Legislature at the Central and State Level: NBSE Class 11 Pol Sci

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Here, you will find summaries, questions, answers, textbook solutions, pdf, extras etc. of (Nagaland Board) NBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 14: Legislature at the Central and State Level. These solutions, however, should be only treated as references and can be modified/changed.

Introduction

The chapter provides an in-depth exploration of the legislative process at both the central and state levels in democratic countries, with a particular focus on India. It underscores the legislature’s role as the chief organ responsible for law-making and financial control, emphasizing that no taxes can be imposed without its sanction. It also highlights the legislature’s function as a platform for ventilating the grievances of the people, with discussion and debates serving as the primary methods for expressing feelings and demands.

It delves into the various mechanisms through which the legislature exercises control over the Executive, such as the Question Hour, Zero Hour, No-Confidence Motion, and others. The Question Hour, often the liveliest part of the sitting in both Houses, keeps the Ministers on their toes, serving as a valuable protection against governmental slackness and injustice. The Zero Hour, beginning at 12 o’clock soon after the Question Hour, allows members to raise all types of questions without any permission or prior notice.

It discusses the stages through which a Bill passes before it becomes an Act of Parliament. It further explores the relative strength of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, particularly in matters of Money Bills and control over the Executive. The Constitution recognizes the supremacy of the Lok Sabha in most matters, with the Rajya Sabha in a weaker position.

Textual questions and answers

A. Long answer questions

1. With reference to the composition and formation of the Rajya Sabha answer the following questions:

(a) What is the manner of election of its Members?

Answer: The representatives of each State in the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of each State. The representatives of the Union Territories shall be chosen in such manner as Parliament may prescribe. The three representatives from Delhi are elected by the members of the Legislative Assembly.

(b) What are the qualifications of the Members of the Rajya Sabha?

Answer: In order to be chosen a member of the Rajya Sabha, a person must be a Citizen of India, must be not less than 30 years of age, and must possess such additional qualifications as may be prescribed by laws from time to time.

(c) What is the term or duration of this House?

Answer: The Rajya Sabha is not subject to dissolution. Therefore, it is called the permanent House of the Parliament. It is a permanent body like the American Senate. One-third of its members retire at the end of every second year. New members are elected to fill the seats thus vacated. It means that the members of the Rajya Sabha have a six-year term.

2. Discuss the powers and functions of the Rajya Sabha.

Answer: The powers and functions of the Rajya Sabha may be considered under the following heads: 

Legislative Powers: All bills, other than Money Bills, can originate in the Rajya Sabha. No bill can become a law unless agreed to by both the Houses. In case of disagreement, the President may summon both the Houses in a joint meeting. At the joint sitting questions are decided by a majority of the members of both Houses present and voting.

A Money Bill can originate in the Lok Sabha only. In financial matters the Rajya Sabha can only make recommendation or suggestions. The Lok Sabha may or may not accept any of the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha.

A Bill to amend the Constitution may originate in either House. A Bill amending the Constitution should be passed by each House of Parliament.

The Ministers stay in office as long as they command the confidence of the Lok Sabha. But the Rajya Sabha can exercise control over Council of Ministers by means of questions, discussion and debates. Moreover, ministers may be appointed from its members.

The Rajya Sabha holds significant powers in the Indian legislative system. It participates in the election of the President and the Vice-President, and plays a crucial role in the impeachment of the President and the removal of Judges of the Supreme Court or High Courts. The Rajya Sabha’s approval is necessary for the continuation of the Proclamation of Emergency. In India’s federal setup, the Rajya Sabha, recognized as a ‘Council of States’, adopts resolutions on matters of national interest and can create new All-India Services.

The Rajya Sabha is a permanent chamber, not subject to dissolution like the Lok Sabha, which allows it to play a major role during periods when the Lok Sabha is dissolved. This includes approving the proclamation of Emergency by the President and President’s Rule in a State. It is not merely a revisory body; many bills have been first introduced in the Rajya Sabha. The views expressed by its members, some of whom are elder statesmen and able parliamentarians, are given much weightage. The Rajya Sabha also deals initially with a majority of Private Bills, demonstrating its utility in the legislative process.

3. The Lok Sabha is not only a law-making body, it is a multi-functional institution. Refer to its:

(a) Legislative Powers

Answer:  The Parliament is competent to make laws on matters in the Union List and the Concurrent List. It can legislate even on subjects included in the State List under certain circumstances. In actual fact, the Parliament has lost its law-making powers to the Cabinet. More than 95 percent of the Bills are government bills, prepared in the Ministries. They are drafted by the civil servants and are introduced, explained and defended in Parliament by the Ministers. With the support of majority of the members, the Cabinet gets them passed by Parliament.

(b) Control over the Executive

Answer: The Constitution lays down that “the Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the House of the People.” The Ministers continue in office so long as they enjoy the confidence of a majority of members in the Lok Sabha. There are several devices through which the Parliament exercises control over the Executive. This will be discussed in more detail later in this chapter. 

(c) Control over the National Finance

Answer: Control over the National Treasury affords proof of the Lok Sabha’s superiority. The Parliament passes the Union Budget which contains the estimates of receipts and expenditure of the Government of India in respect of a financial year. The estimates of expenditure are shown in two parts: (i) expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India; and (ii) the sums required to meet other expenditure of the Government. 

The expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund does not require an annual vote of Parliament, but either House of Parliament is at liberty to discuss the estimates. The other expenditure is submitted in the form of Demands for Grants to the Lok Sabha.

4. Kheki wanted to know that if Rajya Sabha was such a weak chamber, why should it not be abolished. How would you answer his question? (Or) What is the relative strength of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha in matters of Money Bill and Control over the Executive? What are the special powers of the Rajya Sabha? What useful role does it play in India’s political system?

Answer: The Constitution clearly recognises the supremacy of the Lok Sabha in most matters. Money Bills originate in the Lok Sabha. If a dispute arises as to whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of Lok Sabha is final. Rajya Sabha has no power to reject a Money Bill. It can only make recommendations, i.e., suggestions. The Lok Sabha may accept or reject all or any of the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha. Lok Sabha is the Maker of the Government, i.e., the Ministry. Members of both the Houses can put questions to ministers about the work of their departments. They discuss all matters of public importance. But here again, Lok Sabha has more powers than the Rajya Sabha. The Council of Ministers is responsible only to Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha has no power to pass a Motion expressing No-Confidence in the Council of Ministers. Adjournment Motion indicates a strong disapproval of the policy of Government. Therefore, it is moved only in Lok Sabha.

The Constitution recognises Rajya Sabha as a ‘Council of States’, i.e., a House representing the States of the Indian Union. The Rajya Sabha, therefore, enjoys some special powers. It adopts a resolution to the effect that it is necessary in national interest to make a law on a matter in the State List. Parliament can create new All-India Services only if Rajya Sabha passes a resolution to this effect. Rajya Sabha is a ‘Continuing House’, a permanent chamber. It is not subject to dissolution like the Lok Sabha. It can, therefore, play a major role during the periods when Lok Sabha is dissolved. This relates to approval of proclamation of Emergency by the President and President’s Rule in a State.

Rajya Sabha is not only a revisory body. Many Bills have been introduced in the Rajya Sabha first. Much weightage is given to the views expressed by members of the Rajya Sabha, some of whom happen to be elder statesmen and very able parliamentarians. The Rajya Sabha also deals initially with a majority of Private Bills. All this helps to show that Rajya Sabha is a useful body.

5. Discuss the procedure of law-making in the Union Parliament. (Or) Discuss the different stages through which a Bill passes before it becomes an Act of Parliament.

Answer: There are three stages through which a Bill has to pass. These stages are known as First Reading, Second Reading and Third Reading.

First Reading: A Minister or member-in-charge of the Bill first seeks the leave of the House to introduce the Bill. No debate takes place at this stage. After the Bill has been introduced, the First Reading is deemed to be over.

Second Reading (Reference to a Committee): This is the consideration stage of the Bill. Reference to a Standing Committee is the usual practice in case of most Bills. At this stage Clause-by-Clause consideration of the Bill, as reported by the Committee, is done. When all the Clauses and amendments have been put to vote and disposed of, the Second Reading of the Bill is over.

Third Reading: The next stage is the Third Reading. The debate on the Bill now is of a restricted character. At this stage no amendment, except that which is purely formal or verbal, can be made. After the Bill is passed, it is sent to the other House.

Procedure in the Other House: After a Bill is transmitted to the Rajya Sabha, it goes through all the stages in that House as described above. If the Rajya Sabha passes the Bill, it is presented to the President for assent. But if the Bill passed by one House is amended by the other House, it goes back to the House where it originated. If the House originating the Bill does not agree to the amendments, it shall be deemed that the two Houses have finally disagreed.

Joint Sitting of Both Houses: In case of such disagreement the President may summon a joint sitting. A joint sitting is presided over by the Speaker, Lok Sabha. If at the joint sitting the Bill is passed by a majority of the members present and voting, it shall be deemed to have been passed by both Houses. 

President’s Assent: When a Bill has been passed by both Houses, it is presented to the President for his assent. The President can assent or withhold the assent. President may also return a Bill, other than a Money Bill, with his recommendation. If the President gives assent, the Bill becomes an Act. If President withholds assent, there is an end to the Bill. If the President returns the Bill for reconsideration, the Houses must do so. When the Bill is passed again by them with or without an amendment, the President cannot withhold assent therefrom.

6. How is the State Legislative Assembly Constituted? With reference to the powers of the State Legislature answer the following questions:

Answer: The Legislative Assembly consists of members chosen by direct election on the basis of adult suffrage. The number of members shall not be more than 500 nor less than 60. There are some special provisions in respect of the States of Goa, Mizoram and Sikkim. If Governor is of the opinion that the Anglo-Indian Community needs representation, he may nominate one member of that Community to the Legislative Assembly of the State.

(a) What are its Legislative Powers?

Answer: The State Legislature has exclusive powers over the subjects mentioned in the State List. It has concurrent powers over those subjects which are mentioned in the Concurrent List. But if State Legislature has passed a law on a matter specified in the Concurrent List and Parliament also passes a law on the same subject, the State Law becomes inoperative.

(b) What are its Financial Powers?

Answer: The State Legislature exercises control over the State finances. The Legislature passes the State Budget. The Legislative Assembly alone has the power to originate Money Bills and its decision must prevail in all financial matters.

(c) How does it exercise control over the Executive?

Answer: The Ministers are responsible to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly can pass a No-Confidence Motion against the Government. In case it does, the Government has to resign.

B. Short answer questions

7. Discuss the position and powers of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

Answer: The powers and functions of the Speaker may be stated as follows:

The Speaker regulates debates and proceedings of the House. He/she decides who shall have the floor and all speeches and remarks are addressed to the Chair. The Speaker also decides the admissibility of the questions and all resolutions. If any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker thereon shall be final. When the votes for and against a proposal are equal, the Speaker gives a Casting Vote. This vote decides whether or not the proposal will be passed.

The Speaker preserves order in the House. In case of grave disorder the Speaker may adjourn the House. If the Speaker is of the opinion that a word or words used in the debate are indecent or unparliamentary, he/she may expunge such words from the proceedings of the House.

The Speaker allows the admission of strangers and press correspondents to the galleries of the House. If Government claims that a particular document is secret, but the Committees insist on its production before them, the matter is referred to the Speaker for advice and his/her instructions are obeyed.

Under the Anti-Defection laws if there was a question as to whether a Member of Lok Sabha stood disqualified, the matter was referred for the decision of the Speaker.

The Speaker presides over the Joint Sitting of both Houses of Parliament. The Speaker also presides over the Conference of Presiding Officers of legislative bodies in India.

8. What is meant by Defection? What measures have been taken to prevent Defections?

Answer: Defection means “giving up the membership of that party to which a person belonged or on whose ticket he or she contested an election and joining another party or group”. Voting in the House against directions of the party also amounts to Defection. 

The Anti-Defection Act was introduced to prevent such political defections. According to Anti-Defection Act, 1985, if a member belonging to any party gives up the membership of that party or votes against any direction issued by the Party to which he belongs, he shall be disqualified from being a member of the House.

9. There are several devices through which Parliament exercises control over the Executive (Union Council of Ministers). In this context refer to:

(a) The Question Hour

Answer: The Question Hour is often the liveliest part of the sitting in both Houses. The Question keeps the Ministers on their toes. It is a valuable protection against injustice and slackness on the part of the government.

(b) An Adjournment Motion

Answer: An Adjournment Motion proposes that the House should lay aside all other business and take up the consideration of “a matter of urgent public importance.” A Motion for Adjournment furnishes the opportunity to censure the acts of omission and commission of the Ministers.

(c) No-Confidence Motion

Answer: A Motion expressing No-Confidence in Government is moved by the Opposition. The House grants leave to move No-Confidence Motion only when it carries the support of at least 50 members. On conclusion of the debate, if the Motion is passed, the Government has to resign.

C. Very short answer questions

10. Mention the maximum number of members that the President can nominate to the Rajya Sabha. What type of persons should the nominated members be?

Answer: The President can nominate a maximum of 12 members to the Rajya Sabha. The nominated members should be persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service.

11. How many Members may the President nominate to the Lok Sabha? Whom do the nominated members represent.

Answer: The President may nominate 2 members to the Lok Sabha from the Anglo-Indian Community.

12. What qualifications should an individual have in order to be chosen a member of the Lok Sabha?

Answer: An individual should be a citizen of India, and must not be less than 25 years of age to be chosen a member of the Lok Sabha. They must also possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament.

13. What is the quorum to constitute a meeting of the Lok Sabha?

Answer: The quorum to constitute a meeting of the Lok Sabha is one-tenth of the total number of members of the House.

14. Mention the status and facilities enjoyed by the Leaders of Opposition in both Houses of Parliament.

Answer:  The leaders of the largest among the opposition parties are recognised as Leaders of Opposition in both Houses. Besides such salary and allowances as are paid to other MPs, they get a fixed sumptuary allowance. They are also entitled to secretarial staff facilities and enjoy the same status and facilities as are enjoyed by a Union Cabinet Minister. 

D. Multiple Choice Questions: Tick (✔) the correct answer.

15. Which of the following rights is denied to Members of the Rajya Sabha?

Answer: (c) Right to move No-Confidence Motion in Union Council of Ministers.

16. Who presides over the Joint Sitting of both Houses of Parliament:

Answer: (d) Speaker of the Lok Sabha

17. Which of the following States of India does not have a bicameral legislature, i.e., the Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad)?

Answer: (c) Madhya Pradesh

Value-based question

The Rajya Sabha has 12 Members nominated by the President from among persons having special knowledge in matters such as literature, science, art and social service. How can they really contribute to the proceedings of the House?

Answer: The 12 members of the Rajya Sabha nominated by the President from among persons having special knowledge in matters such as literature, science, art, and social service can contribute significantly to the proceedings of the House in several ways:

Expertise and Knowledge: These members bring with them a wealth of knowledge and expertise in their respective fields. This can be particularly useful when the House is debating legislation or issues related to these areas. Their insights and perspectives can help in making informed decisions and in creating effective and comprehensive legislation.

Balanced Perspective: As these members are not elected, they are often not bound by party politics. This allows them to provide a more balanced and unbiased perspective during debates and discussions.

Representation of Various Fields: Their presence ensures that various fields of human endeavor are represented in the Parliament. This can lead to a more holistic approach to law-making.

Influence Policy: They can influence policy in their areas of expertise by participating in debates, asking questions, and proposing amendments to bills.

Bridge the Gap: They can help bridge the gap between academic or professional expertise and legislative business, bringing practical insights and ground realities to the fore.

Promote Interests: They can promote the interests of their respective fields within the legislative framework, ensuring that these areas are not neglected in policy-making.

Additional/extra questions and answers

1. What are the primary roles of the Legislature in a democratic country?

Answer: The Legislature in a democratic country has two main roles. Firstly, it is the chief organ that makes laws and is the only body which can speak on behalf of the people as a whole. Secondly, it has a financial role, such as, no taxes can be imposed without the previous sanction of the Legislature. It also serves to ventilate the grievances of the people through discussions and debates.

2. What is the composition of the Union Parliament in India?

Answer: The Union Parliament in India consists of the President and two Houses, namely, the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The Rajya Sabha is the Upper House and it represents the regional interests of the States. It consists of not more than 250 members, which are divided into two categories: nominated and elected. The nominated members, twelve in number, are nominated by the President from among persons having special knowledge or practical experience in matters such as literature, science, art and social service. The rest are representatives of the States and the Union Territories, and are allocated seats on a population basis.

3. What is the role of the President in the Indian Parliament?

Answer: In the Indian parliamentary system, the President is a part of the Union Legislature, though he/she does not sit in Parliament. The President can address either House or both Houses and can send messages to the Parliament. Furthermore, a Bill passed by the Parliament cannot become law without the President’s assent, making him/her instrumental in the legislative process.

4. How are the members of Rajya Sabha nominated and elected?

Answer: The Rajya Sabha members fall into two categories: nominated and elected. The nominated members are twelve in number, chosen by the President from among persons having special knowledge or practical experience in subjects such as literature, science, art, and social service. The remainder are representatives of the States and the Union Territories, who are elected by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of each State or chosen in a manner prescribed by Parliament, in the case of Union Territories.

5. Explain the basis of allocation of seats in Rajya Sabha.

Answer: The allocation of seats among the States and Union Territories in the Rajya Sabha is based on population, not equality. The principle of equal representation was considered undemocratic. So, States and Union Territories with larger populations have more representation. For example, Uttar Pradesh, being the most populous state, sends 31 members, while Punjab sends only 7 members. Smaller states like Goa, Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland send only one representative each. The Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry send 3 and 1 members respectively.

Q. What are the qualifications for membership in the Rajya Sabha?

Answer: To be chosen as a member of the Rajya Sabha, a person must meet several qualifications. Firstly, they must be a citizen of India. Secondly, they must be not less than 30 years of age. And thirdly, they must possess additional qualifications as may be prescribed by laws from time to time. Disqualifications for the membership include holding an office of profit under the Government of India or of the States, being of unsound mind, being an alien, and being disqualified under any law of Parliament.

Q. How does the Rajya Sabha represent the interests of different regions of India?

Answer: The Rajya Sabha, as the Upper House of Parliament in a Federal Constitution, is essential because it represents the regional interests of the States. Members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of each State, allowing regional interests and concerns to be represented at the national level. Furthermore, the allocation of seats among the States and the Union Territories in the Rajya Sabha is based on population, ensuring proportional representation of different regions.

Q. How does the Legislature in a democratic state act as a check on the executive authority?

Answer: In a democratic state, the Legislature plays a crucial role in checking the executive authority. Under a parliamentary form of government, the Council of Ministers is responsible to the Legislature. This means the actions and decisions of the executive are answerable to and can be reviewed by the Legislature. Similarly, even under a presidential system, the Legislature acts as a check upon the President. This mechanism ensures the balance of power and prevents any potential misuse of power by the executive.

Q. What is the term duration of a member of the Rajya Sabha?

Answer: The term duration of a member of the Rajya Sabha is six years, with one-third of its members retiring at the end of every second year. New members are elected to fill the seats thus vacated.

Q. Why is the Rajya Sabha referred to as the permanent House of the Parliament?

Answer: The Rajya Sabha is referred to as the permanent House of the Parliament because it is not subject to dissolution like the Lok Sabha. It is a permanent body, similar to the American Senate.

Q. What are the legislative powers of the Rajya Sabha?

Answer: The Rajya Sabha has the legislative power to originate all bills, with the exception of Money Bills. No bill can become law without the agreement of both Houses of the Parliament. In case of disagreement, the President may summon a joint meeting of both the Houses, where decisions are made by majority vote.

Q. What is the role of the Rajya Sabha in financial matters?

Answer: In financial matters, the Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations or suggestions. Money Bills can only originate in the Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha may or may not accept any of the recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha.

Q. How does the Rajya Sabha participate in amending the Constitution?

Answer: A bill to amend the Constitution may originate in either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. The bill must be passed by both Houses of the Parliament for the amendment to be accepted.

Q. What are the administrative powers of the Rajya Sabha?

Answer: The Rajya Sabha can exercise control over the Council of Ministers by means of questions, discussions, and debates. Ministers may also be appointed from its members, despite the fact that they stay in office as long as they command the confidence of the Lok Sabha.

Q. What are some other powers and functions of the Rajya Sabha?

Answer: The Rajya Sabha participates in the election of the President, and the Vice-President of India is elected by members of both Houses of Parliament. A resolution to impeach the President may be moved in any House of Parliament and is investigated by the other House when passed. The approval of both Houses is necessary for the continuation of the Proclamation of Emergency. A judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court may be removed after an Address passed by both Houses of Parliament has been presented to the President.

Q. What are some of the special powers that the Rajya Sabha enjoys in India’s federal setup?

Answer: The Constitution recognizes the Rajya Sabha as a ‘Council of States’, representing the States of the Indian Union, thereby bestowing upon it some special powers. It can adopt a resolution to the effect that it is necessary in the national interest to make a law on a matter in the State List. Additionally, Parliament can create new All-India Services only if Rajya Sabha passes a resolution to this effect.

Q. Explain the permanency of the Rajya Sabha and its implications during the periods of Lok Sabha dissolution?

Answer: The Rajya Sabha is a ‘Continuing House’, a permanent chamber that is not subject to dissolution like the Lok Sabha. Therefore, it plays a major role during periods when the Lok Sabha is dissolved, such as in the approval of proclamation of Emergency by the President and President’s Rule in a State.

Q. What role does the Rajya Sabha play beyond being a revisory body?

Answer: Beyond being a revisory body, the Rajya Sabha plays a significant role in legislative processes. Many Bills have been introduced in the Rajya Sabha first, and the views expressed by its members, including elder statesmen and able parliamentarians, carry significant weight. It also initially deals with a majority of Private Bills, further demonstrating its importance as a useful body in the legislative process.

Q. What is the maximum strength of the Lok Sabha and how is it constituted?

Answer: The Constitution provides for a maximum strength of 552 members in the Lok Sabha. Of these, up to 530 members can represent the States, and not more than 20 members shall represent the Union Territories. Furthermore, the President may nominate two members from the Anglo Indian Community if he believes that this community is not adequately represented. As of now, the Lok Sabha consists of 545 members, including the two nominated Anglo Indians.

Q. How are the seats in the Lok Sabha allocated to the various States?

Answer: The allotment of members to the various States in the Lok Sabha is made roughly on a population basis. For example, Uttar Pradesh, with a large population, is represented in the Lok Sabha by 80 members, while Andhra Pradesh sends 42 members. Smaller states like Goa, Manipur and Meghalaya each send two members. Single-member states include Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim. The Union Territory of Delhi sends seven members to the Lok Sabha.

Q. What provisions exist for the reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha?

Answer: Seats have been reserved in the Lok Sabha for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. In these reserved constituencies, persons belonging only to these Castes and Tribes can contest an election, but all electors are allowed to vote.

Q. Explain the franchise system for the Lok Sabha.

Answer: The Lok Sabha is constituted by direct election on the basis of adult suffrage. This means that every person who has attained the age of 18 years is entitled to vote, provided they are not otherwise disqualified.

Q. What are the qualifications required to be chosen as a member of the Lok Sabha?

Answer: To be chosen as a member of the Lok Sabha, a person must fulfill several conditions. Firstly, they must be a citizen of India. Secondly, they must be not less than twenty-five years of age. Thirdly, they must possess other qualifications as prescribed under any law made by Parliament. Lastly, a person is not qualified to be elected for a seat in the Lok Sabha unless he is registered as a voter in any of the Parliamentary constituencies. The disqualifications for membership are the same as have been mentioned in the case of the Rajya Sabha.

Q. What is the duration of the Lok Sabha? Can this term be extended, and if so, under what conditions?

Answer: The term of the Lok Sabha is five years, provided it is not dissolved earlier. However, this term can be extended when a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation. In such cases, the life of the House may be extended by a law of Parliament. Importantly, such an extension should not be more than a year at a time, and it cannot continue beyond a period of six months after the Proclamation has ceased to exist.

Q. What criteria does a party need to meet to get recognition as a Parliamentary Party in the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha?

Answer: A party gets recognition as a Parliamentary Party in the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha if it has one-tenth of the total membership of the House. This rule stipulates that the recognised Opposition Party’s strength should not be less than the quorum fixed to constitute the sitting of the House. In other words, it should constitute one-tenth (55) of the total membership (543 + 2 nominated members).

Q. What benefits do the Leaders of Opposition in both Houses receive?

Answer: Leaders of Opposition in both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are bestowed with several benefits under the Leaders of Opposition Act, 1977. They receive a salary and allowances similar to other MPs, in addition to a fixed sumptuary allowance. They are also entitled to secretarial staff facilities. Notably, they are given the same status and facilities as are enjoyed by a Union Cabinet Minister.

Q. What was the scenario in the 16th Lok Sabha concerning the Congress Party and the post of the Leader of Opposition?

Answer: In the 16th Lok Sabha, the Congress Party was treated as a Group rather than a Party. This was due to the fact that its tally fell short of the 10 percent of the seats required in the Lok Sabha to be recognised as a Parliamentary Party. As a consequence of this, the leader of the Congress was not recognised as the Leader of the Opposition for the purpose of granting status as a Cabinet Minister.

Q. Who elects the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and when does the Speaker’s term end?

Answer: The Lok Sabha elects its Speaker from among its members. The Speaker holds office until he/she ceases to be a member of the House.

Q. Can the Speaker of the Lok Sabha be removed and if so, how?

Answer: Yes, the Speaker can be removed. This can be achieved through a resolution passed by a majority of all the then members of the House.

Q. What happens in the absence of the Speaker, or if the office of the Speaker is vacant?

Answer: In the absence of the Speaker or when the office of the Speaker is vacant, the duties are performed by the Deputy Speaker. The constitution provides for the office of the Deputy Speaker to ensure continuity of functions.

Q. Can you explain the role of the Speaker in regulating debates and proceedings in the Lok Sabha?

Answer: The Speaker plays a significant role in regulating debates and proceedings of the House. The Speaker has the authority to decide who shall have the floor during the discussions. All speeches and remarks are addressed to the Chair, meaning the Speaker. The Speaker also has the responsibility to decide the admissibility of the questions and resolutions. In situations where there’s ambiguity about whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker shall be final. Also, when the votes for and against a proposal are equal, the Speaker exercises a Casting Vote to decide the fate of the proposal.

Q. What role does the Speaker play in maintaining decorum in the House?

Answer: The Speaker plays a crucial role in maintaining order and decorum in the House. If there’s grave disorder, the Speaker has the power to adjourn the House to restore peace. Furthermore, if the Speaker finds that a word or words used in the debate are indecent or unparliamentary, he/she has the power to expunge such words from the proceedings of the House, ensuring that the dignity of the House and its members is maintained at all times.

Q. How does the Speaker interact with the press and visitors to the Lok Sabha?

Answer: The Speaker is entrusted with the responsibility of managing the admission of strangers and press correspondents to the galleries of the House. This role ensures that the proceedings of the Lok Sabha are accessible to observers, thereby promoting transparency and accountability in the functioning of the House.

Q. Can you describe the role of the Speaker in the Committees of the House?

Answer: The Speaker serves as the ex-officio Chairperson of certain Committees of the House, including the Business Advisory Committee and the Rules Committee. In circumstances where the Government labels a particular document as secret, but the Committees insist on its production before them, the matter is referred to the Speaker for advice. The Speaker’s instructions are obeyed in this context, making him/her a pivotal figure in mediating between the Government and the House Committees.

Q. What is the Speaker’s role under the Anti-Defection laws?

Answer: Under the Anti-Defection laws, the Speaker plays a decisive role. If there is a question about whether a Member of Lok Sabha stands disqualified, the matter is referred to the Speaker for a decision. This underscores the Speaker’s authority and the trust placed in him/her to make impartial judgments in the interest of parliamentary decorum and integrity.

Q. What responsibilities does the Speaker have when it comes to joint sessions and conferences?

Answer: The Speaker has a significant role during the Joint Sitting of both Houses of Parliament, presiding over the proceedings to ensure order and fairness. Additionally, the Speaker presides over the Conference of Presiding Officers of legislative bodies in India, again asserting the office’s influence and importance in legislative functions across the country.

Q. How would you summarize the office and significance of the Speaker?

Answer: The office of the Speaker is of immense honour, dignity, and authority. The Speaker ranks higher than all Cabinet Ministers in the table of Precedence, which signifies the stature and respect accorded to the position. The Speaker represents the dignity of the House, and as the House represents the nation, the Speaker becomes the symbol of the nation’s freedom and liberty. This makes the Speaker an embodiment of the democratic principles that the nation upholds. Thus, the Speaker’s role is not just limited to the administrative and regulatory functions within the House, but extends to being a symbolic representation of the nation’s democratic ethos and principles.

Q. What is the primary legislative power of the Lok Sabha?

Answer: The Parliament, including the Lok Sabha, is competent to make laws on matters in the Union List and the Concurrent List. It can even legislate on subjects included in the State List under certain circumstances.

Q. What does James Madison’s quote “Who holds the purse, holds the power,” imply in the context of Lok Sabha’s power?

Answer: The quote “Who holds the purse, holds the power,” by James Madison implies the power of control over the National Treasury which the Lok Sabha possesses. The Lok Sabha is responsible for passing the Union Budget which includes the estimates of receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for a financial year.

Q. What is the Constitutional requirement for the Council of Ministers, in relation to the Lok Sabha?

Answer: The Constitution of India stipulates that “the Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the House of the People.” This means the Ministers hold office as long as they enjoy the confidence of a majority of members in the Lok Sabha. Through various mechanisms, the Parliament, and in particular the Lok Sabha, exercises control over the Executive.

Q. Explain the constituent function of the Lok Sabha with respect to amending the Constitution.

Answer: When it comes to amending the Constitution, both Houses of Parliament, including the Lok Sabha, stand on equal footing. Such a Bill can originate in either House and must be passed by each House by a majority of the total membership of that House, and by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting. This is what is termed as a Special Majority. In the event that an Amendment Bill proposes to alter some specific matters, it also needs to be approved by at least half of the State Legislatures.

Q. What are the electoral functions of the Lok Sabha?

Answer: The elected members of both Houses of Parliament, including the Lok Sabha, and members of Legislative Assemblies have the responsibility to elect the President of India. Moreover, the Vice President of India is elected by members of both Houses of Parliament.

Q. Outline the judicial powers of the Parliament including the Lok Sabha.

Answer: The Parliament, including the Lok Sabha, exercises certain judicial powers as well. Firstly, the President can be removed from office by Impeachment. Secondly, a judge of the Supreme Court or of the High Court can only be removed by the President on a Joint Address by both Houses. Lastly, Parliament may penalize a person for obstructing the work of Parliament or showing disrespect for the House.

Q. What is meant by the representational role of the Lok Sabha?

Answer: The representational role of the Lok Sabha refers to its position as the “Mirror and Voice of the Nation.” Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people, hence it is the Lok Sabha that becomes the representative body of the nation. It is, in essence, a Mini India representing all regions and all facets of public opinion. This supreme forum allows people, through their representatives, to express their grievances or aspirations. Members also keep a check on the actions of civil servants, and public meetings and demonstrations facilitated by Opposition’s alertness play a significant role in protecting the rights and liberties of the citizens.

Q. What are the specific ways in which the Lok Sabha demonstrates its supremacy over the Rajya Sabha?

Answer: The Lok Sabha holds supremacy over the Rajya Sabha in the following areas:

• Regarding Money Bills: Money Bills can only originate in the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha does not have the power to reject a Money Bill, but can only make suggestions or recommendations, which the Lok Sabha may choose to accept or reject.
• Regarding Ordinary Bills: Though Ordinary Bills can originate in either House, in case of disagreement, the Bill is referred to a joint sitting of both Houses. As the total membership of the Rajya Sabha is less than half of the Lok Sabha, the will of the Lok Sabha usually prevails in a joint sitting.
• Control over the Executive: The Lok Sabha is responsible for the creation of the government or the Ministry. The Council of Ministers is accountable only to the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha does not have the power to pass a motion of No-Confidence in the Council of Ministers.

Q. In which matters is the Rajya Sabha put on an equal footing with the Lok Sabha?

Answer: The Rajya Sabha is put on an equal footing with the Lok Sabha in the following matters:

(i) The election and impeachment of the President, (ii) Removal of the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, (iii) Proclamation of Emergency, (iv) Promulgation of Ordinances, and (v) Constitutional amendments.

Q. Why is the Lok Sabha more powerful than the Rajya Sabha?

Answer: The Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha because it is a directly elected chamber, chosen by the people. Democracy is the “rule by the people”, hence it is logical that the distribution of powers leans in favor of the Lok Sabha, which is a representation of the people’s choice.

Q. What is the procedure of enacting laws in the Parliament?

Answer: The procedure of enacting laws involves introducing legislative proposals before the House in the form of a Bill. A Bill is a draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both Houses of Parliament and assented to by the President, becomes an Act. Bills can be introduced by Ministers or Private Members, known as Government Bills and Private Members’ Bills, respectively. Additionally, a Bill can be classified as a Money Bill, an Ordinary Bill, or a Constitution Amendment Bill.

Q. What is the difference between a Bill and an Act?

Answer: A Bill is a draft of a legislative proposal. When this Bill is passed by both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and receives assent from the President, it becomes an Act. Therefore, an Act is a law that has received formal approval from the legislative and executive branches of government.

Q. What are the three stages a Bill has to pass through?

Answer: The three stages a Bill has to pass are known as First Reading, Second Reading, and Third Reading.

Q. What happens in the First Reading of a Bill?

Answer: In the First Reading, a Minister or member-in-charge of the Bill first seeks the leave of the House to introduce the Bill. No debate takes place at this stage. After the Bill has been introduced, the First Reading is deemed to be over.

Q. Describe the process of the Second Reading in the passage of a Bill.

Answer: The Second Reading is the consideration stage of the Bill. It is usually referred to a Standing Committee for most Bills. During this stage, a clause-by-clause consideration of the Bill, as reported by the Committee, is done. When all the Clauses and amendments have been put to vote and disposed of, the Second Reading of the Bill is over.

Q. What is the purpose and procedure of the Third Reading in a Bill’s passage?

Answer: The Third Reading is the next stage after the Second Reading. The debate on the Bill at this stage is of a restricted character. No amendment, except that which is purely formal or verbal, can be made. After the Bill is passed at this stage, it is sent to the other House.

Q. What happens when a Bill is sent to the other House?

Answer: After a Bill is transmitted to the other House (Rajya Sabha), it goes through all the stages as described above. If the Rajya Sabha passes the Bill, it is presented to the President for assent. But if the Bill passed by one House is amended by the other House, it goes back to the House where it originated. If the House originating the Bill does not agree to the amendments, it shall be deemed that the two Houses have finally disagreed.

Q. Explain the concept of a joint sitting in the passage of a Bill.

Answer: In case of a disagreement between the two Houses over a Bill, the President may summon a joint sitting. This joint sitting is presided over by the Speaker, Lok Sabha. If at the joint sitting the Bill is passed by a majority of the members present and voting, it shall be deemed to have been passed by both Houses.

Q. Detail the role of the President in the passage of a Bill.

Answer: Once a Bill has been passed by both Houses, it is presented to the President for his assent. The President can either assent or withhold the assent. The President may also return a Bill, other than a Money Bill, with his recommendation. If the President gives assent, the Bill becomes an Act. If the President withholds assent, there is an end to the Bill. If the President returns the Bill for reconsideration, the Houses must do so. When the Bill is passed again by them with or without amendment, the President cannot withhold assent.

Q. What defines a Money Bill and what is the unique procedure in its passage?

Answer: A Money Bill deals with the imposition, abolition, or alteration of any tax; and regulations governing the borrowing of money. It shall not be introduced in the Rajya Sabha. A Money Bill, after being passed by the Lok Sabha, is transmitted to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendation. The Rajya Sabha must return it with its recommendations within fourteen days. The Lok Sabha may accept or reject any of the Recommendations. If the Lok Sabha does not accept the Recommendations of the Rajya Sabha, the Money Bill shall be deemed to have been passed by both Houses in the form it was passed by the Lok Sabha. If a Money Bill is not returned to the Lok Sabha within fourteen days, it shall be deemed to have been passed by both Houses at the expiration of the said period. The President shall not withhold his assent from a Money Bill. This establishes the supremacy of the Lok Sabha in financial matters.

Q. What is the Question Hour in Parliament and its significance?

Answer: The Question Hour is often the liveliest part of the sitting in both Houses. The Question keeps the Ministers on their toes and is a valuable protection against injustice and slackness on the part of the government. During the Question Hour, members of parliament ask questions of the ministers, and the ministers are obligated to answer. This encourages transparency and accountability, forcing the ministers to be well-prepared and responsive to the concerns and queries of the members.

Q. Define and explain the concept of Zero Hour in Parliament?

Answer: The time which begins at 12 o’clock soon after the Question Hour is known as the Zero Hour. During Zero Hour, members raise all types of questions without any permission or prior notice. It’s not officially recognized in the rules of procedure but has become a convention. The Zero Hour allows members to raise urgent and important matters that cannot wait for notice period. This is often a period of lively debate and can lead to unruly scenes in the House.

Q. Explain how an Adjournment Motion is used to control the Executive?

Answer: An Adjournment Motion proposes that the House should lay aside all other business and take up the consideration of “a matter of urgent public importance.” A Motion for Adjournment provides the opportunity to censure the acts of omission and commission of the Ministers. The successful adoption of an adjournment motion is regarded as a matter of parliamentary censure of government policy. The main purpose of moving an adjournment motion is to draw the attention of Lok Sabha to a recent matter of urgent public importance.

Q. Describe how the Parliament exercises control over the Executive through the budget?

Answer: When the Budget is under consideration, a Motion for the reduction of a Demand of Grant may be moved. This is essentially a proposal to reduce the amount of a demand or grant made by the government. It is one of the ways Parliament can control public expenditure. In addition, Parliament’s Public Accounts Committee ensures that public money is spent in accordance with Parliament’s decision. The Committee audits the spending and holds the government accountable for any discrepancies between the granted amounts and the actual spending.

Q. What is a No-Confidence Motion and how does it control the Executive?

Answer: A No-Confidence Motion is a motion moved by the Opposition expressing a lack of confidence in the Government. It is a powerful check on the government’s powers as the failure of the government to secure a majority on the vote of confidence means it cannot continue in office. The House grants leave to move No-Confidence Motion only if the Speaker puts the Motion to vote. If the Motion is passed, the Government has to resign. This was the case in April 1999 when Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee submitted his resignation since his government lost Confidence of the Lok Sabha.

Q. What is defection and the Anti-Defection Act?

Answer: Defection means “giving up the membership of that party to which a person belonged or on whose ticket he or she contested an election and joining another party or group”. Voting in the House against directions of the party also amounts to Defection. The Anti-Defection Act was enacted in 1985 to prevent such political defections. According to the Act, if a member belonging to any party gives up the membership of that party or votes against any direction issued by the Party to which he belongs, he shall be disqualified from being a member of the House.

Q. Explain the changes brought about by the 91st Amendment Act related to defection.

Answer: The 91st Amendment Act, enacted in 2003, nullified those provisions of the 1985 Anti-Defection Act which allowed a split in political parties. Under this Act, defectors will not only lose membership of the House, but they are also debarred from holding any public office. The provisions of this Act leave the Speaker or Chairman of the House with no option but to disqualify a defector. This amendment has further strengthened the penalties for defection and is aimed at promoting party discipline.

Q. How is the Republic of India described and what territories does it include?

Answer: The Republic of India is described as a Union. Its territories include the territories of twenty-nine States and seven Union Territories. Delhi, though it has a Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers, remains a Union Territory.

Q. Name the states in India that have a bicameral legislature and explain what the two Houses are known as.

Answer: The states in India that have a bicameral legislature are Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh. Where there are two Houses, one is known as the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and the other as the Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad).

Q. What is the composition of the Legislative Assembly in India and how are its members chosen?

Answer: The Legislative Assembly in India consists of members chosen by direct election on the basis of adult suffrage. The number of members shall not be more than 500 nor less than 60. There are special provisions in respect of the States of Goa, Mizoram and Sikkim. If the Governor opines that the Anglo-Indian Community needs representation, he may nominate one member of that Community to the Legislative Assembly of the State.

Q. What are the qualifications for membership of the Legislative Assembly and what is its term?

Answer: The qualifications for membership and the disqualifications of the Legislative Assembly are similar to those laid down in relation to members of the Lok Sabha. The term of the House is five years, if it is not dissolved earlier. The quorum to constitute a meeting shall be 10 members or one-tenth of the total number of members of the House, whichever is greater.

Q. Describe the role of the Speaker in the Legislative Assembly.

Answer: The Legislative Assembly chooses one of its members as the Speaker and another as Deputy Speaker. A Speaker vacates his office as soon as he ceases to be a member of the House. The Speaker presides over the meetings and maintains order in the House.

Q. What is the composition of the Legislative Council and how are its members chosen?

Answer: The total number of members in the Legislative Council shall not exceed one-third of the total number of members in the Legislative Assembly of the State. However, the total number of members shall in no case be less than forty. About one-third of the members of a Legislative Council are elected by members of the Legislative Assembly from amongst persons who are not members of the Assembly. It has members drawn from a few other constituencies also, such as the local bodies (Municipalities and District Boards), the Teachers’ Constituency, and the Graduates’ Constituency. About one-sixth of the members are nominated by the Governor.

Q. What qualifications should a person possess to be chosen a member of the Legislative Council?

Answer: A person shall not be qualified to be chosen a member of the Council unless he is a Citizen of India, is not less than thirty years of age, and possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed by the Parliament.

Q. What are the powers and functions of the State Legislature?

Answer: The State Legislature has exclusive powers over the subjects mentioned in the State List. It has concurrent powers over those subjects which are mentioned in the Concurrent List. However, if the State Legislature has passed a law on a matter specified in the Concurrent List and Parliament also passes a law on the same subject, the State Law becomes inoperative. The Constitution imposes a few restrictions on the powers of the State Legislature. For instance, Parliament can make laws in regard to a matter mentioned in the State List if the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by a two-thirds majority that it is desirable in the national interest to do so. Also, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, Parliament can frame laws with respect to any matter in the State List.

Q. What happens in case of a failure of the Constitutional machinery in a State?

Answer: In case of failure of the Constitutional machinery in a State, the powers of the State Legislature are exercised by the Parliament. This is often referred to as the imposition of the President’s rule.

Q. Can you elaborate on the financial powers of the State Legislature?

Answer: The State Legislature holds significant control over the State finances. It is responsible for passing the State Budget, with the Legislative Assembly having the exclusive power to originate Money Bills. It is noteworthy that in all financial matters, the decision of the Legislative Assembly must prevail.

Q. How does the Legislative Assembly exercise control over the Executive?

Answer: The Ministers are responsible to the Legislative Assembly, which exercises control over the Executive. If the Assembly passes a No-Confidence Motion against the Government, the Government is obligated to resign. This mechanism establishes a system of checks and balances, ensuring that the Executive is accountable to the Legislative Assembly.

Q. What are the Constituent Powers of the Parliament and the role of State Legislatures in it?

Answer: The Parliament has the exclusive power to initiate an amendment of the Constitution, representing its Constituent Powers. However, State Legislatures also have a crucial role in this process. If an Amendment seeks to change certain specified Articles of the Constitution, such as those related to the election of the President or the representation of States in the Union Parliament, it must be ratified by at least one-half of the State Legislatures. This requirement underscores the cooperative federalism embedded in the Constitution, where both the Central and State Legislatures share the responsibility of maintaining the constitutional order.

78. How is the President of India elected?

Answer: The President of India is elected by the members of an Electoral College, which is comprised of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament and the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. This method ensures a wide representation in the Presidential election, as it takes into account the political will of both the Centre and the States, thereby embodying the federal character of the Indian Constitution.

Additional/extra MCQs

1. What are the two main functions of the Legislature in a democratic country?

A. Law-making, Foreign diplomacy B. Law-making, Financial roles C. Law-making, Judicial roles D. Judicial roles, Financial roles

Answer: B. Law-making, Financial roles

2. How many Houses make up the Union Parliament in India?

A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four

Answer: B. Two

3. Who nominates the twelve members of the Rajya Sabha?

A. Prime Minister B. Lok Sabha C. President D. Chief Justice

Answer: C. President

4. How many members does the Rajya Sabha consist of?

A. 200 B. 250 C. 300 D. 350

Answer: B. 250

5. What is the minimum age to be a member of the Rajya Sabha?

A. 25 B. 30 C. 35 D. 40

Answer: B. 30

Q. Which state sends the highest number of members to the Rajya Sabha?

A. Punjab B. Goa C. Uttar Pradesh D. Manipur

Answer: C. Uttar Pradesh

Q. Which is the Upper House of the Indian Parliament?

A. Lok Sabha B. Rajya Sabha C. Vidhan Sabha D. Vidhan Parishad

Answer: B. Rajya Sabha

Q. On what basis are the seats allocated among the States and Union Territories in the Rajya Sabha?

A. Equality B. Area C. Population D. Economic status

Answer: C. Population

Q. How many members do the Union Territories send to the Rajya Sabha?

A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

Answer: C. 4

Q. Who can give assent to a bill passed by the Parliament for it to become a law?

A. Prime Minister B. Speaker of Lok Sabha C. President D. Chief Justice

Answer: C. President

Q. What is the term duration for a member of the Rajya Sabha?

A. Four years B. Five years C. Six years D. Seven years

Answer: C. Six years

Q. What proportion of Rajya Sabha members retire every second year?

A. One-fourth B. One-third C. One-half D. Two-thirds

Answer: B. One-third

Q. Which house of the Parliament is the Rajya Sabha compared to in the American system?

A. House of Representatives B. Senate C. Congress D. White House

Answer: B. Senate

Q. Can a Money Bill originate in the Rajya Sabha?

A. Yes B. No C. Sometimes D. Rarely

Answer: B. No

Q. Which house has the power to accept or reject the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha on financial matters?

A. President B. Lok Sabha C. Judiciary D. Council of Ministers

Answer: B. Lok Sabha

Q. In the event of disagreement on a bill, who may summon a joint meeting of both the Houses?

A. The Prime Minister B. The President C. The Vice President D. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha

Answer: B. The President

Q. Which House of Parliament does a Minister need to command the confidence of to stay in office?

A. Rajya Sabha B. Lok Sabha C. Both Houses D. Neither House

Answer: B. Lok Sabha

Q. Does the Rajya Sabha participate in the election of the President?

A. Yes B. No C. Sometimes D. Only in case of a tie

Answer: A. Yes

Q. Who is elected by members of both Houses of Parliament?

A. President B. Prime Minister C. Vice-President D. Speaker of the Lok Sabha

Answer: C. Vice-President

Q. Whose approval is necessary for the continuation of the Proclamation of Emergency?

A. President B. Prime Minister C. Both Houses of Parliament D. Supreme Court

Answer: C. Both Houses of Parliament

Q. What is another name for the Rajya Sabha as recognized by the Constitution?

A. Council of People B. Council of States C. Council of Union D. Council of Legislators

Answer: B. Council of States

Q. In which situation can the Parliament create new All-India Services?

A. When the Lok Sabha passes a resolution B. When the President approves it C. When the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution D. When the Supreme Court allows it

Answer: C. When the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution

Q. Which house of the Indian Parliament is a ‘Continuing House’?

A. Lok Sabha B. Vidhan Sabha C. Rajya Sabha D. Vidhan Parishad

Answer: C. Rajya Sabha

Q. Where are many bills first introduced in the Indian legislative process?

A. Lok Sabha B. Rajya Sabha C. President’s Office D. Judiciary

Answer: B. Rajya Sabha

Q. What is the maximum strength of the Lok Sabha as provided by the Constitution?

A. 545 B. 552 C. 530 D. 500

Answer: B. 552

Q. How many members can the Union Territories send to the Lok Sabha at most?

A. 10 B. 20 C. 30 D. 40

Answer: B. 20

Q. Which state sends the highest number of members to the Lok Sabha?

A. Bihar B. Maharashtra C. Uttar Pradesh D. Andhra Pradesh

Answer: C. Uttar Pradesh

Q. For whom are seats reserved in the Lok Sabha?

A. Economically weaker sections B. Women C. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes D. Minority Communities

Answer: C. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

Q. At what age does a person become eligible to vote in the Lok Sabha elections?

A. 16 B. 18 C. 20 D. 21

Answer: B. 18

Q. Which union territory sends seven members to the Lok Sabha?

A. Chandigarh B. Puducherry C. Ladakh D. Delhi

Answer: D. Delhi

Q. What is the minimum age requirement to be chosen as a member of the Lok Sabha?

A. 20 B. 21 C. 23 D. 25

Answer: D. 25

Q. To be eligible for a seat in the Lok Sabha, where must a person be registered?

A. Electoral Roll B. Union List C. State List D. Parliamentary Constituencies

Answer: D. Parliamentary Constituencies

Q. What is the standard term of the Lok Sabha?

A. 4 years B. 5 years C. 6 years D. 7 years

Answer: B. 5 years

Q. Under what circumstance can the term of the Lok Sabha be extended?

A. General Elections B. Proclamation of Emergency C. State Elections D. Constitutional Amendment

Answer: B. Proclamation of Emergency

Q. By how much can the term of the Lok Sabha be extended at a time?

A. 6 months B. 1 year C. 2 years D. 3 years

Answer: B. 1 year

Q. What fraction of the total membership must a party have to be recognized as a Parliamentary Party in the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha?

A. One-eighth B. One-tenth C. One-fourth D. One-third

Answer: B. One-tenth

Q. What is the minimum strength the recognized Opposition Party should have, equivalent to the quorum fixed to constitute the sitting of the House?

A. 50 B. 55 C. 60 D. 65

Answer: B. 55

Q. According to the Leaders of Opposition Act, 1977, what status do the Leaders of Opposition enjoy?

A. State Minister B. Deputy Minister C. Union Cabinet Minister D. Prime Minister

Answer: C. Union Cabinet Minister

Q. How was the Congress treated in the 16th Lok Sabha due to its seat tally?

A. Party B. Group C. Majority D. Minority

Answer: B. Group

Q. Who elects the Speaker of the Lok Sabha?

A. President B. Prime Minister C. Lok Sabha members D. Citizens

Answer: C. Lok Sabha members

Q. Until when does the Speaker of the Lok Sabha hold office?

A. Five years B. Until he/she ceases to be a member C. Until the next general election D. No specific term

Answer: B. Until he/she ceases to be a member

Q. Who performs the duties of the Speaker when the latter is absent or the office is vacant?

A. President B. Prime Minister C. Deputy Speaker D. Vice President

Answer: C. Deputy Speaker

Q. Who decides whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not in the Lok Sabha?

A. Finance Minister B. President C. Speaker D. Prime Minister

Answer: C. Speaker

Q. Who gives the Casting Vote when the votes for and against a proposal are equal in the Lok Sabha?

A. President B. Prime Minister C. Speaker D. Finance Minister

Answer: C. Speaker

Q. Who can adjourn the House in case of grave disorder?

A. President B. Prime Minister C. Speaker D. Vice President

Answer: C. Speaker

Q. Who allows the admission of strangers and press correspondents to the galleries of the House?

A. President B. Prime Minister C. Speaker D. Security In-charge

Answer: C. Speaker

Q. Who presides over the Joint Sitting of both Houses of Parliament?

A. President B. Prime Minister C. Speaker D. Deputy Speaker

Answer: C. Speaker

Q. In the table of Precedence, who does the Speaker rank higher than?

A. President B. Prime Minister C. Cabinet Ministers D. Vice President

Answer: C. Cabinet Ministers

Q. Who becomes the final arbitrator if a question arises about whether a Member of Lok Sabha stands disqualified under the Anti-Defection laws?

A. President B. Prime Minister C. Speaker D. Judiciary

Answer: C. Speaker

Q. Who is responsible for drafting government bills?

A. Cabinet B. Ministers C. Civil Servants D. Lok Sabha Members

Answer: C. Civil Servants

Q. Which house of the Parliament holds control over the National Treasury?

A. Rajya Sabha B. Lok Sabha C. Both Houses D. Neither House

Answer: B. Lok Sabha

Q. Which part of the Government’s expenditure does not require an annual vote of the Parliament?

A. Defense Budget B. Expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India C. Grants for Welfare Schemes D. None of the Above

Answer: B. Expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India

Q. Who continues in office as long as they enjoy the confidence of a majority of members in the Lok Sabha?

A. The President B. The Vice President C. The Council of Ministers D. All of the above

Answer: C. The Council of Ministers

Q. Which bill requires a ‘Special Majority’ of both Houses for approval?

A. Money Bill B. Constitution Amendment Bill C. Ordinary Bill D. None of the above

Answer: B. Constitution Amendment Bill

Q. Who elects the Vice President of India?

A. Members of Lok Sabha only B. Members of Rajya Sabha only C. Members of both Houses of Parliament D. Members of Legislative Assemblies

Answer: C. Members of both Houses of Parliament

Q. Who can be removed from office by impeachment?

A. The Prime Minister B. The President C. The Vice President D. All of the above

Answer: B. The President

Q. Who can punish a person for obstructing the work of Parliament or showing disrespect for the House?

A. The President B. The Supreme Court C. The Parliament D. The Prime Minister

Answer: C. The Parliament

Q. Who represents all regions and shades of public opinion in India?

A. The President B. The Prime Minister C. The Lok Sabha D. The Rajya Sabha

Answer: C. The Lok Sabha

Q. Which institution is responsible for protecting the rights and liberties of the people in India?

A. The Supreme Court B. The Lok Sabha C. The Cabinet D. All of the Above

Answer: B. The Lok Sabha

Q. Where do Money Bills originate in the Indian parliamentary system?

A. President B. Rajya Sabha C. Lok Sabha D. Supreme Court

Answer: C. Lok Sabha

Q. Who holds the final decision in case of a dispute regarding whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not?

A. President B. Speaker of Lok Sabha C. Speaker of Rajya Sabha D. Prime Minister

Answer: B. Speaker of Lok Sabha

Q. Can the Rajya Sabha reject a Money Bill?

A. Yes B. No C. Sometimes D. Always

Answer: B. No

Q. Who forms the government in the Indian parliamentary system?

A. Rajya Sabha B. Lok Sabha C. President D. Judiciary

Answer: B. Lok Sabha

Q. Can the Rajya Sabha pass a Motion of No-Confidence in the Council of Ministers?

A. Yes B. No C. Sometimes D. Always

Answer: B. No

Q. On what matters is the Rajya Sabha put on an equal footing with Lok Sabha?

A. Money Bills B. Constitutional amendments C. Forming the government D. No-Confidence Motion

Answer: B. Constitutional amendments

Q. What chamber is directly elected by the people in the Indian parliamentary system?

A. Rajya Sabha B. Lok Sabha C. President D. Judiciary

Answer: B. Lok Sabha

Q. What is a draft of a legislative proposal called?

A. Act B. Amendment C. Bill D. Law

Answer: C. Bill

Q. What does a Bill become once it is passed by both Houses of Parliament and assented to by the President?

A. Proposal B. Amendment C. Law D. Act

Answer: D. Act

Q. What are the Bills introduced by Private Members called?

A. Government Bills B. Private Bills C. People’s Bills D. Private Members’ Bills

Answer: D. Private Members’ Bills

Q. Which ministry would draft a Bill revising the Minimum Wages in certain employments? A. Ministry of Finance B. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare C. Ministry of Defence D. Ministry of Labour and Employment

Answer: D. Ministry of Labour and Employment

Q. What is the first stage of passing a Bill called? A. Final Reading B. First Reading C. Second Reading D. Last Reading

Answer: B. First Reading

Q. During which stage of a Bill’s passage does a clause-by-clause consideration occur? A. First Reading B. Second Reading C. Third Reading D. Final Reading

Answer: B. Second Reading

Q. What type of amendment can be made during the Third Reading of a Bill? A. Substantial B. Minor C. Verbal D. No amendments

Answer: C. Verbal

Q. Who presides over a joint sitting of both Houses in case of disagreement on a Bill? A. The President B. The Prime Minister C. The Vice President D. The Speaker, Lok Sabha

Answer: D. The Speaker, Lok Sabha

Q. What can the President do if a Bill, other than a Money Bill, is presented for assent? A. Reject outrightly B. Return for reconsideration C. Accept without question D. None of the above

Answer: B. Return for reconsideration

Q. What happens to a Bill if the President withholds assent? A. It becomes an Act B. It ends C. It is returned to the House D. It is referred to a Committee

Answer: B. It ends

Q. What is the maximum period within which the Rajya Sabha must return a Money Bill with its recommendations?
A. Seven days B. Ten days C. Fourteen days D. Twenty-one days

Answer: C. Fourteen days

Q. In which house should a Money Bill not be introduced?
A. Lok Sabha B. Rajya Sabha C. Either House D. Neither House

Answer: B. Rajya Sabha

Q. Can the President withhold assent from a Money Bill?
A. Yes B. No C. Only on recommendation D. It depends on the situation

Answer: B. No

Q. What parliamentary device is often considered the liveliest part of the sitting in both Houses?

A. Zero Hour B. Adjournment Motion C. Question Hour D. No-Confidence Motion

Answer: C. Question Hour

Q. What parliamentary device is used by members to raise all types of questions without any permission or prior notice?

A. Question Hour B. Adjournment Motion C. Zero Hour D. No-Confidence Motion

Answer: C. Zero Hour

Q. Which parliamentary device proposes that the House should lay aside all other business and take up the consideration of “a matter of urgent public importance?”

A. Zero Hour B. Question Hour C. No-Confidence Motion D. Adjournment Motion

Answer: D. Adjournment Motion

Q. When a motion for the reduction of a demand of grant is moved, what is under consideration?

A. No-Confidence Motion B. The Budget C. The Adjournment Motion D. The Question Hour

Answer: B. The Budget

Q. Which motion, when passed, requires the Government to resign?

A. Adjournment Motion B. No-Confidence Motion C. Zero Hour D. Question Hour

Answer: B. No-Confidence Motion

Q. In what year did Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee resign due to a lost vote of confidence?

A. 2001 B. 2003 C. 1999 D. 2005

Answer: C. 1999

Q. What does “defection” refer to in the context of parliamentary politics?

A. Resigning from the government B. Joining another party or group C. Forming a new political party D. Voting against a No-Confidence Motion

Answer: B. Joining another party or group

Q. According to the Anti-Defection Act, what happens to a member who gives up the membership of their party or votes against any direction issued by their party?

A. They are promoted B. They are disqualified from being a member of the House C. They are given a warning D. Nothing happens

Answer: B. They are disqualified from being a member of the House

Q. What Act nullified the provisions of the Anti-Defection Act which allowed a split in political parties?

A. 95th Amendment Act B. 90th Amendment Act C. 91st Amendment Act D. 92nd Amendment Act

Answer: C. 91st Amendment Act

Q. Under the 91st Amendment Act, what penalty is imposed on defectors?
A. They lose membership of the House and are debarred from holding any public office B. They are given a warning C. They are fined D. They are promoted

Answer: A. They lose membership of the House and are debarred from holding any public office

Q. How is the Republic of India described in terms of its political organization?

A. Federation B. Confederation C. Union D. Autonomous regions

Answer: C. Union

Q. How many states are part of the Indian Union as of the provided data?

A. 26 B. 29 C. 27 D. 31

Answer: B. 29

Q. What kind of legislature does Delhi have despite being a Union Territory?

A. Bicameral B. Unicameral C. No legislature D. Tri-cameral

Answer: A. Bicameral

Q. Which one of the following states does not have a bicameral legislature?

A. Andhra Pradesh B. Telangana C. Bihar D. Goa

Answer: D. Goa

Q. What is the maximum number of members that can be in a Legislative Assembly?

A. 600 B. 500 C. 400 D. 700

Answer: B. 500

Q. What is the term of the Legislative Assembly?

A. 6 years B. 4 years C. 5 years D. 7 years

Answer: C. 5 years

Q. What is the maximum number of members that can be in a Legislative Council?

A. One-third of the Legislative Assembly B. Half of the Legislative Assembly C. Same as the Legislative Assembly D. Double the Legislative Assembly

Answer: A. One-third of the Legislative Assembly

Q. What is the minimum age requirement to be a member of the Legislative Council?

A. 25 years B. 30 years C. 35 years D. 40 years

Answer: B. 30 years

Q. What happens to a state law passed on a matter specified in the Concurrent List if the Parliament also passes a law on the same subject?

A. The state law prevails B. The state law becomes inoperative C. Both laws are applied D. The matter goes to the Supreme Court

Answer: B. The state law becomes inoperative

Q. When can Parliament frame laws with respect to any matter in the State List?

A. When the Lok Sabha approves B. When the Rajya Sabha approves by a two-thirds majority C. During a Proclamation of Emergency D. Both B and C

Answer: D. Both B and C

Q. Who exercises the powers of the State Legislature in case of a failure of the Constitutional machinery in a State?

A. The Prime Minister B. The President C. The Parliament D. The Judiciary

Answer: C. The Parliament

Q. Which entity has the exclusive power to originate Money Bills in a State?

A. The State Governor B. The State Judiciary C. The State Council D. The Legislative Assembly

Answer: D. The Legislative Assembly

Q. What happens if the Legislative Assembly passes a No-Confidence Motion against the Government?

A. The Government is suspended B. The Government has to resign C. The President intervenes D. A new Government is elected

Answer: B. The Government has to resign

Q. Who can initiate an amendment of the Constitution?

A. The Judiciary B. The State Legislature C. The President D. The Parliament

Answer: D. The Parliament

Q. When does an Amendment to the Constitution require ratification by the State Legislatures?

A. When it affects the Union Parliament B. When it changes specified Articles C. When it affects the President’s powers D. When it changes fundamental rights

Answer: B. When it changes specified Articles

Q. What is the composition of the Electoral College for the election of the President of India?

A. Elected members of both Houses of Parliament and all members of Legislative Assemblies B. Elected members of both Houses of Parliament and elected members of Legislative Assemblies C. All members of both Houses of Parliament and elected members of Legislative Assemblies D. All members of both Houses of Parliament and all members of Legislative Assemblies

Answer: B. Elected members of both Houses of Parliament and elected members of Legislative Assemblies

Q. Who is responsible to the Legislative Assembly?

A. The President B. The Judiciary C. The Ministers D. The Governor

Answer: C. The Ministers

Q. Which entity exercises control over the State finances?

A. The State Judiciary B. The State Executive C. The State Legislature D. The President

Answer: C. The State Legislature

Q. Who is required to resign if the Legislative Assembly passes a No-Confidence Motion?

A. The President B. The Governor C. The Prime Minister D. The Government

Answer: D. The Government

106. Who is elected by an Electoral College composed of elected members of both Houses of Parliament and elected members of Legislative Assemblies?

A. The Prime Minister B. The President C. The Chief Justice D. The Governor

Answer: B. The President