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Indigenous System of Education in Nagaland: NBSE Class 11
Here, you will find summaries, questions, answers, textbook solutions, pdf, extras etc. of (Nagaland Board) NBSE Class 11 Education Chapter 7: Indigenous System of Education in Nagaland. These solutions, however, should be only treated as references and can be modified/changed.
If you notice any errors in the notes, please mention them in the comments
Introduction
The Indigenous System of Education in Nagaland is a unique blend of traditional practices and cultural heritage. This system, deeply rooted in the Naga society, revolves around three primary institutions: the family, the Morung, and the festivals.
The family, being the first institution of learning, plays a pivotal role in the economic, ethical, and sexual education of the Nagas. Trades of economic value such as basket weaving, cloth making, and farming are taught at home. The family also imparts ethical values and sex education to the younger generation. The principle of socialism, “from everyone according to capacity and to each one according to need,” is a fundamental tenet followed by every Naga family.
The Morung, an exclusive educational system for boys, is another significant institution of learning. It plays a crucial role in preserving the culture and social heritage of the tribe. The Morung serves as a center of learning, where young boys are taught the methods of agriculture and other domestic works.
Festivals are an integral part of Naga culture and serve as tools for learning and passing on culture to the next generation. Each tribe has its unique festivals, often accompanied by traditional dress, folk songs, dances, feasts, and games. The famous ‘war dance’ performed by men, accompanied by folk songs and war cries, is a highlight of these festivals. Indigenous musical instruments such as bamboo mouth organs, cup-violins, bamboo flutes, trumpets, and drums made of cattle skin are used during these celebrations.
Despite the spread of Christianity among the Naga people, these festivals are still celebrated with great fervor. The Government of Nagaland has introduced the Hornbill Festival, known as the festival of festivals, to preserve and promote the rich cultural heritage of the state.
Textual questions and answers
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. What are the three institutions of indigenous education in Nagaland?
Answer: The three institutions of indigenous education in Nagaland are family, Morung, and festivals.
2. Explain the secret of domestic harmony in Naga families.
Answer: The secret of domestic harmony in Naga families is that the husband and wife respect each other.
3. What is the importance of Morung for unmarried boys?
Answer: Morung was important for unmarried boys as a place to sleep, guard the village, and receive training and education.
4. Why joint families are not existing among Nagas?
Answer: Among Nagas, joint family system is not found. They are independent-minded people and do not like depending on others for their livelihood. Sons build their own homes after getting married rather than living with their parents.
5. Where the general community services were performed in the village?
Answer: The general community services were performed in the Morung in the village.
6. When is the Hornbill festival celebrated?
Answer: The Hornbill Festival is held every year from December 1 to 10.
7. Where are the models of Morung belonging to different tribes built in Nagaland?
Answer: The models of Morung belonging to different tribes of Nagaland are built at Kisama, in the district Kohima.
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is the use of log drums?
Answer: Log drums are kept in the Morung and are used on certain occasions like festivals as a musical instrument. The nature of the situation would be indicated by the different sounds of the log drum.
2. Morung was the primary educational institution. Explain.
Answer: ‘Morung’ or communal dormitory for young men and women was the most important traditional institution of the Naga tribes within the village. Every khel (cluster of clans) had a Morung. It was the primary educational institution that nurtured and prepared the young of every clan for life and living. All clan/khel/village history, songs, folklores and legends, traditional practices, including the laws governing community living, were taught in the Morung.
3. Write a paragraph on the curriculum activities of Morung.
Answer: Activities of Morung are never organised. These are spontaneous, and members respond naturally. Morung is an institution where young people are given training in discipline and proper instructions for every field of life. As there were no schools so, Morung played an important role in making young people effective members of society. They (men) learn the arts of handcraft like Bamboo work, Wood carving, Basket making, Cane work, and Black smithy. During their stay in girls’ dormitories, the women learn different kinds of arts like Cloth making, Embroidery. For preserving the cultural heritage of the past they learn the art of dancing and singing. Through the medium of folk music, dance, folk tales and historical traditions are narrated orally. Carving figures on stone and wood and design on clothes, especially on shawls, etc., are other handicrafts taught in a Morung. The learning and teaching processes take place in Morung.
4. What is the importance of dance among the Nagas?
Answer: Naga dances are accompanied by music or shouts of some kind. Nagas perform a variety of dances. The dances are performed during social functions and religious ceremonies. Nagas love dancing and singing. The famous ‘war dance’ is performed by a group of men accompanied by folk songs and war cries by the dance troupe.
5. Explain the general intention of Naga festivals.
Answer: Most of the festivals revolve around agriculture, which is the mainstay of the Naga society. People, irrespective of gender and age, dressed in colourful traditional attire, participate in traditional games, music, folk songs and dance, etc., to celebrate the festival. Naga festivals have lost their glory ever since Christianity spread its roots among the Naga people. However, festivals are still celebrated by different tribes even today with the great purpose of preserving the culture and social heritage of the tribe.
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Explain Morung as a centre of learning.
Answer: The ‘Morung’ or communal dormitory for young men and women was the most important traditional institution of the Naga tribes within the village. Every khel (cluster of clans) had a Morung. It was the primary educational institution that nurtured and prepared the young of every clan for life and living. All clan/khel/village history, songs, folklores and legends, traditional practices, including the laws governing community living, were taught in the Morung. Morung also served as the fortress of the village, where young unmarried men used to sleep and guard the village. Morung is an Ahom word which means houses, barracks or dormitories where unmarried boys sleep in group. The Morung is the heart of the village organisation and a base for village administration. It was the institutionalised mechanism of social control and education. Morung can be compared to Pathsala of Vedic period.
2. Write an essay on Morung, its role as an educational agency.
Answer: Morung, an exclusive system of education for boys in Nagaland, played a pivotal role as an educational agency. It was a big hall built separately for young men to sleep and to keep watch at night on the enemies. Morung was a large building and very important and prominent structure in the village. It was located at the entrance of the village or on a spot from where the whole village could be guarded effectively. After attaining the age of puberty, boys were admitted to their respective dormitory. Men could sleep at Morung for some time even after their marriage. Generally, these were for unmarried boys. There was no fee for staying in the Morung, but all the members had to take part in the activities of a Morung. Morung acted as the hospitality centre of the community where visitors were admitted for temporary stay. They were entertained in the Morung. Morung was autonomous body free from any external influences on its administration activities. They had their own councillors, advisors and administrators from among the senior members of the village.
3. Explain the economic functions of Naga family.
Answer: In Naga society, family is of prime importance as a social unit. Social organisation is based on family being the prime economic unit. The household and its property, house and farm land, are operated as single economic and social unit with the cooperative help of senior members of the family. Trades of economic value are first learnt in the farm or home. Basket and Mat weaving cloth making etc., are taught at home and cultivation is always learnt in the field or family farm. It is the duty of parents or relatives or grandparents to teach young boys the methods of agriculture. Girls learn the fetching of fire wood and water for home and also other domestic works. Young children watch the elders performing their duties and later they are asked to join the activity. On making mistakes they try again. Every Naga contributed his/her services to the family. Family followed the “Principle of Socialism” “from every one according to capacity and to each one according to need.”
Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions
1. Nagaland is a “Land of Festivals.” Justify.
Answer: Nagaland is known as the ‘Land of Festivals’ because the state abounds with festivities all through the year. It is predominantly a tribal state, and most of the festivals revolve around agriculture, which is the mainstay of the Naga society. People, irrespective of gender and age, dressed in colourful traditional attire, participate in traditional games, music, folk songs and dance, etc., to celebrate the festival. Even though Naga festivals have lost some of their glory ever since Christianity spread its roots among the Naga people, festivals are still celebrated by different tribes even today with a great purpose of preserving culture and social heritage of the tribe. The Government of Nagaland introduced the festival of festivals involving the Hornbill Festival which is held every year. At Kisama, in the district Kohima, a permanent site is developed where models of Morung belonging to different tribes of Nagaland are built.
Additional/extra questions and answers
1. What is the population and geographical size of Nagaland as per the 2011 Census?
Answer: The population of Nagaland, as per the 2011 Census, was 19.78 lakh. The state covers a geographical area of 16,579 square kilometers.
2. Describe the location and boundaries of Nagaland.
Answer: Nagaland is located in the northeastern part of India. It is bounded by Myanmar and Arunachal Pradesh in the east, Assam in the west and north, and Manipur in the south.
3. How many major tribes inhabit Nagaland and what are their names?
Answer: Nagaland is inhabited by 16 major tribes. These are Ao, Angami, Chang, Konyak, Lotha, Sumi, Chakhesang, Khiamniungam, Kachari, Phom, Rengma, Sangtam, Yimchungru, Kuki, Zeliang, and Pochury.
4. What are the common features of Naga tribal huts?
Answer: Naga tribal huts are typically constructed with wood, bamboo, and straw. Each tribe has its own distinctive design, but a common characteristic is that they all decorate the entrances of their huts with the skulls of animals.
5. What are the typical traditional crafts among the Nagas?
Answer: Nagas are efficient in iron works and are skillful in making baskets, pottery, and other bamboo products. They are also experts in carpentry and stone work. Women are traditionally skilled in weaving, creating intricate designs on simple loin looms.
Q. Explain the significance of clothing in Naga culture.
Answer: Clothing plays a significant role in Naga culture. Each tribe has unique patterns for clothes and textiles according to their customs and tribal affiliations. The textiles, primarily woven by women, are intricate and artistic. The designs of shawls and mekhala (wrap-around) differ for men and women. The shawls are colorful, and their designs denote a person’s social status. Each tribe has its own common shawls for men and women, as well as for married and unmarried people.
Q. Discuss the use and significance of ornaments in Naga culture.
Answer: Ornaments form an indispensable part of the Naga costume. Both men and women wear them, and they’re made from a variety of materials, such as metals, bones, ivory, cowries, shells, cane, leather, orchids, and wood. Neck ornaments typically consist of beads, shells, cornelian stones, trunks, and horns. A necklace made from an opaque red stone, worn on a thread or string made of cone, is highly valued. Social status can be indicated by a conch shell worn with a bead chain. An ivory gauntlet or bracelet is a treasured ornament. Leggings often feature blue, red, or yellow dye cane rings. Women also wear earrings, wristlets, and bracelets made from brass, copper, lead, and silver.
Q. Describe the Naga way of life in relation to land, family, and village.
Answer: The Naga way of life is deeply interconnected with their land, family, clan, khel (cluster of clans), and village. The villages are usually located atop hills for defensive reasons. Each tribe has unique customs, languages, and attire, making them distinct from each other. Furthermore, their homes, constructed from wood, bamboo, and straw, and decorated with animal skulls, are not just dwellings but an embodiment of their tribe’s distinct designs and traditions. Their crafts, such as ironworks, basketry, pottery, and weaving, further reflect the integration of their lives with their land and resources. The importance of family and clan is evident in their social structures and practices, including their clothes and ornaments, which signify social status and individual identity.
Q. What is the role of Naga women in their community and in what ways has the Naga Mothers Association (NMA) influenced Nagaland?
Answer: Naga women play a critical role in their communities, both individually and collectively. They have been instrumental in helping their communities survive and in facilitating human development and peace across the state. The Naga Mothers Association (NMA) is a central entity in Nagaland, playing a key role in advocating for gender justice, promoting social harmony, empowering women politically, and facilitating peace between various warring underground factions and the government.
Q. What are the two major farming systems practiced in Nagaland and what are the main crops grown there?
Answer: The two major farming systems practiced in Nagaland are jhum cultivation and terrace rice cultivation, also known as wet rice cultivation. The main crops grown in the state are rice, which is the staple food of the Nagas, maize, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, and potatoes. Ginger is also a significant crop.
Q. What is the role of horticulture in Nagaland’s economy and what are the main fruits and spices grown there?
Answer: Horticulture is a main activity in Nagaland. The fruits and spices grown include orange, various citrus fruits, passion fruit, pineapple, banana, Naga chilli, cardamom, ginger, turmeric, black pepper, betel vine, cashew nut, guava, plum, and apple. These products significantly contribute to the state’s economy and represent a critical agricultural activity alongside forestry, logging, fishing, mining, and quarrying.
Q. What are the reasons for the slow growth of industrialization in Nagaland and how is the state promoting industrial growth?
Answer: The slow growth of industrialization in Nagaland can be attributed to the remoteness of the state, lack of road connectivity, and inadequate infrastructure facilities. Special land laws that restrict the transfer of land to non-locals also pose a challenge. However, to promote industrial growth, the state has set up an Industrial Growth Centre (IGC) and a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Dimapur. The Nagaland Handloom and Handicrafts Development Corporation Ltd also plays a crucial role in promoting the marketing of handloom and handicraft products.
Q. What are the major minerals available in Nagaland and where can these resources be found in the state?
Answer: Nagaland is rich in various mineral resources including coal, limestone, nickel, cobalt, chromium, magnetite, copper, zinc, platinum, petroleum, and natural gas. Coal deposits can be found in Nazira, Borjan, and Teru valley of Mon district. Limestone is available at Wazeho and Satuza in Phek district and at Nimi belt in Tuensang district. Ores of nickeliferous chromite-magnetite occur in the Ultra Basic Belt at Pokhpur in Tuensang district. Additionally, the state has unutilized and unexploited resources of limestone, marble, granite, petroleum, and natural gas. The soil in Nagaland is mainly of two types, ferruginous red soil and laterites, which may have implications for the mineral content and agricultural practices in the region.
Q. Describe the structure and dynamics of a traditional Naga family.
Answer: Traditional Naga family is characterized by a strong bond and respect among its members which include husband, wife, their unmarried and minor children, and sometimes other relatives. The father is the authority figure who exercises control over the entire family. Children, on the other hand, support, take care of, and comfort their elderly parents, a practice that is obligatory in traditional Naga society. Married couples show great respect towards each other, which serves as the foundation of domestic harmony. However, they usually don’t address each other by first names but as the parents of their child. Once sons are married, they move out to build their own homes. Naga society doesn’t typically have a joint family system, but invalid parents or older folks are cared for by the sons and relatives.
Q. What is the significance of the family unit in the economic and educational functions in Naga society?
Answer: In Naga society, the family is the primary economic unit as well as the first institution of learning. The household, along with its property, house, and farmland, operate as a single economic unit with the help of senior members. Trades of economic value, such as basket and mat weaving, cloth making, and cultivation are taught at home and in the field. Children learn these skills by observing and participating in activities with elders. In terms of education, parents and relatives play a vital role in teaching boys the methods of agriculture and girls domestic tasks. Savings were also taught when there were no banks. Ethically, parents are responsible for imparting sound ethics and behaviors to their children. Respect and honor towards elders is a key lesson taught through various means, including dramas and role plays.
Q. How are roles divided in a traditional Naga family?
Answer: In traditional Naga families, roles are divided based on gender and age. The father, being the head of the family, is in authority over the entire family. Boys, when they come of age, are taught by parents or relatives the methods of agriculture and are expected to contribute to the farming work. Girls learn domestic tasks such as fetching firewood and water for home. Once the sons are married, they move out of their parents’ house and build their own homes. It’s their duty to care for old or invalid parents. Every member of the family, irrespective of their age, contributes their services to the family.
Q. What does the “Principle of Socialism” mean in the context of the Naga family, and how does it apply to their lifestyle?
Answer: In the context of a Naga family, the “Principle of Socialism” refers to the idea that every member of the family contributes according to their capacity, and receives according to their need. This principle applies to their lifestyle in that it underpins the economic and social organization of the family. Each family member, from the children to the elderly, contributes to the family’s wellbeing and sustenance in ways suitable to their age and ability. For instance, young boys learn methods of agriculture and girls learn to fetch firewood and water for home. This sharing of tasks and responsibilities supports the economic viability of the family unit, while also ensuring that every family member’s needs are met.
Q. How are ethical lessons imparted to children in Naga society, and what is the significance of this practice?
Answer: Ethical lessons in Naga society are imparted by parents to their children in an informal way. This is typically done when the children sit around the kitchen for meals or during work in the farms. Respect and honor towards parents and elders are primary lessons that are taught. Often, through dramas and role-playing, young ones are taught the law of conduct. Elder Naga parents always live with one of the children and are looked after by them, reinforcing the values of loyalty, respect, and care for the elderly. This practice plays a significant role in fostering the moral fabric of Naga society, nurturing children to grow up as honest, loyal, and hardworking individuals.
Q. Who are primarily responsible for imparting sex education in the Naga society?
Answer: In the Naga society, the primary responsibility for imparting sex education lies with the elder members of the family, including grandparents, uncles, and aunts.
Q. What is the typical nature of sex education in the Naga society?
Answer: Sex education in the Naga society is informal and shared with semi-secrecy. There are minimal external influences and distractions, leading to fewer vices creeping into the society. This education circulates within the close-knit family structure.
Q. How does the lack of modern technologies like TV and cell phones affect the Naga society, specifically in terms of family dynamics?
Answer: The absence of modern technologies like TV and cell phones in the Naga society encourages more intimate, heart-to-heart conversations among family members, typically around the fireplace in the kitchen. This results in very close and strong family bonds, based on mutual understanding. Family members spend their leisure time together, which reinforces these relationships and their attachment to the family unit.
Q. What is the role and significance of ‘Morung’ in the Naga tribes?
Answer: The ‘Morung’ or communal dormitory is an essential traditional institution in the Naga tribes. It’s a primary educational institution that prepares the young of every clan for life and living. It is the place where all clan, khel, or village history, songs, folklores and legends, traditional practices, and laws governing community living are taught. It also serves as the fortress of the village, providing a place for young unmarried men to sleep and guard the village. The Morung is the heart of the village organization and forms a base for village administration, serving as an institutionalized mechanism of social control and education.
Q. Can you explain the literal meaning of the term ‘Morung’ and how it fits into the structure of a typical Naga village?
Answer: The term ‘Morung’ is an Ahom word that means houses, barracks, or dormitories where unmarried boys sleep in a group. Although it’s not a Naga word, each tribe has its own equivalent term. The Morung, typically a large, prominent building, is strategically positioned either at the entrance of the village or on a spot from where the entire village can be effectively guarded. Functioning as the village’s heart, the Morung plays a crucial role in village organization and administration. Comparable to the Pathsala of the Vedic period, it is an institutionalized mechanism of social control and education.
Q. Could you elaborate on the modern usage of Morung in Naga tribes and the responsibilities of its members?
Answer: Today, the term ‘Morung’ is used to refer to all dormitories for boys across Naga tribes. These dormitories are typically separately built or situated in the house of the village chief or a wealthy individual. After reaching puberty, boys are admitted to their respective Morung. Even married men can temporarily stay at the Morung. While there is no fee for staying, all members are expected to participate in the Morung’s activities. The Morung’s main functions include being a place for young men to sleep and to keep a vigilant watch for enemies, especially at night. It is an important social structure that serves as an educational institution, imparting traditional knowledge and practices while nurturing young men for life and living in their communities.
Q. What was the role of the Morung in past village warfare, and how did they prepare the youth?
Answer: The Morung played a significant role in the military strategy of villages. It was in the Morung that war raids were planned and discussed. All hunting equipment like spears, shields, daos, and guns were kept in the Morung. They also preserved and displayed enemy heads as war trophies. The Morung served as an autonomous body, immune to any external influences on its administrative activities. It had its own councillors, advisors, and administrators chosen from the senior members of the village. As part of training the youth, a course was conducted to test their courage, ingenuity, and endurance, thereby preparing them for high positions in the village and society.
Q. What were the community services performed by the male members of Morung?
Answer: Male members of Morung performed a variety of community services. They acted as messengers, carrying messages to other villages. They also provided assistance to needy families or individuals in the village. They took part in social services like cleaning the village, repairing houses and platforms. Morung, as an institution, also helped the orphans, widows, the poor, the disabled, and the weak. A principle of sharing and ‘each for all’ was followed in their daily activities. Those performing selfless service in the society were highly respected.
Q. How was communication managed in case of an attack on the village?
Answer: A password was given to every man of the village for communication during an attack. On hearing the password, every person would take up his battle axe and spear. Large hollow trees, or log drums, were kept in the Morung, which were beaten with large wooden sticks to indicate the nature of the situation. Different sounds of the log drum signaled different situations. Besides, the log drum was capable of producing a tremendous noise and was also used as a musical instrument on certain occasions.
Q. Can you describe the characteristics of Nagaland as a tourist destination and list the top attraction?
Answer: Nagaland, located in the northeast of India, is a breathtaking tourist destination known for its majestic hills and valleys. The serene atmosphere allows tourists to unwind and relax, while the exquisite landscapes and beautiful sunrise and sunsets elevate their spirits. It also offers adventure activities like trekking, jungle camping, and rock climbing. The capital, Kohima, is the top attraction in the state. Located at a height of 1500 m above sea level, Kohima offers picturesque views and numerous opportunities for trekking and camping.
Q. What are some significant aspects of Dimapur in Nagaland?
Answer: Dimapur is the main entry point into Nagaland, serving as the commercial center of the state. It is well-loved by both nature and history lovers due to its scenic landscape and the 10th century Kachari ruins found there.
Q. Describe the district of Mokokchung in Nagaland and its unique characteristics.
Answer: Mokokchung is considered the cultural and intellectual capital of Nagaland and is one of the most important districts in the state. The area is characterised by picturesque hills and musical sounds of running streams. While the majority of the Aos tribespeople here have converted to Christianity, they retain the essence of their tribal features. Mokokchung is especially vibrant during the festival seasons.
Q. What makes Wokha a significant village in Nagaland?
Answer: Wokha is a village in Nagaland that offers an insight into rural life. It is the homeland of the Lotha tribe. The land is rich in fruits like pineapples, oranges and plums, which are grown organically, making them free of pesticides. The surrounding paths that lead to the forests are a treat for nature lovers.
Q. Explain the geographical and cultural significance of Mon in Nagaland.
Answer: Mon is situated at an altitude of 897.64 m above sea level and is one of the most mystic places in Nagaland with a rich tribal heritage. Its northeastern geographical location within the state adds to its mystical appeal. The landscapes here are spectacular, and it is a nature lover’s delight. One of the best views is the Assam plains seen from Mon.
Q. Can you describe the natural beauty of Phek in Nagaland?
Answer: Phek in Nagaland is rich in flora and fauna and known for its scenic landscapes. With evergreen forests occupying over 70% of Phek, stunning natural beauty is to be expected. Majestic mountains and picturesque lakes enhance the breathtaking scenery in Phek.
Q. What are the characteristics and attractions of Kiphire in Nagaland?
Answer: Kiphire, overlooking Mountain Saramati, the highest peak in Nagaland, is a small town in the Kiphire district. It boasts of awe-inspiring landscapes, and to its east is Myanmar. Adventure seekers can indulge in activities like trekking, canoeing, and rafting in Kiphire.
Q. Why is Nagaland referred to as the land of festivals?
Answer: Nagaland is known as the land of festivals as festivals were a vital part of early Naga education. Most of the festivals revolve around agriculture, which is the mainstay of Naga society. People, irrespective of gender and age, dress in colourful traditional attire and participate in traditional games, music, folk songs and dances to celebrate.
Q. Describe the Sekrenyi festival of the Angami tribe.
Answer: ‘Sekrenyi’ is the main festival of the Angami tribe. Celebrated in the month of February, on the 25th day of the Angami month of Kezei, it is a festival of purification involving feasting and singing. The most fascinating part is the ‘thekrahie,’ where young people of the village sit together and sing traditional songs throughout the day.
Q. What is the Moatsu festival of the Ao tribe?
Answer: ‘Moatsu’ is the main festival of the Ao tribe. Celebrated in the month of May for three days (1-3 May), this festival takes place after the sowing season when the earth begins to show signs of fertility. People indulge in the customary practice of preparing the best rice beer and traditional non-vegetarian dishes during the festival.
Q. What is the main festival of the Chakhesang tribe and when is it celebrated?
Answer: Sukrunyi is the main festival of the Chakhesang tribe and it is celebrated on 15th January.
Q. Briefly describe the ‘Naknyülüm’ festival of the Chang tribe.
Answer: Naknyülüm is the main festival of the Chang tribe, celebrated in July. It is marked by the exchange of gifts and food items among friends and relatives. Items such as meat, wine, and freshly baked bread are commonly used as gifts. Women play a musical instrument called Kongkhim during the festival. All individuals, irrespective of their age or gender, participate in feasting and merry-making throughout the day.
Q. How is the ‘Miu’ festival of the Khiamniungan tribe significant in maintaining family relations?
Answer: ‘Miu’ is the main festival of the Khiamniungan tribe, celebrated in the first week of May, which emphasizes the cordial relations and fosters close-knit relationships between the maternal uncle and his sister’s children, i.e., nephews and nieces. During the festival, the maternal uncle offers special prayers to the supernatural deity, requesting good health, a prosperous life, and power over enemies for his nephews and nieces.
Q. Describe in detail the celebrations and importance of the ‘Mimkut’ festival of the Kuki tribe.
Answer: ‘Mimkut’ is the main festival of the Kuki tribe, observed as the harvest festival. Kukis of Nagaland celebrate this festival on the 17th day of the Kuki month of Tolbol, which falls in January, every year. The celebration lasts for one week. Mimkut serves as a period of joy and merriment, marking the successful completion of the harvest season. Apart from Mimkut, Kukis also celebrate other festivals like ‘Chapphou Kut’ and ‘Chawang Kut’, including other smaller festivals, expressing their profound respect and gratitude towards nature.
Q. What is the ‘Aoleang Monyu’ festival of the Konyak tribe about and when is it observed?
Answer: ‘Aoleang Monyu’ is the main festival of the Konyak tribe, observed in the first week of Aoleang lee, which falls in April. Aoleang is celebrated after the completion of the sowing of seeds in new fields. The festival marks the end of the old year and welcomes the new year, which begins with spring. This festival signifies the cultural and agricultural cycle of the Konyak tribe and demonstrates their deep-rooted connection with the environment.
Q. Discuss the ‘Bishu’ festival of the Dimasa Kachari tribe and its significance.
Answer: ‘Bishu’ is the main festival of the Dimasa Kachari tribe. It is a post-harvest festival that usually falls in the month of January. The festival is celebrated after the hard-earned grains of paddy are harvested, thrashed, and stored in granaries. The celebration of Bishu indicates the completion of the harvest season and the preparation for the new agricultural cycle. It is a time of joy and thanksgiving for the bounty of nature.
Q. Provide a detailed account of the ‘Tokhu Emong’ festival of the Lotha tribe.
Answer: ‘Tokhu Emong’ is the main festival of the Lotha tribe, celebrated on the 7th of November after the harvest. The festival is an integral part of the cultural identity of the Lotha tribe. It signifies the culmination of the agricultural year and is a time for the community to come together to celebrate their hard work and success. The festival involves a variety of activities and is a testament to the tribe’s rich culture and traditions.
Q. Elucidate on the ‘Monyu’ festival of the Phom tribe, its rituals, and significance.
Answer: ‘Monyu’ is the main festival of the Phom tribe, celebrated in April, soon after the sowing season begins. A day or two prior to the festival, the green signal of the dawn of the festival is made by beating log drums with a distinct tune synchronized purposely for the event, traditionally named Lan Nyangshem. The festival symbolizes unity and strengthens familial bonds. On the occasion of Monyu, male members of the family display love and affection towards their married daughters or sisters by presenting them with the purest of rice beer and food specially prepared for them. It emphasizes respect for women and the importance of kinship in Phom society.
Q. What is the main festival of the Pochury tribe and what does it signify?
Answer: ‘Yemshe’ is the main festival of the Pochury tribe, which is celebrated in the month of October. This festival marks the arrival of a new harvest and symbolizes the prosperity and abundance of nature. It is an occasion for the community to come together to share their joy and gratitude for the successful harvest. It reinforces the sense of community and the tribe’s cultural heritage.
Q. What is the main festival of the Rengma tribe, and when is it celebrated?
Answer: The main festival of the Rengma tribe is ‘Ngada’, which is celebrated towards the end of November just after the harvest.
Q. Describe the Tuluni festival of the Sumi tribe.
Answer: Tuluni is the main festival of the Sumi tribe, which is celebrated in the month of July. The festival is marked by a feast, which occurs during the bountiful season of the year. An important aspect of this celebration is drinking rice beer, which is called Tuluni. During this festival, the fiance is invited to a grand dinner at the fiancee’s residence.
Q. Explain the significance of the Mongmong festival celebrated by the Sangtam tribe.
Answer: Mongmong is the main festival of the Sangtam tribe. It is celebrated in the first week of September and is observed in celebration of a good harvest for which the villagers have toiled throughout the year. It is a significant event, as it is a time for the tribe to come together and appreciate the fruits of their hard work, reinforcing community ties and connections to the land.
Q. What are the dates and rituals of the Metemneo festival of the Yimchunger tribe?
Answer: Metemneo is the main festival of the Yimchunger tribe, which is celebrated from 4-8 August every year, after the harvest of millet. The festival is inaugurated by an elder, known as Kheanpuru, after due prayers. The festival spans over five days, each with a different name: Shito, Zhihto, Zumto, Khehresuk, and Sheresuk. It is a time of religious and cultural significance where prayers and traditional customs are performed to commemorate the millet harvest.
Q. Discuss the Hega festival of the Zeliang tribe and its significance.
Answer: Hega is one of the most important and the biggest festival among the Zeliang tribe. It is observed in the month of February every year, a time when God’s blessings for prosperity, luck, protection, guidance, and courage are invoked. The festival plays a crucial role in the spiritual life of the tribe, serving as a communal moment of prayer and thanksgiving, where tribe members come together to seek divine intervention for their well-being and success in the upcoming year. It reflects their deep connection to their faith and their beliefs in divine guidance and protection.
Q. Describe the role of traditional dances, folk songs, and folk tales in the cultural practices of these tribes.
Answer: Traditional dances, folk songs, and folk tales are an integral part of the culture of these tribes. Folk songs are composed based on historical events, agricultural seasons, romantic events, etc., and are sung according to the occasion. Folk tales narrate stories of the ancestors and historical events. Traditional dances are performed on festivals and religious occasions. Such groups, consisting of men and women, perform the dances in a synchronised fashion in tune with folk songs. The famous ‘war dance’ is performed by a group of men accompanied by folk songs and war cries. Indigenous musical instruments such as bamboo mouth organs, cup-violins, bamboo flutes, trumpets, drums made of cattle skin, and log drums are used during the festivals. These traditions play a vital role in preserving the tribe’s history, values, and cultural identity, fostering a sense of community and continuity among its members.
53. What has been the impact of Christianity on Naga festivals, and how have the tribal communities responded?
Answer: Christianity’s spread among the Naga people has led to a decline in the grandeur of Naga festivals. Despite the influence of Christianity, these festivals are still celebrated by different tribes today, with a significant focus on preserving the cultural and social heritage of the tribe. In response to the changing cultural landscape, the Government of Nagaland introduced the festival of festivals, known as the Hornbill Festival. This annual event is held in Kisama, in the district of Kohima, where a permanent site has been developed featuring models of Morung belonging to different tribes of Nagaland. This initiative not only encourages the preservation and continuation of traditional practices but also fosters a sense of unity and cultural exchange among the diverse tribes of Nagaland. Thus, while Christianity has had an impact, the tribal communities have found ways to adapt and continue celebrating their unique cultural heritage.
Additional/extra MCQs
1. What is the population of Nagaland as per the 2011 Census?
A. 16.78 lakh B. 17.78 lakh C. 18.78 lakh D. 19.78 lakh
Answer: D. 19.78 lakh
2. Which state borders Nagaland in the south?
A. Assam B. Manipur C. Arunachal Pradesh D. Mizoram
Answer: B. Manipur
3. How many major tribes inhabit Nagaland?
A. 10 B. 12 C. 16 D. 20
Answer: C. 16
4. What are the Nagas’ huts primarily made of?
A. Stone and mud B. Wood, bamboo, and straw C. Clay and thatch D. Brick and cement
Answer: B. Wood, bamboo, and straw
5. What are the skulls of animals used for in Naga tribal culture?
A. Worship B. Medicine C. Decoration D. Trading
Answer: C. Decoration
Q. What is the main activity for women in all Naga tribes?
A. Farming B. Weaving C. Pottery D. Carpentry
Answer: B. Weaving
Q. What does the design of shawls in Naga culture denote?
A. Tribe’s origin B. Person’s age C. Person’s marital status D. Person’s social status
Answer: D. Person’s social status
Q. Which of the following is a valuable ornament in Naga culture?
A. Beaded necklace B. Ivory gauntlet C. Shell bracelet D. Metal ring
Answer: B. Ivory gauntlet
Q. What are the common materials used for making ornaments in Naga culture?
A. Gold and silver B. Iron and steel C. Copper and brass D. Metals, bones, ivory, and shells
Answer: D. Metals, bones, ivory, and shells
Q. What does a conch shell worn with a chain of beads imply in Naga culture?
A. Wealth B. Bravery C. Social status D. Good health
Answer: C. Social status
Q. What is the staple food of the Nagas in Nagaland?
A. Maize B. Potatoes C. Rice D. Sugarcane
Answer: C. Rice
Q. What is the major cultivation method practiced in Nagaland?
A. Wet rice cultivation B. Terrace rice cultivation C. Jhum cultivation D. Both A and B
Answer: D. Both A and B
Q. Which of the following is not a fruit grown in Nagaland?
A. Guava B. Banana C. Apple D. Mango
Answer: D. Mango
Q. What is one of the roles of the Naga Mothers Association (NMA)?
A. Commercial trading B. Gender justice C. Law enforcement D. Infrastructure development
Answer: B. Gender justice
Q. What has been set up in Dimapur to promote industrial growth?
A. Special Education Zone B. Industrial Safety Centre C. Industrial Growth Centre D. Health and Welfare Centre
Answer: C. Industrial Growth Centre
Q. In which district can coal deposits be found in Nagaland?
A. Phek district B. Mon district C. Tuensang district D. Dimapur district
Answer: B. Mon district
Q. Which organization promotes the marketing of handloom and handicraft products in Nagaland?
A. Nagaland Agriculture and Horticulture Corporation Ltd B. Nagaland Handloom and Handicrafts Development Corporation Ltd C. Nagaland Industrial Development Corporation Ltd D. Nagaland Infrastructure and Growth Corporation Ltd
Answer: B. Nagaland Handloom and Handicrafts Development Corporation Ltd
Q. Which of the following minerals is not found in Nagaland?
A. Limestone B. Nickel C. Platinum D. Gold
Answer: D. Gold
Q. Where in Nagaland are ores of nickeliferous chromite-magnetite found?
A. Nazira B. Pokhpur C. Wazeho D. Satuza
Answer: B. Pokhpur
Q. What is the primary soil type in Nagaland?
A. Sandy B. Clay C. Ferruginous red soil D. Loamy
Answer: C. Ferruginous red soil
Q. Who exercises authority over the entire Naga family?
A. Mother B. Children C. Father D. Elders
Answer: C. Father
Q. What is the relationship between a married couple in Naga society characterized by?
A. Competition B. Disrespect C. Respect D. Animosity
Answer: C. Respect
Q. In a traditional Naga family, who moves out to build their own homes after marriage?
A. Daughters B. Sons C. Grandparents D. Relatives
Answer: B. Sons
Q. How is the economic unit of Naga society organized?
A. Based on individuality B. Based on family C. Based on community D. Based on city
Answer: B. Based on family
Q. Who teaches young boys the methods of agriculture in Naga society?
A. School teachers B. Friends C. Parents or relatives D. Community leaders
Answer: C. Parents or relatives
Q. What is the duty of girls in the traditional Naga family?
A. Teaching B. Farming C. Fetching firewood and water D. Building houses
Answer: C. Fetching firewood and water
Q. Who are generally looked after by the sons and relatives in Naga society?
A. Young children B. Friends C. Old parents and invalid persons D. Neighbors
Answer: C. Old parents and invalid persons
Q. What principle is followed by the Naga family concerning contribution and need?
A. Principle of Capitalism B. Principle of Democracy C. Principle of Monarchy D. Principle of Socialism
Answer: D. Principle of Socialism
Q. Where are the ethical lessons primarily taught in Naga society?
A. In schools B. In community centers C. Around the kitchen and farms D. In churches
Answer: C. Around the kitchen and farms
Q. What trait is typically observed among Nagas?
A. Dishonesty B. Laziness C. Dependence D. Hardworking
Answer: D. Hardworking
Q. Who is primarily responsible for imparting sex education among boys and girls in Naga society?
A. Parents B. School teachers C. Elder members of the family D. Friends
Answer: C. Elder members of the family
Q. What kind of technology is not typically present in Naga society?
A. Radio B. TV C. Computers D. Landline phones
Answer: B. TV
Q. What traditional institution is critical in the Naga tribes for education and preparation of young individuals?
A. Church B. School C. Morung D. Community Center
Answer: C. Morung
Q. What does the word ‘Morung’ mean?
A. Village B. House C. Fortress D. Dormitories
Answer: D. Dormitories
Q. Where is a Morung typically located in a Naga village?
A. In the center of the village B. At the entrance of the village C. Near the river D. At the edge of the village
Answer: B. At the entrance of the village
Q. What historical period’s institution is Morung compared to?
A. Roman era B. Mughal era C. Vedic period D. British era
Answer: C. Vedic period
Q. At what age are boys typically admitted to the Morung?
A. At birth B. After attaining puberty C. After marriage D. At the age of ten
Answer: B. After attaining puberty
Q. Who can sleep in the Morung even after marriage?
A. Women B. Children C. Men D. Elderly
Answer: C. Men
Q. Who typically owns the house where a Morung can be located?
A. Village chief B. A poor man C. A childless couple D. An unmarried woman
Answer: A. Village chief
Q. What is the cost of staying in the Morung?
A. Expensive B. Moderate C. Cheap D. Free
Answer: D. Free
Q. What institution plays a crucial role in training young people in Naga society?
A. School B. College C. Morung D. University
Answer: C. Morung
Q. What craft is specifically taught to men in Morung?
A. Embroidery B. Cloth making C. Wood carving D. Pottery
Answer: C. Wood carving
Q. What is one of the arts taught to women in the Morung?
A. Black smithy B. Wood carving C. Cloth making D. Cane work
Answer: C. Cloth making
Q. Who makes the final decision when there are difficult problems in the Naga village?
A. Village Chief B. Young Men C. Alumni of Morung D. Both A and C
Answer: D. Both A and C
Q. Which game is most popular among the boys in Morung?
A. Soccer B. Wrestling C. Cricket D. Basketball
Answer: B. Wrestling
Q. What type of songs are sung in the Morung?
A. Folk songs B. Pop songs C. Country songs D. Rock songs
Answer: A. Folk songs
Q. What kind of dances do Nagas perform during social functions and religious ceremonies?
A. Ballet B. Modern C. Naga dances D. Hip-hop
Answer: C. Naga dances
Q. Who narrates the folktales and oral historical traditions in the Morung?
A. Children B. Women C. Priests or elder persons D. Young men
Answer: C. Priests or elder persons
Q. Where are guests entertained in the Naga community?
A. At homes B. In the Morung C. At the community center D. At restaurants
Answer: B. In the Morung
Q. What do Nagas learn to preserve the cultural heritage of the past in Morung?
A. Painting B. Dancing and singing C. Cooking D. Writing
Answer: B. Dancing and singing
Q. Where were war raids planned and discussed in ancient village warfare?
A. Village Square B. Elder’s House C. Morung D. King’s Court
Answer: C. Morung
Q. What were displayed as war trophies in the Morung?
A. Enemy’s Weapons B. Stolen Goods C. Enemy Heads D. Captured Animals
Answer: C. Enemy Heads
Q. Who were the administrators in the Morung selected from?
A. Village Youths B. Village Women C. Senior Members D. Outside the Village
Answer: C. Senior Members
Q. What was tested among the village boys as part of their training?
A. Strength B. Courage, Ingenuity, and Endurance C. Hunting Skills D. Leadership Skills
Answer: B. Courage, Ingenuity, and Endurance
Q. Which group of people in the village acted as messengers to other villages?
A. Village Elders B. Male Members of Morung C. Village Women D. Village Children
Answer: B. Male Members of Morung
Q. What was used to indicate the nature of the situation during an attack on the village?
A. Fire Signals B. Log Drum C. Battle Cries D. Smoke Signals
Answer: B. Log Drum
Q. Where is Nagaland located?
A. Northwest India B. Southwest India C. Northeast India D. Southeast India
Answer: C. Northeast India
Q. What adventure activities does Nagaland offer to tourists?
A. Skydiving, Bungee Jumping B. Surfing, Parasailing C. Trekking, Jungle Camping, Rock Climbing D. Skiing, Snowboarding
Answer: C. Trekking, Jungle Camping, Rock Climbing
Q. What is the capital of Nagaland?
A. Imphal B. Dispur C. Kohima D. Shillong
Answer: C. Kohima
Q. At what height above sea level is Kohima located?
A. 500 m B. 1000 m C. 1500 m D. 2000 m
Answer: C. 1500 m
Q. What is the main entry point into Nagaland?
A. Dimapur B. Mokokchung C. Wokha D. Kiphire
Answer: A. Dimapur
Q. Which district is considered the cultural and intellectual capital of Nagaland?
A. Phek B. Dimapur C. Mokokchung D. Mon
Answer: C. Mokokchung
Q. Which tribe is associated with the village of Wokha?
A. Ao B. Angami C. Kachari D. Lotha
Answer: D. Lotha
Q. What is the highest peak in Nagaland?
A. Kiphire B. Dimapur C. Saramati D. Mokokchung
Answer: C. Saramati
Q. What percentage of Phek is occupied by evergreen forests?
A. 50% B. 60% C. 70% D. 80%
Answer: C. 70%
Q. What is the main festival of the Angami tribe?
A. Moatsu B. Sekrenyi C. Thekrahie D. Kezei
Answer: B. Sekrenyi
Q. When is the Sekrenyi festival celebrated?
A. January B. February C. March D. April
Answer: B. February
Q. Which tribe celebrates the Moatsu festival?
A. Angami B. Ao C. Lotha D. Kachari
Answer: B. Ao
Q. In which month is the Moatsu festival celebrated?
A. March B. April C. May D. June
Answer: C. May
Q. What is grown organically in Wokha?
A. Apples B. Grapes C. Oranges D. Pineapples
Answer: D. Pineapples
Q. What is the main festival of the Chakhesang tribe?
A. Naknyülüm B. Miu C. Sukrunyi D. Mimkut
Answer: C. Sukrunyi
Q. When is the ‘Sukrunyi’ festival celebrated?
A. January B. May C. July D. November
Answer: A. January
Q. Which tribe celebrates the ‘Naknyülüm’ festival?
A. Chang B. Konyak C. Chakhesang D. Kuki
Answer: A. Chang
Q. What is the main festival of the Khiamniungan tribe?
A. Yemshe B. Miu C. Tokhu Emong D. Bishu
Answer: B. Miu
Q. In which month is the ‘Miu’ festival celebrated?
A. January B. April C. May D. July
Answer: C. May
Q. What is the main festival of the Kuki tribe?
A. Chapphou Kut B. Mimkut C. Monyu D. Aoleang Monyu
Answer: B. Mimkut
Q. What is the name of the festival of the Konyak tribe that is celebrated in April?
A. Bishu B. Yemshe C. Monyu D. Aoleang Monyu
Answer: D. Aoleang Monyu
Q. Which tribe celebrates the ‘Bishu’ festival?
A. Lotha B. Dimasa Kachari C. Pochury D. Phom
Answer: B. Dimasa Kachari
Q. Which tribe celebrates ‘Tokhu Emong’ as their main festival?
A. Chakhesang B. Lotha C. Kuki D. Chang
Answer: B. Lotha
Q. What is the main festival of the Pochury tribe?
A. Yemshe B. Monyu C. Naknyülüm D. Mimkut
Answer: A. Yemshe
Q. Which tribe celebrates the ‘Ngada’ festival?
A. Sumi tribe B. Sangtam tribe C. Rengma tribe D. Yimchunger tribe
Answer: C. Rengma tribe
Q. In which month is the ‘Tuluni’ festival celebrated?
A. February B. July C. November D. September
Answer: B. July
Q. What is the name of the rice beer that forms an integral part of the ‘Tuluni’ festival?
A. Zhihto B. Hega C. Tuluni D. Mongmong
Answer: C. Tuluni
Q. Which tribe celebrates the ‘Mongmong’ festival?
A. Sumi tribe B. Sangtam tribe C. Rengma tribe D. Yimchunger tribe
Answer: B. Sangtam tribe
Q. When is the ‘Metemneo’ festival celebrated?
A. 4-8 August B. End of November C. First week of September D. Month of February
Answer: A. 4-8 August
Q. Which tribe is associated with the ‘Hega’ festival?
A. Sumi tribe B. Sangtam tribe C. Zeliang tribe D. Rengma tribe
Answer: C. Zeliang tribe
Q. Which festival is held at a permanent site in Kisama, Kohima district?
A. Tuluni festival B. Hega festival C. Hornbill festival D. Metemneo festival
Answer: C. Hornbill festival
Q. Which of the following musical instruments is NOT used in the tribe’s festivals?
A. Bamboo mouth organs B. Cup-violins C. Trumpets D. Electric guitar
Answer: D. Electric guitar
Q. What has led to the decline in the grandeur of Naga festivals?
A. Spread of Christianity B. Government regulations C. Economic hardship D. Loss of traditional music
Answer: A. Spread of Christianity
90. Who inaugurates the ‘Metemneo’ festival?
A. Zhihto B. Kheanpuru C. Hega D. Zumto
Answer: B. Kheanpuru
