of 1878?
A. It allowed Indians to carry arms freely.
B. It made it illegal for Indians to carry arms without a license.
C. It restricted the import of arms into India.
D. It provided arms to Indian peasants for self-defense.
Answer: B. It made it illegal for Indians to carry arms without a license.
Q. What was the purpose of the Ilbert Bill introduced in 1883?
A. To reduce taxes on Indian goods
B. To allow Indians to hold arms without a license
C. To permit Indian judges to try British or European persons
D. To ban Indian participation in the Civil Service
Answer: C. To permit Indian judges to try British or European persons
Q. Which section of Indian society was most affected by British colonial policies?
A. Factory owners
B. Peasants
C. British officials
D. Educated Indians
Answer: B. Peasants
Q. What major event is considered the first formal beginning of the organized national movement in India?
A. The Sepoy Mutiny
B. The founding of the Indian National Congress
C. The Non-Cooperation Movement
D. The Civil Disobedience Movement
Answer: B. The founding of the Indian National Congress
Q. Which Act introduced by Lord Lytton was repealed by Lord Ripon in 1881?
A. Indian Arms Act
B. Vernacular Press Act
C. Ilbert Bill
D. Civil Service Act
Answer: B. Vernacular Press Act
Q. What was the significant economic impact of British colonial rule on Indian artisans and craftsmen?
A. Increased demand for their products
B. Access to British markets
C. Loss of livelihood due to competition with British goods
D. Opportunities for export
Answer: C. Loss of livelihood due to competition with British goods
Q. What did the reduction in the maximum age limit for the Indian Civil Service exam under Lord Lytton aim to achieve?
A. Increase Indian participation in the Civil Service
B. Make it easier for Indians to enter the Civil Service
C. Reduce the number of Indians qualifying for the Civil Service
D. Equalize opportunities for Indians and Europeans
Answer: C. Reduce the number of Indians qualifying for the Civil Service
Q. Which Governor-General of India passed a law making the practice of Sati illegal in 1829?
A. Lord Dalhousie
B. Lord Hastings
C. Lord Canning
D. William Bentinck
Answer: D. William Bentinck
Q. Who founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828?
A. Jyotiba Phule
B. Swami Vivekananda
C. Raja Rammohan Roy
D. Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Answer: C. Raja Rammohan Roy
Q. Which socio-religious reformer started the Satya Shodhak Samaj in 1873?
A. Swami Dayanand Saraswati
B. Jyotiba Phule
C. Raja Rammohan Roy
D. Swami Vivekananda
Answer: B. Jyotiba Phule
Q. In which city did Jyotiba Phule and his wife start one of the first girls’ schools in 1848?
A. Delhi
B. Kolkata
C. Pune
D. Mumbai
Answer: C. Pune
Q. What was the name of the book written by Jyotiba Phule that described the hardships of the lower castes?
A. Gift to Monotheists
B. Satyarth Prakash
C. Ghulamgiri
D. Raja Yoga
Answer: C. Ghulamgiri
Q. Which socio-religious reformer was the first to use the word ‘Swaraj’ and raise the slogan ‘India for the Indians’?
A. Raja Rammohan Roy
B. Jyotiba Phule
C. Swami Dayanand Saraswati
D. Swami Vivekananda
Answer: C. Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Q. Which reformer started a campaign for the abolition of Sati and purdah system?
A. Swami Vivekananda
B. Swami Dayanand Saraswati
C. Jyotiba Phule
D. Raja Rammohan Roy
Answer: D. Raja Rammohan Roy
Q. What was the primary objective of the socio-religious reform movements in the 19th century?
A. To promote idol worship
B. To remove social evils
C. To support British rule
D. To promote polytheism
Answer: B. To remove social evils
Q. Which of the following newspapers was not founded in the 19th century?
A. The Hindu
B. The Times of India
C. The Tribune
D. The Indian Express
Answer: D. The Indian Express
Q. Who is often referred to as the ‘father of Indian Renaissance’?
A. Swami Vivekananda
B. Jyotiba Phule
C. Swami Dayanand Saraswati
D. Raja Rammohan Roy
Answer: D. Raja Rammohan Roy
Q. What was the first political association started in India?
A. Indian Association
B. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
C. Landholders’ Society
D. Bengal British India Society
Answer: C. Landholders’ Society
Q. Who founded the East India Association in London in 1866?
A. Surendranath Banerjee
B. Dadabhai Naoroji
C. A.O. Hume
D. W.C. Bonnerjee
Answer: B. Dadabhai Naoroji
Q. In which year was the Indian Association founded?
A. 1876
B. 1885
C. 1883
D. 1866
Answer: A. 1876
Q. Who was the head of the Indian Association?
A. Dadabhai Naoroji
B. A.O. Hume
C. Surendranath Banerjee
D. Rashbehari Ghosh
Answer: C. Surendranath Banerjee
Q. In which year did the Indian National Congress hold its first session?
A. 1883
B. 1884
C. 1886
D. 1885
Answer: D. 1885
Q. Who was the president of the first session of the Indian National Congress?
A. Dadabhai Naoroji
B. W.C. Bonnerjee
C. Rashbehari Ghosh
D. Pherozeshah Mehta
Answer: B. W.C. Bonnerjee
Q. Where was the first session of the Indian National Congress held?
A. Kolkata
B. Chennai
C. Pune
D. Mumbai
Answer: D. Mumbai
Q. Which Viceroy favored the formation of the Indian National Congress as a ‘safety-valve’ for popular discontent?
A. Lord Canning
B. Lord Dufferin
C. Lord Curzon
D. Lord Ripon
Answer: B. Lord Dufferin
Q. What significant event occurred during the 31st session of the Indian National Congress held in Lucknow in 1916?
A. Split between Early and Assertive Nationalists
B. Singing of the National Anthem for the first time
C. Joint session with the Muslim League and signing of the Lucknow Pact
D. Mahatma Gandhi presiding over the session
Answer: C. Joint session with the Muslim League and signing of the Lucknow Pact
Q. Who presided over the 39th session of the Indian National Congress held in 1924?
A. Subhas Chandra Bose
B. Mahatma Gandhi
C. Dadabhai Naoroji
D. W.C. Bonnerjee
Answer: B. Mahatma Gandhi
Q. Who convened the All India National Conference in 1883?
A. Dadabhai Naoroji
B. Surendranath Banerjee
C. A.O. Hume
D. W.C. Bonnerjee
Answer: B. Surendranath Banerjee
Q. What was the main objective of the Indian Association when it was founded?
A. Promote British education
B. Create a strong body of public opinion
C. Support the British government
D. Spread Western culture
Answer: B. Create a strong body of public opinion
Q. Which Act did the Indian Association launch agitations against?
A. Rowlatt Act
B. Vernacular Press Act
C. Indian Councils Act
D. Government of India Act
Answer: B. Vernacular Press Act
Q. In which year was the 23rd session of the Indian National Congress held at Surat?
A. 1905
B. 1916
C. 1907
D. 1924
Answer: C. 1907
Q. What was the outcome of the Surat Session of the Indian National Congress in 1907?
A. Merger with the Muslim League
B. Singing of the National Anthem
C. Declaration of Poorna Swaraj
D. Split between Early and Assertive Nationalists
Answer: D. Split between Early and Assertive Nationalists
Q. Who presided over the Surat Session of the Indian National Congress in 1907?
A. Rashbehari Ghosh
B. Mahatma Gandhi
C. Dadabhai Naoroji
D. W.C. Bonnerjee
Answer: A. Rashbehari Ghosh
Q. Which session of the Indian National Congress saw the declaration of Poorna Swaraj in 1929?
A. Surat Session
B. Lucknow Session
C. Belgaum Session
D. Lahore Session
Answer: D. Lahore Session
Q. Who was elected as the President of the Indian National Congress during its 51st session in 1938?
A. Mahatma Gandhi
B. Jawaharlal Nehru
C. Subhas Chandra Bose
D. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Answer: C. Subhas Chandra Bose
Q. Which act did the Indian Association protest against due to its oppressive nature?
A. Rowlatt Act
B. Arms Act
C. Government of India Act
D. Public Safety Act
Answer: B. Arms Act
Q. The Indian National Congress was originally named what before being renamed on the suggestion of Dadabhai Naoroji?
A. Indian National Union
B. Indian Association
C. Indian People’s Congress
D. All India National Conference
Answer: A. Indian National Union
Q. In which year was the National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana, sung for the first time at an Indian National Congress session?
A. 1929
B. 1911
C. 1938
D. 1907
Answer: B. 1911
Q. Who wrote an open letter to the graduates of Calcutta University, leading to the formation of the Indian National Congress?
A. Dadabhai Naoroji
B. A.O. Hume
C. Surendranath Banerjee
D. W.C. Bonnerjee
Answer: B. A.O. Hume
45. The Indian National Congress held its first session in which city?
A. Kolkata
B. Mumbai
C. Pune
D. Chennai
Answer: B. Mumbai
Extra/additional questions and answers
1. What was one of the most distinguishing features of the second half of the 19th century in India?
Answer: The birth of national awakening in India.
Q. Which revolution initiated the concepts of nationalism and the right of self-determination?
Answer: The French Revolution.
Q. In which year was the Indian National Congress established?
Answer: 1885.
Q. What marked the formal beginning of the organised national movement in India?
Answer: The establishment of the Indian National Congress.
Q. What term refers to the feeling of oneness and common consciousness among people?
Answer: Nationalism.
Q. What was the most important factor that aroused opposition to British rule in India?
Answer: Economic exploitation.
Q. Which class of people were the main victims of British colonial policies in India?
Answer: The peasants.
Q. Which Act forbade vernacular papers from publishing material that might incite dissatisfaction against the British government?
Answer: The Vernacular Press Act of 1878.
Q. What was the maximum age limit reduced to for the Indian Civil Service examination under Lord Lytton?
Answer: 19 years.
Q. Who prepared the Ilbert Bill in 1883?
Answer: Sir C.P. Ilbert.
Q. What did the Ilbert Bill of 1883 propose?
Answer: It proposed the trial of British or European persons by Indian judges.
Q. Who was the Viceroy of India from 1876 to 1880?
Answer: Lord Lytton.
Q. What Act made it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without a licence?
Answer: The Indian Arms Act of 1878.
Q. Who repealed the Vernacular Press Act in 1881?
Answer: Lord Ripon.
Q. Who founded the Brahmo Samaj?
Answer: Raja Rammohan Roy.
Q. In which year was the Brahmo Sabha founded?
Answer: 1828.
Q. What was the primary focus of the Brahmo Samaj?
Answer: Worship of one God (Monotheism).
Q. Who started the Atmiya Sabha?
Answer: Raja Rammohan Roy.
Q. Which book did Jyotiba Phule write to describe the hardships of the lower castes?
Answer: Ghulamgiri.
Q. What was the aim of the Satya Shodhak Samaj?
Answer: To secure social justice for the weaker sections of society.
Q. Which law was passed in 1829 due to Raja Rammohan Roy’s efforts?
Answer: The law making the practice of Sati illegal.
Q. Who was known as the ‘Grand Old Man of India’?
Answer: Dadabhai Naoroji.
Q. Who proclaimed the superiority of Indian culture and civilization?
Answer: Swami Dayanand Saraswati and Swami Vivekananda.
Q. What did the socio-religious reform movements combat in the religious sphere?
Answer: Religious superstitions, idolatry, polytheism, and hereditary priesthood.
Q. When was the Landholders’ Society, the first political association in India, started?
Answer: 1838.
Q. Who founded the East India Association?
Answer: Dadabhai Naoroji.
Q. Where was the East India Association founded?
Answer: London.
Q. Who headed the Indian Association founded?
Answer: Surendranath Banerjee.
Q. In which year was the Indian National Conference convened?
Answer: 1883.
Q. Where was the first session of the Indian National Congress held?
Answer: Mumbai.
Q. Who was the president of the first session of the Indian National Congress?
Answer: W.C. Bonnerjee.
Q. In which year did the first session of the Indian National Congress take place?
Answer: 1885.
Q. Which Viceroy supported the formation of the Indian National Congress?
Answer: Lord Dufferin.
Q. Where was the second session of the Indian National Congress held?
Answer: Kolkata.
Q. Who presided over the second session of the Indian National Congress?
Answer: Dadabhai Naoroji.
Q. What was the major event at the 31st session of the Indian National Congress in 1916?
Answer: Signing of the Lucknow Pact.
Q. Who presided over the 39th session of the Indian National Congress in 1924?
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi.
Q. Which session of the Indian National Congress saw the declaration of Poorna Swaraj?
Answer: 44th session in Lahore.
Q. What were the main factors contributing to the growth of nationalism in India?
Answer: The main factors contributing to the growth of nationalism in India included the economic exploitation by the British, the impact of the socio-religious reform movements, the reaction of Indians to British colonial policies, and the introduction of modernisation by the British. These factors collectively created political awareness and a strong feeling of nationalism among Indians, leading to the formation of various political associations and ultimately the Indian National Congress.
Q. How did British policies affect the Indian artisans and craftsmen?
Answer: British economic policies were detrimental to Indian artisans and craftsmen. The English East India Company used its political power to destroy Indian handicrafts and industry, turning India into a supplier of raw materials for British industries and a market for their finished products. This policy deprived Indian artisans and craftsmen of their traditional sources of livelihood, leading to their economic decline and suffering.
Q. What were the key reasons for the resentment against the Ilbert Bill of 1883 among the British in India?
Answer: The Ilbert Bill of 1883 proposed the trial of British or European persons by Indian judges, which was met with strong resentment from the British in India. They perceived this as a threat to their special privileges and racial superiority. The reaction led to the formation of a Defence Association to oppose the Bill, and the subsequent agitation by educated Indians highlighted the deep-seated racist attitudes of the British. The government ultimately withdrew the Bill due to this opposition.
Q. What role did the educated Indians play in the growth of nationalism?
Answer: The educated Indians played a significant role in the growth of nationalism. Although they initially hoped that British capitalism would develop India’s productive forces, they soon realised that British policies were keeping India economically backward. With limited employment opportunities and bleak chances for promotion in government service, they became increasingly disillusioned. Their broad outlook and understanding of India’s political and economic situation made their political thinking significant, contributing to the spirit of nationalism and the call for freedom from British rule.
Q. How did the British colonial policies act as a catalyst for the growth of the nationalist movement in India?
Answer: The British colonial policies, especially the repressive measures introduced by Lord Lytton, acted as a catalyst for the growth of the nationalist movement in India. Policies like the Vernacular Press Act, the Indian Arms Act, and the reduction in the age limit for the Indian Civil Service examination were seen as direct attacks on Indian rights and freedoms. The Ilbert Bill controversy further exposed the racist attitudes of the British. These policies united various sections of Indian society in their opposition to British rule, providing a stimulus to political agitation and accelerating the pace of Indian nationalism.
Q. What were the main objectives of the Indian socio-religious reform movements in the 19th century?
Answer: The socio-religious reform movements aimed to remove social evils such as the purdah system, sati pratha, child marriage, and exploitation of lower castes. They sought to uplift women and secure social justice for the weaker sections of society. The reformers advocated for a new society free from prejudices based on caste, creed, religion, or gender.
Q. How did Raja Rammohan Roy contribute to social reforms in India?
Answer: Raja Rammohan Roy contributed significantly to social reforms by campaigning against the rigidity of the caste system, advocating for the abolition of sati and purdah system, condemning polygamy, discouraging child marriages, and supporting the right of widows to remarry. His efforts led to the passing of a law in 1829 that made the practice of Sati illegal. He also fought for women’s rights, demanding that they be given the right to inheritance and property.
Q. What was the role of the press in the socio-religious reform movements?
Answer: The press played a crucial role in the socio-religious reform movements by spreading the message of patriotism, modern liberal ideals, and raising awareness about liberty, freedom, equality, home rule, and independence. Newspapers criticized the unjust policies of the British government, exposed the true nature of British rule in India, facilitated the exchange of views among different social groups, and helped organize political movements. The press also made Indians aware of global political and social developments, influencing their own policies and programs.
Q. How did the socio-religious reform movements contribute to the growth of Indian nationalism?
Answer: The socio-religious reform movements contributed to the growth of Indian nationalism by proclaiming the superiority of Indian culture and civilization, condemning untouchability and the caste system, and advocating for the importance of women’s participation in the national movement. The reformers also protested against British domination and introduced the concept of ‘Swaraj’. These movements helped create a consciousness of a new society devoid of privileges based on caste, creed, or religion.
Q. What was the impact of Western education on the socio-religious reform movements in India?
Answer: The impact of Western education on the socio-religious reform movements in India was significant. It led to a rational, humanitarian, and scientific approach to life, making educated Indians realize the need to reform their religion and society. This awareness resulted in the birth of socio-religious reform movements that aimed to adopt the best practices of both the East and the West, leading to the abolition of social evils and promoting individual liberty and social equality.
Q. What were the main objectives of the Indian Association founded in 1876?
Answer: The Indian Association, founded in 1876, aimed to create a strong body of public opinion, integrate Indian people on the basis of common political interests, promote friendly relations between Hindus and Muslims, and encourage mass participation in public movements.
Q. What was the significance of the Indian National Conference convened by Surendranath Banerjee in 1883?
Answer: The Indian National Conference, convened by Surendranath Banerjee in 1883, was significant as it offered a model for the Indian National Congress, which was formed two years later. It served the same purpose of working for the welfare of Indians and eventually merged with the Indian National Congress in December 1886.
Q. How did A.O. Hume contribute to the formation of the Indian National Congress?
Answer: A.O. Hume, a retired British member of the Indian Civil Service, contributed to the formation of the Indian National Congress by writing an open letter to the graduates of Calcutta University, urging them to form a union to organize a well-defined course of action. He laid the foundation of the Indian National Union, which later became the Indian National Congress.
Q. What were the aims of the Indian National Congress as declared in its first session?
Answer: In its first session, the Indian National Congress aimed to promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts of the country, develop and consolidate feelings of national unity irrespective of caste, religion, or province, formulate popular demands and present them before the government, and train and organize public opinion in the country.
Q. What was the outcome of the Surat Session of the Indian National Congress in 1907?
Answer: The Surat Session of the Indian National Congress in 1907 resulted in a split between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists over the methods of agitation in Bengal after its partition. This split led to the exclusion of the Assertive group from the Congress for nearly a decade, until the two wings were reunited at the Lucknow Session in 1916.
Q. Explain the role of economic exploitation in the growth of nationalism in India.
Answer: Economic exploitation played a pivotal role in the growth of nationalism in India. The British colonial policies were designed to serve the interests of Britain at the expense of Indian welfare. Peasants were heavily taxed, leading them into debt and poverty. Artisans and craftsmen were deprived of their livelihoods as British policies destroyed Indian handicrafts and industries, turning India into a supplier of raw materials and a market for British goods. The working class, a new social class created by modern industries, was exploited by factory owners, mostly Englishmen. Educated Indians, who hoped for economic development under British rule, found that British policies kept India economically backward. This widespread economic discontent across various sections of society fueled the desire for freedom from British rule, leading to the rise of nationalist sentiments.
Q. Discuss the impact of the socio-religious reform movements on the growth of nationalism in India.
Answer: The socio-religious reform movements of the 19th century played a crucial role in the growth of nationalism in India. These movements, led by reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, and Jyotiba Phule, aimed to eradicate social evils like caste discrimination, sati, and child marriage, and sought to uplift the status of women and the lower castes. They promoted the ideas of equality, liberty, and social justice, which resonated with the emerging nationalist sentiments. By challenging the traditional social structure and advocating for a more just and equitable society, these movements laid the groundwork for a unified national identity. They also created a sense of pride in Indian culture and heritage, while encouraging the people to resist colonial domination. The reform movements thus helped to create an environment conducive to the rise of a national consciousness and the eventual struggle for independence.
Q. Describe the repressive policies of Lord Lytton and their impact on Indian nationalism.
Answer: Lord Lytton, the Viceroy of India from 1876 to 1880, implemented several repressive policies that had a profound impact on the growth of Indian nationalism. The Grand Delhi Durbar of 1877, organized to proclaim Queen Victoria as the Empress of India, was seen as a grandiose display of British power, especially since it was held during a severe famine that was devastating the Indian population. In 1878, Lytton introduced the Vernacular Press Act, which restricted the freedom of the Indian press by forbidding vernacular papers from publishing content that could incite dissatisfaction against the British government. This Act was not applied to English-language newspapers, highlighting the discriminatory nature of British rule. The same year, the Indian Arms Act was passed, making it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without a license, a restriction that did not apply to the British. Additionally, Lytton reduced the maximum age limit for the Indian Civil Service examination from 21 to 19 years, making it more difficult for Indians to qualify for the exam. These repressive measures, combined with the Ilbert Bill controversy in 1883, which proposed allowing Indian judges to try British offenders, exposed the racist attitudes of the British and provoked widespread resentment. The cumulative effect of these policies was to galvanize Indian public opinion against British rule, contributing significantly to the rise of nationalist sentiment and the formation of political associations that ultimately led to the Indian National Congress and the broader freedom movement.
Q. How did the British policies towards Indian artisans and craftsmen lead to the rise of nationalism?
Answer: The British policies towards Indian artisans and craftsmen were a key factor in the rise of nationalism in India. The English East India Company, leveraging its political power, systematically destroyed India’s traditional handicrafts and industries to promote British industrial interests. This policy turned India into a mere supplier of raw materials for British factories and a captive market for British finished goods. As a result, Indian artisans and craftsmen lost their livelihoods, leading to widespread poverty and economic distress. The decline of traditional industries created a deep sense of resentment among the affected communities, who realized that British rule was primarily exploitative. The economic discontent among these sections of society fueled the growing nationalist sentiments, as people began to see the need for collective action to overthrow British domination and restore India’s economic self-sufficiency. The economic hardships faced by the artisans and craftsmen became a powerful symbol of the broader exploitation of India under British rule, galvanizing support for the emerging national movement.
Q. Describe the social and religious reforms initiated by Raja Rammohan Roy.
Answer: Raja Rammohan Roy was a pioneer of socio-religious reform in 19th century India. Socially, he fought against the rigid caste system, campaigned for the abolition of sati, purdah, and polygamy, and supported the rights of widows to remarry. His efforts led to the passing of a law in 1829 making the practice of Sati illegal. He was a strong advocate for women’s rights, demanding that they be granted the right to inheritance and property. Religiously, Raja Rammohan Roy was a humanist who emphasized the unity of all religions and the worship of one God. He condemned idol worship and meaningless rituals, founding the Brahmo Samaj to promote monotheism, prayer, meditation, charity, and moral conduct. His religious reforms were rooted in his belief that ancient Hindu texts preached monotheism, and he aimed to purify Hinduism from superstitions and rituals that he saw as corruptions of its true teachings.
Q. What were the effects of the socio-religious reform movements on the growth of nationalism in India?
Answer: The socio-religious reform movements had a profound impact on the growth of nationalism in India. They contributed to a sense of pride in Indian culture and civilization, as emphasized by reformers like Swami Dayanand Saraswati and Swami Vivekananda. By condemning untouchability and the caste system, the movements promoted ideas of brotherhood and equality, which attracted the so-called lower castes and helped unify different sections of society. The reformers also stressed the importance of women in society, encouraging their participation in the national movement. Moreover, these movements challenged British domination, with Swami Dayanand being the first to use the term ‘Swaraj’ and raise the slogan ‘India for the Indians.’ The socio-religious reform movements thus helped to create a consciousness of a new society that was free from caste, creed, and religious privileges, laying the groundwork for a united struggle for independence.
Q. How did the socio-religious reform movements of the 19th century address the issues of caste and gender inequality?
Answer: The socio-religious reform movements of the 19th century addressed caste and gender inequality through various means. Reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy and Jyotiba Phule worked tirelessly to challenge the rigid caste system that perpetuated social inequalities. Rammohan Roy campaigned for the abolition of the caste system and worked towards creating a society where individual rights were respected regardless of caste. Similarly, Jyotiba Phule, who was critical of Hindu religion and customs, sought to uplift the lower castes and promote social justice. He founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj to secure social justice for the weaker sections of society and wrote the book “Ghulamgiri” to highlight the hardships faced by the lower castes. In terms of gender inequality, these reform movements fought for the upliftment of women. Rammohan Roy condemned practices like sati, purdah, and polygamy, advocating for the right of widows to remarry and demanding inheritance rights for women. Jyotiba Phule, along with his wife, Savitribai Phule, worked towards the education of women, believing that education was key to maintaining their status and superiority. The reformers’ efforts in both caste and gender issues were crucial in laying the foundation for a more equal and just society in India.
Q. What was the role of Raja Rammohan Roy in the development of Indian journalism?
Answer: Raja Rammohan Roy played a pivotal role in the development of Indian journalism. Recognizing the power of the press in spreading ideas and influencing public opinion, he established several journals in multiple languages, including Bengali, English, Hindi, and Persian. His publications aimed to disseminate scientific, literary, and political knowledge among Indians and to raise awareness about current issues. One of his notable contributions was the Bengali weekly ‘Samwad Kaumudi,’ through which he advocated for social reforms and addressed issues like the abolition of sati and the promotion of women’s rights. Additionally, he started a Persian journal called ‘Mirat-ul-Akhbar,’ which served as a platform for discussing political and social matters, as well as for representing popular demands and grievances before the British government. Raja Rammohan Roy’s efforts in journalism were instrumental in creating an informed and active public that could engage with the pressing issues of the time, thereby laying the groundwork for a broader national consciousness and the eventual rise of Indian nationalism.
Q. Describe the role and objectives of the East India Association founded by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1866.
Answer: The East India Association was founded by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1866 in London with the aim of providing information on Indian subjects to British citizens and Members of Parliament. The Association served as a platform to voice the grievances of Indians and suggest remedial measures. Dadabhai Naoroji believed that the British were just and good, and he sought to present the true state of affairs in India to the people of England, hoping that this would lead to the resolution of Indian problems. The Association also established branches in Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai to further its objectives.
Q. Explain the significance of the Indian Association in the context of Indian nationalism.
Answer: The Indian Association, founded in 1876 under the leadership of Surendranath Banerjee, played a crucial role in the development of Indian nationalism. It was one of the earliest attempts to create an All-India Movement, bringing together lawyers, professionals, and the educated middle class. The Association aimed to create a strong body of public opinion, integrate Indian people based on common political interests, and promote friendly relations between Hindus and Muslims. It also encouraged mass participation in public movements. Despite its efforts to launch agitations against oppressive Acts and advocate for workers’ rights, the Indian Association did not achieve an all-India character but laid the groundwork for future nationalistic efforts.
Q. Discuss the formation and early years of the Indian National Congress, highlighting the role of A.O. Hume and the significance of its first session.
Answer: The formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 marked a significant milestone in India’s struggle for independence. The idea of an all-India political body had been gaining traction among Indian leaders, and A.O. Hume, a retired British member of the Indian Civil Service, played a key role in bringing this idea to fruition. Hume wrote an open letter to the graduates of Calcutta University, urging them to form a union to organize a well-defined course of action. This appeal led to the foundation of the Indian National Union, which later became the Indian National Congress on December 28, 1885. The first session of the Congress, held in Mumbai under the presidentship of W.C. Bonnerjee, was attended by 72 delegates from all parts of India. This session laid the foundation for the Congress’s role as a platform for expressing the hopes and aspirations of the Indian people and set the stage for the future freedom movement.
Q. Describe the significance of the Lucknow Session of the Indian National Congress in 1916.
Answer: The Lucknow Session of the Indian National Congress in 1916 was a landmark event in the history of India’s struggle for independence. This session is significant for two main reasons: first, it marked the reunion of the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists within the Congress, who had split in 1907 during the Surat Session due to differences over methods of agitation. Second, the session is notable for the joint meeting with the All India Muslim League, which resulted in the signing of the Lucknow Pact. This pact was a crucial agreement between the Congress and the Muslim League, representing a united front against British colonial rule and laying the foundation for Hindu-Muslim cooperation in the national movement. The Lucknow Session thus played a pivotal role in strengthening the Indian freedom struggle by fostering unity among diverse political groups.
67. What were the major factors leading to the growth of Indian nationalism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
Answer: The growth of Indian nationalism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries can be attributed to several key factors:
- Economic Exploitation: The British colonial policies led to the systematic exploitation of India’s resources, causing widespread poverty and economic hardship among Indians. This exploitation fostered a sense of resentment and resistance among the Indian populace.
- Repressive Colonial Policies: The British government’s repressive measures, including harsh laws and discriminatory practices, further alienated Indians and fueled the desire for self-governance.
- Socio-Religious Reform Movements: Reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, and others played a crucial role in awakening the Indian consciousness and promoting ideas of social and political change. These movements emphasized the need for unity and the rejection of social evils, thereby laying the groundwork for nationalism.
- Role of the Press: The emergence of an Indian press played a vital role in spreading nationalist ideas and creating awareness among the masses. Newspapers and journals became platforms for discussing political issues, criticizing British policies, and mobilizing public opinion against colonial rule.
