Local Government: NBSE Class 11 (Arts) Political Science notes

Introduction

The Panchayati Raj system in India, as outlined in the 73rd Amendment Act, is a three-tier structure of local self-governance at the village, block, and district levels. The Gram Panchayat operates at the village level, the Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and the Zila Parishad at the district level. The Gram Sabha, a body consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls of a village, exercises powers and functions at the village level as provided by the Legislature of a State.

The 74th Amendment Act provides for Municipal Corporations for major cities, Municipalities or Municipal Councils for middle rung cities, and Nagar Panchayats for smaller towns. The administration of a Municipal Corporation vests in an elected Council, the Mayor, Standing Committees, and the Municipal Commissioner. The Mayor, elected annually by the members of the Corporation, holds a very dignified position and is known as the “First Citizen” of the town.

The functions of a Municipality are similar to that of a Municipal Corporation, including construction of roads and bridges, water supply, maintaining hospitals and dispensaries, fire services, slum improvement, and maintaining an account of births and deaths. In addition, they are expected to undertake functions of socio-economic development such as poverty alleviation and safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society.

Mahatma Gandhi believed that “Independence must begin at the bottom” and that when Panchayati Raj is established, public opinion will do what violence can never do. He envisaged a system where every village would be self-sustained and capable of managing its affairs, thus emphasizing the importance of local self-governance.

Textual questions and answers

A. Long answer questions

1. What is meant by Local Government? What is the significance of Local Governments? (Or) What can be said in justification of the Local Government? Answer it with reference to the following:

(a) Efficient and effective management of the local affairs

Answer: Local matters like sanitation, electricity, water-supply, education, public works and other utilities can be better handled by the local people because they have first-hand knowledge of their specific needs.

(b) It is a people-friendly administration

Answer: Local government seems to be the friendliest administration in the world. One of its great strengths is its friendliness to people, who have no hesitation to approach a Village Sarpanch or a Municipal Councillor when they have a problem.

(c) Independence (Self-government) must begin at the bottom

Answer: Mahatma Gandhi said, ‘Independence must begin at the bottom. It follows, therefore, that every village has to be self-sustained and capable of managing its affairs.’ Local Government provides opportunity to the whole community to govern themselves. Devolution of power from the higher to lower levels is the best guarantee for the success of democracy.

(d) The system has Accountability and is extremely Economical

Answer: A local government is fully accountable to the people. In other words, the village Panchas or Municipal Councillors are completely responsible for what they do. They must be prepared to justify their actions.

2. Discuss the composition, powers and functions of the Gram Panchayats, especially in view of the 73rd Amendment Act and Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution of India.

Answer: Members of the Gram Panchayat are elected by the Gram Sabha. Panchayat does not mean that it will have only five members. The number varies from State to State. The Panchayati Raj Act provides that in all the Panchayats seats would be reserved for SCs and STs in proportion to their population. Moreover, not less than one-third of the total number of seats would be reserved for women. It is important to note that offices of Sarpanchas or Adhyakshas (Chairpersons) shall also be reserved for SCs, STS and Women at all three levels.

Under the Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution, Panchayati Raj Institutions have been entrusted with an expanded set of responsibilities. Traditionally, the functions of the Panchayats included the provision of safe drinking water, establishment of dispensaries and health centres, provision of primary education, maintenance of roads and footpaths, ensuring good drainage, provision of street lights, and settlement of disputes. However, with the new mandate, they are now also tasked with developmental activities. These include rural electrification, provision of vocational education, promotion of cottage and small industries, and facilitation of rural housing.

3. At the top in the Panchayati Raj system there stands the Zila Parishad. In this context answer the following questions:

(a) What is the composition of the Zila Parishads in India?

Answer: A Zila Parishad has the following members:

Pradhans of the Panchayat Samitis of the District.
Members of Parliament and Members of State Legislature from that district.
One representative of each of the co-operative societies of the district.
Representatives of women, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
Chairpersons of the Municipalities in the district. In some States the District Magistrate is empowered to attend the meetings of the Zila Parishad, but he does not have the right to vote.

(b) What are the Civic and Welfare functions of a Zila Parishad?

Answer: The Civic Facilities and Welfare Functions of a Zila Parishad include:

Construction and maintenance of public roads, bridges and culverts.
Construction of parks.
To develop the land, water and human resources of the area.
To establish libraries, educational institutions and dispensaries.
To promote the welfare of women and weaker sections of society, especially children, the handicapped and mentally retarded.

(c) What are the Supervisory and Developmental functions of a Zila Parishad?

Answer: The Supervisory and Developmental functions of a Zila Parishad are as follows:

Coordinating and Supervisory Functions: The Zila Parishad supervises the activities of the Panchayat Samitis and the Gram Panchayats. The Zila Parishad examines and approves the budgets of the Panchayat Samities.
Advisory and Financial Functions: The Zila Parishad tenders advice to the State government regarding needs of the people in rural areas. It receives funds from the Union or State-government, which it distributes among the Panchayat Samitis.
Developmental Functions: The Panchayati Raj institutions all levels will undertake many developmental functions, such as irrigation schemes, rural electrification, poverty alleviation programmes and public distribution system, etc.

4. With regard to the Municipal Corporation answer the following questions:

(a) What are the functions of the Mayor of a Corporation?

Answer: The Mayor main functions are:

To preside over the meetings of the Corporation and maintaining decorum and discipline in the meetings.
To act as the channel of communication between the Corporation and the State or the Union Government, as the case may be.
To receive the foreign dignitaries visiting the city.

(b) What are the functions of a Municipal Corporation, especially as listed in the Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution?

Answer: The functions of Municipal Corporations and other local institutions, as listed in the Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution, cover a broad range of civic responsibilities. These include the construction and maintenance of roads and bridges, provision of water supply, ensuring public health and sanitation, and providing fire services. They are also tasked with slum improvement and the provision of public amenities, which include street lighting, parking lots, bus stops, and public conveniences. The mandate extends to urban forestry and the creation of urban amenities such as parks and gardens. The promotion of cultural and educational aspects also falls within their purview, as does safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and mentally retarded.

5. There were some essential differences between the local governments before and after the 73rd Amendment Act. Mention those differences with reference to the following:

(a) Reservation of Seats for the Disadvantaged Sections of society

Answer: Before the 73rd Amendment Act, there was no constitutional mandate for reservation of seats for disadvantaged sections of society in local government. After the 73rd Amendment Act, reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes in proportion to their population was introduced. Also, at least one-third of the total number of seats are reserved for women.

(b) Duration of Panchayats (Uniform Term of 5 Years)

Answer: Prior to the 73rd Amendment Act, there was no uniform term for Panchayats across the country. After the amendment, every Panchayati Raj Institution has a uniform five-year term. If the Panchayati Raj institution is dissolved for any reason before the end of the period of 5 years, elections are held within six months.

(c) Conduct of Elections by the State Election Commission

Answer: Before the 73rd Amendment Act, the elections to Panchayati Raj Institutions were conducted by Officers under the direct control of the State Government. After the amendment, the Governor appoints the State Election Commissioner who has been assigned the responsibility of preparing the electoral rolls and conducting elections to the PRIs. Sufficient care has been taken to ensure that the Election Commissioner is able to discharge the duties of his office impartially.

(d) State Finance Commission

Answer: Before the 73rd Amendment Act, there was no constitutional provision for the State Finance Commission. After the amendment, the State government is required to appoint a State Finance Commission every five years. The Commission will review the financial position of the Panchayats and make recommendations to the Governor as to the principles which should govern the distribution of revenues between the State and the Panchayats.

B. Short answer questions

6. What is meant by the Three-tier Structure of the Panchayati Raj? Explain the term ‘Gram Sabha’ and mention its functions.

Answer: The Three-tier Structure of the Panchayati Raj is a system of rural local self-government in India. It consists of three levels: the village level (Gram Panchayat), the block level (Panchayat Samiti), and the district level (Zila Parishad).

The Gram Sabha is a body consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls of a village comprised within the area of Panchayat at the village level. It exercises such powers and performs such functions at the village level as the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide.

7. What is a Nyaya Panchayat? What is its function?

Answer: A Nyaya Panchayat is a separate institution which administers justice in some states. It secures speedy and inexpensive justice to the villagers.

A Panchayat tries only petty civil suits relating to movable property and minor offences such as petty thefts, trespass, unauthorised occupation of public places, cheating and assault. The Panchayats have no power to imprison a person, they can only fine up to ₹ 1,000.

8. What are the main powers and functions of a Panchayat Samiti?

Answer: The functions of a Panchayat Samiti are of two kinds. Civic Facilities and Developmental Functions include Rural Health Programme which includes Primary Health Centres and Community Health Centres, Rural Water Supply, Rural Roads and Regulation of Markets, functions relating to Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries which include the provision of improved seeds and chemical fertilisers and distribution of pesticides, Development of Cottage Industries such as handlooms, handicrafts and village industries, Social Welfare which includes the welfare of SCs and STs, women and other backward classes. The Panchayat Samiti also supervises the work of the Gram Panchayats. The Samiti examines the Budget of the Panchayats and may make suitable modifications in it. It also exercises control over the functioning of Block Development Officer and his assistants.

C. Very short answer questions

9. What was Mahatma Gandhi’s opinion or belief about the Panchayati Raj?

Answer: Mahatma Gandhi’s opinion or belief about the Panchayati Raj was that “Independence must begin at the bottom. It follows, therefore, that every village has to be self-sustained and capable of managing its affairs.”

D. Multiple Choice Questions: Tick (✔) the correct answer.

10. Which of the following Amendment Acts provided guidelines for Panchayati Raj Acts in States?

Answer: (d) The Constitution Seventy-third Amendment Act, 1993

11. Which is the most suitable venue for the Gram Sabha meeting?

Answer: (c) The School premises

12. At what level does the Panchayat Samiti stand in the three-tier structure of Panchayati Raj Institutions?

Answer: (b) At the Block level

Value-based question

Mrs. A. Joseph is a Sarpanch in one of the villages of her State. She wants to ensure that women of her village do not have to go to far off places to fetch water for their families. Make a few suggestions about how she could solve this problem.

Answer: Mrs. A. Joseph, as a Sarpanch, can take several steps to ensure that women of her village do not have to go to far off places to fetch water:

She can initiate the construction of community wells or water tanks in different parts of the village to ensure easy access to water.
She can liaise with the state government or NGOs to implement rainwater harvesting systems in the village. This will not only provide a local source of water but also promote sustainable water management.
She can advocate for the installation of piped water supply in the village. This would require liaising with the relevant government departments or agencies.
She can organize awareness programs to educate the villagers about the importance of water conservation and proper usage to ensure the available water resources are not depleted.
She can also explore the possibility of digging borewells, but this should be done responsibly, keeping in mind the water table and potential for depletion.
If the village is near a natural water source like a river or a lake, she can work on creating a system to channel water from these sources to the village.

Additional/extra questions and answers

1. Define the term ‘Local Government’ as used in the context of the democratic structure in India.

Answer: Local Government, as understood in the context of Indian democratic structure, refers to an elected body enjoying a certain degree of autonomy and serving as an administrative unit for local affairs. This is typically comprised of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Municipal Institutions (MIS), which are grassroots level entities of governance.

2. What is the significance of the All-India Panchayat Adhyakshas Conference held in November 1995?

Answer: The All-India Panchayat Adhyakshas Conference held in November 1995 is significant because it demonstrated the commitment of the Central Government to involve the people at the third level of governance. The 7000 delegates who attended the Conference were assured by the national government of adequate powers, as well as sufficient finances to enable the PRIs to function as effective units of self-government.

3. List and explain at least two reasons that highlight the importance of Local Government.

Answer:

Efficient and Effective Management of Day-to-Day Life and Local Affairs of the People: Local matters such as sanitation, electricity, water-supply, education, public works, and other utilities can be better handled by local people because they have first-hand knowledge of their specific needs. Local government institutions are most familiar with the nuances of their communities and hence, are best equipped to manage these issues.
People-Friendly Administration: Local government is often the most approachable and friendly form of administration. One of its greatest strengths is its friendliness to people, who often have no hesitation to approach a Village Sarpanch or a Municipal Councillor when they have a problem. This proximity to the community enhances the overall effectiveness and efficiency of governance.

4. What are the benefits of having local government institutions as per Mahatma Gandhi’s view and how does it relieve the State Administration of some of its burden?

Answer: Mahatma Gandhi opined that independence must begin at the bottom, and therefore, every village has to be self-sustained and capable of managing its affairs. Local Government provides the opportunity for the whole community to govern themselves. The devolution of power from higher to lower levels is the best guarantee for the success of democracy. This concept of self-governance ensures active participation of the entire community in decision-making processes and running of local affairs.

On the other hand, having local government institutions can significantly relieve the State Administration of some of its burdens. The devolution of authority enables the State government to focus better on matters like public order, police, prisons, and trade and commerce within the State. This is because a significant portion of administrative responsibilities are assumed by local bodies, leaving the State Administration free to concentrate on broader policy issues and maintaining law and order.

5. Explain in detail how Local Government is accountable and economical.

Answer: A local government is fully accountable to the people. This means that the representatives at this level, such as village Panchas or Municipal Councillors, are completely responsible for what they do and they must be prepared to justify their actions. This accountability is fostered by the close proximity of these representatives to their constituents, allowing for transparent operations and easy scrutiny.

Further, Local Government can also be more economical. Local bodies are often more adept at managing resources efficiently due to their deep understanding of the local context, specific needs, and constraints. This intimate knowledge allows them to devise and implement strategies that can effectively address local issues at a lower cost. In addition, devolving powers to local bodies can lead to substantial savings in administrative costs for the state and central government as it allows for greater efficiency and minimizes duplication of efforts. Thus, Local Government is both accountable and economical.

6. What does Article 40 of the Constitution of India mandate in terms of local self-governance?

Answer: Article 40 of the Constitution of India, under the Directive Principles of State Policy, directs the Government to take steps to organise village panchayats and endow them with powers and authority as may be necessary to function as units of self-government.

Q. Who was the chairman of the committee set up in 1957 to review the laws passed by various states regarding the organization of Panchayats?

Answer: The chairman of the committee set up in 1957 to review the laws passed by various states in regard to the organisation of Panchayats was Balwant Rai Mehta.

Q. Can you elaborate on the three-tier structure of the local government as recommended by the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee in 1958?

Answer: The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee in 1958 recommended a three-tier structure for local governments. The three levels proposed were:

Village level – Village Panchayats
Block level – Panchayat Samitis
District level – Zila Parishads

These tiers were established to ensure a broad representation and enable efficient management of local administrative issues.

Q. What major steps towards decentralization were taken during Rajiv Gandhi’s tenure as Prime Minister?

Answer: During his tenure as Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi took significant steps towards decentralization. He understood that responsive administration in rural India could only be achieved through genuine Panchayati Raj. The Thungon Committee, in 1989, recommended local governments to be part and parcel of the Constitution, leading to the introduction of a Constitution Amendment Bill in Parliament in May 1989. The goal was to accord Constitutional status to local bodies. Despite not getting the necessary two-thirds majority in the Rajya Sabha, this was a significant step towards enhancing the power and authority of local bodies.

Q. What are the key features of the 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts?

Answer: The 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts play a crucial role in recognizing and supporting local bodies.

The 73rd Amendment Act, which came into force on 24 April 1993, introduced a new Schedule (Eleventh Schedule) to the Constitution, which offers guidelines for new Panchayati Raj Acts in the States. The amendment envisions a three-tier Panchayati Raj system at the Village, Intermediate, and District levels, giving small States with a population below twenty lakhs the option not to constitute the Panchayat at the Intermediate (Block) level.

The 74th Amendment Act, 1993, provides for the establishment of three types of local self-governing institutions in urban areas: the Municipal Corporations, the Municipal Councils, and for smaller towns, the Nagar Panchayats.

Q. Explain the objectives and implementation of the 73rd Amendment Act.

Answer: The 73rd Amendment Act was enacted with the main objective to improve the participation of the people in the process of their development. The law set the basis for a more democratic and participatory form of governance where decisions affecting local communities are taken by the people themselves.

The Act provided for a three-tier Panchayati Raj System at the Village, Intermediate, and District levels, thereby creating a platform for a more decentralized form of governance. Two interconnected bodies have been set up at the Village level: (1) Gram Sabha, comprising all eligible voters in the village, and (2) Gram Panchayat, a council of elected members from the Gram Sabha. These institutions play a vital role in self-governance, taking care of local needs and issues, and ensuring the involvement of the local population in decision-making processes, thus fostering a sense of responsibility and ownership among the residents.

Q. What is the Gram Sabha, and who elects the ‘Gram Pradhan’?

Answer: The Gram Sabha is a body consisting of all the adult members registered as voters in the Panchayat area. The ‘Gram Pradhan’ or President of the Gram Sabha is elected by the members of the Sabha, and they serve a tenure of 5 years.

Q. Who elects the Vice-President of the Gram Sabha?

Answer: The Vice-President of the Gram Sabha is elected by the Gram Panchayat, not by the Gram Sabha.

Q. What are the main functions of the Gram Sabha?

Answer: The main functions of the Gram Sabha are threefold:

Approve the budget for the year,
Consider new taxes which the Gram Panchayat may like to levy,
Review the Audit Report of the last year’s accounts of the Panchayat.

In addition to these, the Gram Sabha can recommend schemes beneficial to the villagers.

Q. Who are the members of the Gram Panchayat and who elects them?

Answer: The members of the Gram Panchayat are elected by the Gram Sabha. The number of Panchayat members varies from state to state, determined by the state government based on the village population.

Q. How often does the Panchayat meet and who presides over the meeting?

Answer: The Panchayat usually meets once a month, and the meeting is presided over by the Sarpanch. All decisions at these meetings are taken by majority vote.

Q. What happens if a Gram Panchayat is dissolved?

Answer: In the event of the dissolution of any of the Gram Panchayats, elections will be held compulsorily within six months to form a new Panchayat.

Q. What provisions does the Panchayati Raj Act make for reservation of seats in Panchayats?

Answer: The Panchayati Raj Act provides for reservation of seats in all Panchayats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in proportion to their population. Moreover, not less than one-third of the total number of seats would be reserved for women. Furthermore, the offices of Sarpanchas or Adhyakshas (Chairpersons) shall also be reserved for SCs, STS, and Women at all the three levels.

Q. What responsibilities have been entrusted to all Panchayati Raj Institutions under Schedule XI of the Constitution?

Answer: Under Schedule XI of the Constitution, all Panchayati Raj Institutions have been entrusted with many new responsibilities. Along with their customary functions such as providing safe drinking water, establishing health centers, providing primary education, maintaining roads and footpaths, ensuring good drainage, installing street lights, and settling disputes, they are now also expected to undertake Developmental Activities, such as Rural Electrification, Vocational Education, establishing Cottage and Small Industries, and Rural Housing.

Q. What was the deadline for all States to amend their Panchayati Raj Acts in accordance with the new Constitutional provisions of the 73rd Amendment Act?

Answer: All the States were required to amend their Panchayati Raj Acts in accordance with the new Constitutional provisions of the 73rd Amendment Act by the stipulated deadline of 23rd April 1994.

Q. Enumerate the levels at which panchayats are established as per the 73rd Amendment Act.

Answer: As per the 73rd Amendment Act, panchayats are established at three levels: the village, intermediate, and district levels. These institutions function as entities of self-governance and are given the power and authority to formulate and implement schemes for economic development and social justice.

Q. What is the term of office for Panchayati Raj institutions as stipulated by the 73rd Amendment Act?

Answer: The 73rd Amendment Act stipulates that Panchayati Raj institutions are to hold regular elections every five years. This ensures the continuity of these bodies and allows them to continually represent and serve their respective local communities.

Q. Can you explain the provisions for reservation in Panchayati Raj institutions as mandated by the 73rd Amendment Act?

Answer: The 73rd Amendment Act includes several important provisions for reservation in Panchayati Raj institutions. Seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in proportion to their population. There is also a reservation of at least one-third of the seats for women. Similar reservation policies are in place with respect to the office of Chairperson. Moreover, states are empowered to provide for reservation in favour of backward class of citizens. This ensures a more representative and inclusive form of local self-governance.

Q. What are the functions of State Election Commission and State Finance Commission as stated in the 73rd Amendment Act?

Answer: Under the 73rd Amendment Act, both the State Election Commission and the State Finance Commission play crucial roles in the functioning of Panchayati Raj institutions. The State Election Commission is responsible for conducting regular elections to the Panchayati Raj institutions every five years. On the other hand, the State Finance Commission is constituted every five years to review the financial status of the Panchayats and to ensure that adequate financial resources are provided for them. It determines the principles based on which financial resources would be ensured for Panchayats. Thus, these commissions play a key role in maintaining the operational and financial integrity of the Panchayati Raj institutions.

Q. Discuss the scope of authority and responsibilities entrusted with the Panchayati Raj institutions after they come into position.

Answer: After the Panchayati Raj institutions come into position through the electoral process, the States endow these institutions with adequate powers, autonomy and authority. This is to enable them to function effectively as institutions of local self-governance and to discharge their constitutional responsibilities regarding the preparation and implementation of programmes for economic development and social justice. Schedule XI to the Constitution enumerates 29 subjects which could be entrusted with the Panchayati Raj institutions. This includes regulatory and administrative functions like registration of births and deaths, maintenance of watch and ward service, and maintenance of revenue records.

Q. Can you elaborate on the judicial role played by Panchayats in the context of Nyaya Panchayats?

Answer: The Nyaya Panchayats represent the judicial component of the Panchayat system. An important function of the Panchayat is to secure speedy and inexpensive justice to the villagers. At some places, the Panchayat itself acts as a court, whereas in other States, the Nyaya Panchayat is a separate institution which administers justice. For instance, in Uttar Pradesh, there is a Nyaya Panchayat for each block or group of villages. The jurisdiction of Nyaya Panchayats varies from State to State. However, they generally try petty civil suits relating to movable property and minor offences such as petty thefts, trespass, unauthorised occupation of public places, cheating, and assault. The Panchayats do not have the power to imprison a person, but they can impose a fine up to ₹ 1,000.

Q. What are the main sources of income for the Panchayats according to the 73rd Amendment Act?

Answer: The main sources of income for the Panchayats as per the 73rd Amendment Act are multiple. They have the right to levy taxes on property, land, goods and cattle. They can collect taxes on the sale of goods in fairs and makeshift markets. They can construct buildings like rest houses and places for accommodating marriage parties and earn revenue by renting them out. A part of the land revenue collected by the State government is given to the Panchayats. Moreover, Panchayats receive grants from the State government. Each State establishes a Finance Commission to determine the principles on the basis of which adequate financial resources would be ensured for Panchayats. Lastly, the accounts of the Panchayats are audited by government officials to maintain transparency and accountability.

Q. Who are the members of the Panchayat Samiti?

Answer: The Panchayat Samiti comprises:

All the Sarpanchas (Presidents) of the Panchayats within the Block as ex-officio members.
The MPs, MLAs, and MLCs of the area.
The Chairpersons of the Nagar Panchayats of the area.
The elected members of the Zila Parishad from that Block.
At least one-third of the seats would be reserved for women. Scheduled Castes and Tribes have representation proportional to their population.

Q. What is the term duration of the Panchayat Samiti and who is its Chief Administrative Officer?

Answer: The Panchayat Samiti has a term of 5 years. Its Chief Administrative Officer is known as the Block Development Officer.

Q. Can you enumerate some of the functions of a Panchayat Samiti?

Answer: The functions of a Panchayat Samiti can be broadly divided into civic facilities and developmental functions and supervisory functions:

Under Civic Facilities and Developmental Functions, they manage the Rural Health Program, Rural Water Supply, Rural Roads, Regulation of Markets, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Development of Cottage Industries, Social Welfare, and the implementation of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.
Under Supervisory Functions, the Panchayat Samiti supervises the work of the Gram Panchayats, examines the budget of the Panchayats, and exercises control over the functioning of Block Development Officer and his assistants.

Q. What is the Zila Parishad and how does it function?

Answer: The Zila Parishad is the apex body under the Panchayati Raj and it coordinates the activities of various Panchayat Samitis. Its members include Pradhans of the Panchayat Samitis of the District, Members of Parliament and Members of State Legislature from the district, a representative of each of the co-operative societies of the district, representatives of women, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and Chairpersons of the Municipalities in the district. In some states, the District Magistrate can attend the meetings but cannot vote. Under the new Panchayati Raj Acts, all the Zila Parishads have a uniform 5-year term. Each Zila Parishad elects a Chairperson who is elected by the members of the Parishad. The offices of the Chairpersons shall be reserved in favor of SCs and STs in proportion to their population in the State. At least one-third of the offices are reserved for women.

Q. What are the duties of the Block Development Officer in the Panchayat Samiti?

Answer: The Block Development Officer, as the Chief Administrative Officer of the Panchayat Samiti, has several Assistant Development Officers under them who are experts in fields like Agriculture, Land Development, Animal Husbandry, and Cooperative Movement. Their main duty is to coordinate and supervise the implementation of various development programs and civic functions at the block level. They also work closely with the Gram Panchayats within their block.

Q. Can you elucidate the civic facilities and developmental functions of the Panchayat Samiti?

Answer: The Panchayat Samiti has several functions related to civic facilities and development. They manage the Rural Health Program which includes Primary Health Centers and Community Health Centers. They oversee the Rural Water Supply, Rural Roads, and Regulation of Markets. They also function in relation to Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Fisheries which includes the provision of improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, and distribution of pesticides. They oversee the development of Cottage Industries like handlooms, handicrafts, and village industries. They also handle social welfare which includes the welfare of SCs and STs, women, and other backward classes. Lastly, they also implement the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in all the rural districts of the country following certain guidelines.

Q. What are the supervisory functions of the Panchayat Samiti?

Answer: As part of its supervisory functions, the Panchayat Samiti oversees the work of the Gram Panchayats within its block. It has the responsibility to examine the Budget of the Panchayats and make suitable modifications if needed. Additionally, the Samiti exercises control over the functioning of the Block Development Officer and his assistants, ensuring the effective and efficient implementation of developmental projects and civic duties at the block level.

Q. What are the civic facilities and welfare functions of the Zila Parishad?

Answer: The Zila Parishad undertakes several civic facilities and welfare functions which include:

Construction and maintenance of public roads, bridges, and culverts
Construction of parks
Development of the land, water, and human resources of the area
Establishment of libraries, educational institutions, and dispensaries
Promotion of the welfare of women and weaker sections of society, especially children, the handicapped, and mentally retarded.

Q. What is the role of the Zila Parishad in terms of coordinating and supervisory functions?

Answer: The Zila Parishad supervises the activities of the Panchayat Samitis and the Gram Panchayats. It is responsible for examining and approving the budgets of the Panchayat Samities.

Q. Can you elaborate on the advisory and financial functions of the Zila Parishad?

Answer: The Zila Parishad serves as an advisor to the State government regarding the needs of people in rural areas. From a financial perspective, it receives funds from the Union or State government, which it then distributes among the Panchayat Samitis.

Q. What developmental functions are carried out by the Panchayati Raj institutions?

Answer: The Panchayati Raj institutions, including the Zila Parishad, undertake various developmental functions. They implement irrigation schemes, rural electrification, poverty alleviation programmes, and public distribution systems, among other things.

Q. Who is responsible for the conduct of elections for Panchayati Raj Institutions, and what is their role?

Answer: The State Election Commissioner, appointed by the Governor, is responsible for preparing the electoral rolls and conducting elections for the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). The Commissioner ensures regular elections to the local bodies after the completion of their term and, if a PRI is dissolved for any reason before the end of its 5-year term, the Commissioner ensures elections are held within six months.

Q. What measures are taken to ensure the impartiality of the Election Commissioner?

Answer: The Election Commissioner, once appointed, cannot be removed from office except in like manner and on like grounds as a Judge of the High Court. Moreover, his conditions of service cannot be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. These measures help ensure that the Election Commissioner can discharge his duties impartially.

Q. Explain the role and responsibilities of the State Finance Commission in relation to the Panchayati Raj Institutions.

Answer: The State government is required to appoint a Finance Commission every fifth year to review the financial position of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). The Commission determines the taxes, duties, tolls, and fees which may be assigned to the rural and urban local bodies. It also determines the Grants-in-Aid to the Panchayats and the Municipal bodies from the Consolidated Fund of the State. This arrangement helps ensure that PRIs have sufficient funding for developmental activities.

Q. What is the purpose of the 74th Amendment Act?

Answer: The 74th Amendment Act was enacted to make urban local governance more accountable and efficient.

Q. Define an urban area according to the 74th Amendment Act.

Answer: As per the 74th Amendment Act, an urban area is defined as one where at least 75 per cent of the male population is employed in non-agricultural professions, trade or business.

Q. What are the three types of urban local bodies provided for by the 74th Amendment Act?

Answer: The 74th Amendment Act provides for three types of urban local bodies: (1) Municipal Corporations for major cities, (2) Municipalities or Municipal Councils for middle rung cities, and (3) Nagar Panchayats for smaller towns.

Q. Describe the administration of a Municipal Corporation according to the 74th Amendment Act.

Answer: The administration of a Municipal Corporation vests in an elected Council and the powers of the Corporation are exercised by four entities: the General Council, Mayor, Standing Committees, and Municipal Commissioner. The General Council consists of elected members known as Councillors, with seats reserved for SCs, STs, and women. The Mayor is known as the “First Citizen” of the town and has several responsibilities, including presiding over meetings and acting as a communication channel with the government. Standing Committees deal with various functions, such as Taxation, Finance, Education, and Welfare Schemes. The Municipal Commissioner is the administrative head of the Corporation and is responsible for overseeing all other officers, preparing the budget, and maintaining records.

Q. Explain the composition and role of the General Council in a Municipal Corporation.

Answer: The General Council of a Municipal Corporation consists of members elected by all adult citizens registered as voters in the municipal area, known as Councillors. The size of the Council varies depending on the population of the city. Seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in proportion to their population, and at least one-third of the total number of seats are reserved for women. The General Council also includes a few Aldermen, respected persons of the city, usually elected by the Councillors. The tenure of every Municipal Corporation, as per the 74th Amendment Act, is five years. Most of the officials of a Municipal Corporation are appointed by the General Council, except for the Municipal Commissioner who is appointed by the State government.

Q. What are the functions and term of a Mayor in a Municipal Corporation according to the 74th Amendment Act?

Answer: The Mayor holds a dignified position in a Municipal Corporation, usually elected annually by the members of the Corporation from among themselves. In some states, the Mayor is elected by the general voters, in which case, he would have a five-year term. The Mayor is known as the “First Citizen” of the town. His main functions are: (1) to preside over the meetings of the Corporation and maintain decorum and discipline in the meetings, (2) to act as the channel of communication between the Corporation and the State or the Union Government, as the case may be, and (3) to receive foreign dignitaries visiting the city. The Mayor has access to all papers and records of the Corporation.

Q. Explain the role and functions of the Standing Committees in a Municipal Corporation.

Answer: In a Municipal Corporation, the General Council performs different functions through the Standing Committees. These Committees deal with one or more of the following subjects: Taxation, Finance and Preparation of Budget, Engineering, Health, Education Services, Plan for Economic Development, and Welfare Schemes for the Weaker Section. This means that each committee specializes in a certain area and is responsible for decisions and strategies related to it. It’s these committees that ensure the smooth functioning of the Corporation in various areas.

Q. Who is the Municipal Commissioner and what are his functions in a Municipal Corporation?

Answer: The Municipal Commissioner is the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation. He is appointed by the State Government or the Union Government, as the case may be. The appointment is made for five years, but he may be divested of his office earlier by the Government. The Municipal Commissioner is the administrative head of the Corporation and, therefore, he gives necessary directions to all other officers of the Corporation. His duties involve preparing the budget estimates and placing the same before the General Council. He is the custodian of all records and personal files of all staff members. This means he plays a central role in the administrative functioning of the Municipal Corporation.

Q. What are the civic facilities and welfare functions of the Zila Parishad?

Answer: The Zila Parishad undertakes several civic facilities and welfare functions which include:

Construction and maintenance of public roads, bridges, and culverts
Construction of parks
Development of the land, water, and human resources of the area
Establishment of libraries, educational institutions, and dispensaries
Promotion of the welfare of women and weaker sections of society, especially children, the handicapped, and mentally retarded.

Q. What is the role of the Zila Parishad in terms of coordinating and supervisory functions?

Answer: The Zila Parishad supervises the activities of the Panchayat Samitis and the Gram Panchayats. It is responsible for examining and approving the budgets of the Panchayat Samities.

Q. Can you elaborate on the advisory and financial functions of the Zila Parishad?

Q. What developmental functions are carried out by the Panchayati Raj institutions?

Q. Who is responsible for the conduct of elections for Panchayati Raj Institutions, and what is their role?

Q. What measures are taken to ensure the impartiality of the Election Commissioner?

Q. Explain the role and responsibilities of the State Finance Commission in relation to the Panchayati Raj Institutions.

Q. What are some of the functions of the Municipal Corporation as listed in the Twelfth Schedule?

Answer: The Twelfth Schedule lists various functions of Municipal Corporations such as managing roads and bridges, water supply, public health and sanitation, fire services, slum improvement, public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences, urban forestry, urban amenities like parks and gardens, promotion of cultural and educational aspects, and safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and mentally retarded.

Q. Besides the listed functions in the Twelfth Schedule, what are some of the customary functions of the Municipal Corporation?

Answer: Apart from the functions listed in the Twelfth Schedule, Municipal Corporations also perform certain customary functions. These include the naming of public roads and streets, framing rules regarding the construction of shopping centers, restaurants, and hotels, and maintaining an account of births and deaths. They are also expected to launch family welfare schemes and undertake poverty alleviation programs.

Q. What is one way Municipal Corporations can contribute to poverty alleviation?

Answer: One way Municipal Corporations can contribute to poverty alleviation is by launching family welfare schemes and undertaking poverty alleviation programs.

Q. What are the main sources of income for a Municipal Corporation?

Answer: The main sources of income for a Municipal Corporation include income from taxes such as property tax, tax on vehicles, tax on theatres, entertainment tax, tax on transfer of property, and tax on building plans. Other sources include various cesses and rates such as education cess, tax on consumption of water and electricity, taxes on professions and trades. They also receive grant-in-aid from the State Governments, and in the case of Municipal Corporations in Union Territories, from the Central Government.

Q. What are some of the taxes levied by Municipal Corporations?

Answer: Municipal Corporations levy various taxes to generate income. Some of these taxes include property tax, tax on vehicles, tax on theatres, entertainment tax, tax on transfer of property, and tax on building plans.

Q. What is grant-in-aid and who provides it to the Municipal Corporations?

Answer: Grant-in-aid is a financial assistance given to Municipal Corporations by State Governments. In the case of Municipal Corporations in Union Territories, the grant-in-aid is provided by the Central Government. This is an essential source of funds for the Corporations to carry out their responsibilities.

Q. How do Municipal Corporations support the interests of weaker sections of society?

Answer: Municipal Corporations support the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and mentally retarded, through a variety of measures. They can establish and promote public amenities and facilities that cater to the needs of these individuals. Additionally, they can undertake programs that seek to improve their quality of life and economic standing. These may include poverty alleviation programs and family welfare schemes. The Municipal Corporations have a duty to ensure that the interests of these vulnerable groups are safeguarded and their wellbeing is promoted.

Q. How are Municipal Corporations involved in urban planning and development?

Answer: Municipal Corporations play a significant role in urban planning and development. They manage the infrastructure such as roads and bridges, water supply, public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences. They are involved in slum improvement and urban forestry. They are also responsible for providing urban amenities like parks and gardens. The Corporations have the power to frame rules regarding the construction of shopping centers, restaurants, and hotels. They promote cultural and educational aspects and launch family welfare schemes, as part of their efforts to ensure a sustainable and livable urban environment.

Q. What are the three main wings of a Municipality?

Answer: The three main wings of a Municipality are: (1) A General Board or Council, (2) the Chairperson, and (3) the Executive Officer and other Officers.

Q. How are the members of a Municipal Council or Board chosen?

Answer: The Board or the Council of a Municipality consists of members (Councillors) elected by the adult citizens living within the Municipal area. The size of the Council varies from town to town, depending on the population of the city. The new Nagarpalika Act provides for reservation of seats in every Municipality for SCs, STs, and women.

Q. Explain the term and election process for Municipal Council according to the new Nagarpalika Act.

Answer: Under the new Nagarpalika Act, every Municipality will have a uniform five-year term. If the council is dissolved for any reason, elections must be held within six months to select a new council.

Q. Who is the Municipal President and how is he or she elected?

Answer: The presiding officer of the Municipal Board is known as the President or Chairman. This individual is elected by the Councillors from among themselves. In some States, the President is elected by the general voters. The President’s role is to preside over the meetings of the Board and regulate the conduct of business in such meetings.

Q. Describe the role of the Executive Officer and other officers in a Municipality.

Answer: The day-to-day workings of the Municipal Committee are overseen by an Executive Officer, who is in charge of the Municipal Office and distributes work among other municipal officers. The Executive Officer participates in the meetings of the Board or any of its committees, acting as Secretary. Other important officers in the Municipality include the Health Officer, the Tax Superintendent, and Engineers.

Q. What are the main functions of a Municipality?

Answer: The functions of a Municipality are similar to that of a Municipal Corporation, which includes the construction of roads and bridges, water supply, maintaining hospitals and dispensaries, fire services, slum improvement, and maintaining an account of births and deaths. Additionally, municipalities are expected to undertake functions of socio-economic development such as poverty alleviation and safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and mentally retarded. They are also responsible for urban planning, which includes housing and town-planning.

Q. What are the sources of income for a Municipal Committee?

Answer: A Municipal Committee has several sources of income:

Income from Taxes: This includes tax on property, vehicles, advertisements, and entertainment tax.
Cesses and Rates: Citizens are required to pay cess on consumption of water and electricity and license fees for various vocations. Other cesses include octroi duty and toll tax.
Grant-in-Aid: Grants from the State Government constitute an important source of funding.
Remunerative Enterprises: The Municipal Committees may set up commercial complexes or establish other remunerative enterprises.

Q. Explain what Nagar Panchayats are and how they are formed.

Answer: Nagar Panchayats are established in small towns. The members of the Committee are elected by all adult citizens registered as voters in the town area. Seats are reserved for SCs and STs in proportion to their population, with at least one-third of the total number of seats reserved for women.

Q. What are the main functions and sources of income for Nagar Panchayats?

Answer: The functions of the Nagar Panchayats are largely the same as those of a Municipal Committee. These include supplying safe drinking water, maintaining hospitals and dispensaries, cleaning and lighting public streets, maintaining primary or secondary schools, and registering births and deaths. Their sources of income include octroi duty, tax on property and cattle, and grants-in-aid from the State Government.

76. Who manages the day-to-day business of the Nagar Panchayat?

Answer: The day-to-day business of the Nagar Panchayat is transacted by the Secretary.

Additional/extra MCQs

1. What is the Indian democratic structure comprised of?

A. National, State, and Local Governments B. National and State Governments C. National, State, and Village Governments D. National and Local Governments

Answer: A. National, State, and Local Governments

2. What are the grassroots-level entities of governance in India?

A. National Institutions and Municipal Institutions B. State Institutions and Municipal Institutions C. Panchayati Raj Institutions and Municipal Institutions D. Panchayati Raj Institutions and State Institutions

Answer: C. Panchayati Raj Institutions and Municipal Institutions

3. When was the All-India Panchayat Adhyakshas Conference held?

A. November 1993 B. November 1994 C. November 1995 D. November 1996

Answer: C. November 1995

4. What was assured to the delegates at the All-India Panchayat Adhyakshas Conference?

A. Adequate powers and finances B. Autonomy and powers C. Adequate powers and autonomy D. Finances and autonomy

Answer: A. Adequate powers and finances

5. Which administration is referred to as the friendliest?

A. National Government B. State Government C. Local Government D. Municipal Government

Answer: C. Local Government

6. Who said, “Independence must begin at the bottom.”?

A. Jawaharlal Nehru B. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel C. Mahatma Gandhi D. B. R. Ambedkar

Answer: C. Mahatma Gandhi

Q. What is the best guarantee for the success of democracy?

A. Active Participation B. Self-Government C. Devolution of Power D. People-Friendly Administration

Answer: C. Devolution of Power

Q. What can the State Government focus on due to devolution of authority?

A. Education and Public Works B. Public Order and Police C. Sanitation and Electricity D. Water-supply and Education

Answer: B. Public Order and Police

Q. To whom is a local government fully accountable?

A. State Government B. National Government C. People D. Municipal Councillors

Answer: C. People

Q. Which local body representative must be prepared to justify their actions?

A. Village Sarpanch B. Municipal Councillors C. Panchas D. Both A and B

Answer: D. Both A and B

Q. When did India gain independence?

A. 1948 B. 1949 C. 1947 D. 1950

Answer: C. 1947

Q. Who was the chairman of the committee set up in 1957 to review the laws regarding the organization of Panchayats?

A. Rajiv Gandhi B. Balwant Rai Mehta C. Thungon D. None of the above

Answer: B. Balwant Rai Mehta

Q. How many Village Panchayats were set up all over India by 1964?

A. Two lakh B. One lakh C. Two lakh twenty-five thousand D. One lakh twenty-five thousand

Answer: C. Two lakh twenty-five thousand

Q. When did Rajiv Gandhi become the Prime Minister of India?

A. 30 October 1984 B. 31 October 1984 C. 1 November 1984 D. 30 November 1984

Answer: B. 31 October 1984

Q. When did the 73rd Amendment Act come into force?

A. 23 April 1993 B. 24 April 1993 C. 25 April 1993 D. 26 April 1993

Answer: B. 24 April 1993

Q. What does the 73rd Amendment Act envision?

A. Two-tier Panchayati Raj system B. Three-tier Panchayati Raj system C. Four-tier Panchayati Raj system D. Five-tier Panchayati Raj system

Answer: B. Three-tier Panchayati Raj system

Q. What does the 74th Amendment Act provide for?

A. Rural self-governing institutions B. Urban self-governing institutions C. Both rural and urban self-governing institutions D. None of the above

Answer: B. Urban self-governing institutions

Q. What are the two bodies set up at the Village level as per the 73rd Amendment Act?

A. Gram Sabha and Panchayat Samiti B. Gram Sabha and Zila Parishad C. Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat D. Gram Panchayat and Zila Parishad

Answer: C. Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat

Q. When was a Constitution Amendment Bill introduced to give constitutional status to local bodies?

A. May 1987 B. May 1988 C. May 1989 D. May 1990

Answer: C. May 1989

Q. Who elects the ‘Gram Pradhan’ in a Gram Sabha?

A. Vice-President B. Sarpanch C. Gram Sabha members D. Gram Panchayat members

Answer: C. Gram Sabha members

Q. How many times does the Gram Sabha have its meetings in a year?

A. Monthly B. Weekly C. At least two times D. Daily

Answer: C. At least two times

Q. Who elects the Vice-President of the Gram Sabha?

A. Gram Sabha members B. Gram Panchayat C. Sarpanch D. State Government

Answer: B. Gram Panchayat

Q. Who elects the members of the Gram Panchayat?

A. Gram Sabha B. Gram Pradhan C. Sarpanch D. Vice-President

Answer: A. Gram Sabha

Q. What does the term ‘Panchayat’ imply?

A. Five members B. Ten members C. Variable number of members D. Hundred members

Answer: C. Variable number of members

Q. Who presides over the monthly meetings of the Panchayat?

A. Gram Pradhan B. Gram Sabha members C. Sarpanch D. Vice-President

Answer: C. Sarpanch

Q. What happens in the event of dissolution of any of the Gram Panchayats?

A. Elections within a year B. Elections within six months C. Sarpanch takes over D. State government takes over

Answer: B. Elections within six months

Q. How long is the term of a Gram Panchayat?

A. Three years B. Five years C. Seven years D. Ten years

Answer: B. Five years

Q. What proportion of seats is reserved for women in the Panchayats according to the Panchayati Raj Act?

A. One-fourth B. One-third C. Half D. Two-thirds

Answer: B. One-third

Q. Which of the following is a new responsibility entrusted to the Panchayati Raj Institutions under Schedule XI of the Constitution?

A. Providing safe drinking water B. Establishing dispensaries C. Rural electrification D. Settling disputes

Answer: C. Rural electrification

Q. By what date were all States expected to amend their Panchayati Raj Acts in accordance with the new Constitutional provisions of the 73rd Amendment Act?

A. 1st January 1994 B. 23rd April 1994 C. 31st December 1993 D. 15th August 1994

Answer: B. 23rd April 1994

Q. At which levels are panchayats established as per the 73rd Amendment Act?

A. Village, Block, District B. Village, Taluka, District C. Village, Intermediate, District D. Block, Intermediate, District

Answer: C. Village, Intermediate, District

Q. How often are regular elections held for Panchayati Raj institutions as per the 73rd Amendment Act?

A. Every 4 years B. Every 5 years C. Every 6 years D. Every 7 years

Answer: B. Every 5 years

Q. What proportion of seats is reserved for women in Panchayati Raj institutions as per the 73rd Amendment Act?

A. One-fourth B. One-third C. Half D. Two-thirds

Answer: B. One-third

Q. How often is the State Finance Commission constituted as per the 73rd Amendment Act?

A. Every 3 years B. Every 4 years C. Every 5 years D. Every 6 years

Answer: C. Every 5 years

Q. How many subjects are enumerated in Schedule XI of the Constitution which could be entrusted to the Panchayati Raj institutions?

A. 20 B. 25 C. 29 D. 33

Answer: C. 29

Q. What kind of suits does a Nyaya Panchayat generally try?

A. Major criminal suits B. Petty civil suits C. Serious criminal cases D. High value civil disputes

Answer: B. Petty civil suits

Q. What kind of taxes can Panchayats levy as per the 73rd Amendment Act?

A. Income taxes B. Goods and Services Tax (GST) C. Property, land, goods, and cattle taxes D. Corporate taxes

Answer: C. Property, land, goods, and cattle taxes

Q. Who audits the accounts of the Panchayats?

A. The Central Government B. The State Government C. Government officials D. Independent auditors

Answer: C. Government officials

Q. Who is the Chief Administrative Officer of the Panchayat Samiti?

A. Pradhan B. Sarpanch C. Block Development Officer D. Chairperson

Answer: C. Block Development Officer

Q. What is the term of the Panchayat Samiti?

A. 3 years B. 4 years C. 5 years D. 6 years

Answer: C. 5 years

Q. What is the term of the Zila Parishad under the new Panchayati Raj Acts?

A. 3 years B. 4 years C. 5 years D. 6 years

Answer: C. 5 years

Q. Who can attend the meetings of the Zila Parishad but does not have the right to vote?

A. Chairperson B. Block Development Officer C. District Magistrate D. Pradhan

Answer: C. District Magistrate

Q. What proportion of the seats in the Panchayat Samiti is reserved for women?

A. One-fourth B. One-third C. One-half D. Two-thirds

Answer: B. One-third

Q. What is Zila Parishad called in Assam?

A. District Development Council B. Block Council C. Mohkuma Parishad D. Zila Panchayat

Answer: C. Mohkuma Parishad

Q. Who elects the Chairperson of the Panchayat Samiti?

A. The Sarpanchas B. The Samiti itself C. The Zila Parishad D. The Block Development Officer

Answer: B. The Samiti itself

Q. Which national scheme do all the Panchayati Raj Institutions implement?

A. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana B. Jan Dhan Yojana C. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act D. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

Answer: C. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

Q. Who are the experts under the Block Development Officer?

A. Gram Panchayat Members B. Assistant Development Officers C. Zila Parishad Members D. Samiti Members

Answer: B. Assistant Development Officers

Q. Who supervises the work of the Gram Panchayats?

A. Sarpanch B. Zila Parishad C. Panchayat Samiti D. Block Development Officer

Answer: C. Panchayat Samiti

Q. What facilities does the Zila Parishad establish as part of its civic functions?

A. Hospitals, B. Libraries, C. Police Stations, D. Courts

Answer: B. Libraries

Q. Who appoints the State Election Commissioner responsible for conducting elections to the Panchayati Raj Institutions?

A. President, B. Prime Minister, C. Governor, D. Chief Minister

Answer: C. Governor

Q. How often does the State government appoint a Finance Commission to review the financial position of the Panchayati Raj Institutions?

A. Every year, B. Every two years, C. Every fifth year, D. Every tenth year

Answer: C. Every fifth year

Q. Whose activities does the Zila Parishad supervise?

A. State Government, B. Municipal Corporations, C. Panchayat Samitis, D. None of the above

Answer: C. Panchayat Samitis

Q. Who is the recipient of the funds received from the Union or State Government by the Zila Parishad?

A. Gram Panchayats, B. Panchayat Samitis, C. Zila Parishad itself, D. Both A and B

Answer: B. Panchayat Samitis

Q. What is the term length of the Panchayati Raj Institutions?

A. Two years, B. Three years, C. Four years, D. Five years

Answer: D. Five years

Q. If the Panchayati Raj institution is dissolved before the end of its term, within how many months are elections held?

A. Three months, B. Six months, C. Nine months, D. Twelve months

Answer: B. Six months

Q. On what grounds can the Election Commissioner be removed from his office?

A. On grounds of inefficiency, B. On like grounds as a Judge of the High Court, C. On grounds of corruption, D. All of the above

Answer: B. On like grounds as a Judge of the High Court

Q. What does the Finance Commission determine regarding the rural and urban local bodies?

A. Population, B. Area, C. Taxes, D. Employment rate

Answer: C. Taxes

Q. What type of functions include construction and maintenance of public roads, bridges and culverts by the Zila Parishad?

A. Advisory Functions, B. Coordinating Functions, C. Civic Facilities and Welfare Functions, D. Developmental Functions

Answer: C. Civic Facilities and Welfare Functions

Q. What is the primary purpose of the 74th Amendment Act?

A. Urban planning B. Rural development C. Accountability and efficiency in urban governance D. Population control

Answer: C. Accountability and efficiency in urban governance

Q. As per the 74th Amendment Act, what percentage of the male population should be employed in non-agricultural professions in an area to be considered urban?

A. 50% B. 60% C. 75% D. 80%

Answer: C. 75%

Q. Which urban local body is provided for major cities as per the 74th Amendment Act?

A. Nagar Panchayats B. Municipal Councils C. Municipal Corporations D. Zilla Parishads

Answer: C. Municipal Corporations

Q. What is the tenure of a Municipal Corporation as per the 74th Amendment Act?

A. Two years B. Three years C. Four years D. Five years

Answer: D. Five years

Q. Who appoints the Municipal Commissioner in a Union Territory?

A. The Mayor B. The General Council C. The Central Government D. The State Government

Answer: C. The Central Government

Q. Who is considered the “First Citizen” of a town in a Municipal Corporation?

A. The Municipal Commissioner B. The Mayor C. The Chief of the General Council D. The Alderman

Answer: B. The Mayor

Q. Who is the administrative head of the Corporation in a Municipal Corporation?

A. The Mayor B. The Alderman C. The General Council D. The Municipal Commissioner

Answer: D. The Municipal Commissioner

Q. What is the term of the Mayor if elected by the general voters?

A. One year B. Three years C. Five years D. Seven years

Answer: C. Five years

Q. Who elects the Aldermen in the General Council of a Municipal Corporation?

A. The Mayor B. The Councillors C. The Municipal Commissioner D. The Standing Committees

Answer: B. The Councillors

Q. Which Committee in a Municipal Corporation deals with the preparation of the budget?

A. Welfare Committee B. Health Committee C. Standing Committee D. Education Committee

Answer: C. Standing Committee

Q. What document lists the functions of a Municipal Corporation?

A. Twelfth Schedule B. Eleventh Schedule C. Constitution D. Municipal Act

Answer: A. Twelfth Schedule

Q. Which of the following is a function of the Municipal Corporation?

A. Foreign policy B. Defense strategy C. Slum improvement D. Space exploration

Answer: C. Slum improvement

Q. What is a customary function of Municipal Corporations?

A. Election organizing B. Currency printing C. Road naming D. Immigration control

Answer: C. Road naming

Q. Which one of these is a type of tax levied by Municipal Corporations?

A. Income Tax B. Property Tax C. Sales Tax D. Customs Duty

Answer: B. Property Tax

Q. Which group do Municipal Corporations safeguard?

A. Politicians B. Industrialists C. Weaker sections D. Diplomats

Answer: C. Weaker sections

Q. What welfare scheme does a Municipal Corporation launch?

A. Employment Guarantee B. Family Welfare C. Old Age Pension D. Farmer Support

Answer: B. Family Welfare

Q. What is the tax levied on the transfer of property called?

A. Sales tax B. Property tax C. Transfer tax D. Wealth tax

Answer: C. Transfer tax

Q. Who provides Grant-in-Aid to Municipal Corporations in Union Territories?

A. State Governments B. Central Government C. Municipal Council D. Local Community

Answer: B. Central Government

Q. What type of improvement is a function of the Municipal Corporation?

A. Rural Improvement B. Industrial Improvement C. Slum Improvement D. Agricultural Improvement

Answer: C. Slum Improvement

Q. What is the Municipal Corporation’s tax on building plans called?

A. Construction tax B. Property tax C. Plan tax D. Building tax

Answer: D. Building tax

Q. What are the three main wings of a Municipality?

A. President, Vice-President, Secretary B. General Board, President, Secretary C. General Board, Chairperson, Executive Officer D. President, Secretary, Executive Officer

Answer: C. General Board, Chairperson, Executive Officer

Q. Who presides over the meetings of the Municipal Board?

A. Secretary B. Executive Officer C. Health Officer D. President

Answer: D. President

Q. Under the new Nagarpalika Act, what is the uniform term for every Municipality?

A. Three years B. Five years C. Seven years D. Ten years

Answer: B. Five years

Q. Who is in charge of the Municipal Office and distributes work among other municipal officers?

A. President B. Chairperson C. Executive Officer D. Tax Superintendent

Answer: C. Executive Officer

Q. What is one of the socio-economic functions of a Municipality as listed in the Twelfth Schedule?

A. Retail management B. Industrial production C. Poverty alleviation D. Sports promotion

Answer: C. Poverty alleviation

Q. Which of the following is NOT a source of income for a Municipal Committee?

A. Tax on advertisements B. Cess on water consumption C. Grants from the State Government D. Foreign investments

Answer: D. Foreign investments

Q. Where are Nagar Panchayats usually set up?

A. Large cities B. Metropolitan areas C. Small towns D. Rural areas

Answer: C. Small towns

Q. How many of the total seats in a Nagar Panchayat are reserved for women?

A. One-fourth B. One-third C. Half D. Two-thirds

Answer: B. One-third

Q. Which is a common function of both Municipal Committees and Nagar Panchayats?

A. Supply of safe drinking water B. Overseas trade C. Air traffic control D. National defense

Answer: A. Supply of safe drinking water

86. Who manages the day-to-day business of a Nagar Panchayat?

A. Chairperson B. President C. Executive Officer D. Secretary

Answer: D. Secretary

Ron'e Dutta

Ron'e Dutta is a journalist, teacher, aspiring novelist, and blogger who manages Online Free Notes. An avid reader of Victorian literature, his favourite book is Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë. He dreams of travelling the world. You can connect with him on social media. He does personal writing on ronism.

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