Synonyms
More meanings
Tip: select a single word for meaning & synonyms.
Select multiple words normally to copy text.
Manufacturing Industries: NBSE Class 10 Social Science
Get here the notes/solutions/extras of NBSE Class 10 Social Science Chapter 8 Manufacturing Industries. However, the study materials should be used only for references and nothing more. The notes can be modified/changed according to needs.
If you notice any errors in the notes, please mention them in the comments
Summary
Manufacturing plays a very important role in the economic development of a country. Manufacturing refers to the process of producing goods in large quantities using machines. Manufacturing industries use raw materials from the primary sector like agriculture and mining to produce finished products.
There are different types of manufacturing industries based on the raw materials used, size of investment, ownership, etc. Agro-based industries like food processing, cotton textile, jute, sugar use agricultural products as raw materials. Mineral-based industries like steel, cement, aluminum use minerals and metals as raw materials.
The textile industry is one of the oldest and most important industries in India. The cotton textile industry provides employment to millions and contributes significantly to industrial production and exports. The major cotton textile centers are in Maharashtra, Gujarat, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. India is also a leading producer of jute products, with most jute mills located in West Bengal. The sugar industry is the second largest agro-based industry, with over 600 sugar mills spread across states like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Bihar.
The iron and steel industry is considered the backbone of industrial development as it provides raw materials to other industries. India is the 4th largest producer of crude steel in the world. The major integrated steel plants are located in mineral-rich areas like Jamshedpur, Burnpur, Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur, among others. Aluminium smelting and cement manufacturing are other key mineral-based industries.
The chemical industry produces a wide range of products from fertilizers to plastics. The IT and electronics industry has seen rapid growth, generating employment and boosting exports. Bengaluru is known as the Silicon Valley of India for its prominent role in this sector.
The location of industries depends on several factors like availability of raw materials, labour, capital, power, market, etc. Industries tend to cluster around urban areas to benefit from the facilities and services available there, resulting in industrial agglomerations.
While manufacturing boosts economic growth, it also leads to environmental degradation through air, water, land and noise pollution. Sustainable development requires a balance between industrial growth and environmental protection.
Measures to reduce industrial pollution include waste treatment, rainwater harvesting, use of cleaner fuels, noise control equipment, among others. Companies like NTPC have adopted various eco-friendly practices.
Textual questions and answers
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. Manufacturing is the process of
(a) producing goods in large quantity (b) producing goods by hands (c) producing goods without adding value (d) none of the above
Answer: (a) producing goods in large quantity
2. Which of the following is not a factor of production?
(a) Land (b) Raw material (c) Capital (d) Infrastructure
Answer: (d) Infrastructure
3. Oil India Limited (OIL) belongs to which of the following types of industries.
(a) Public sector (b) Private sector (c) Joint sector (d) Cooperative sector
Answer: (c) Joint sector
4. How do the geographical distribution and concentration of sugar mills address the challenges posed by the bulky nature of raw materials?
(a) By relocating mills to regions with lower demand for sugar products. (b) By placing mills closer to sugarcane cultivation areas to reduce transportation costs. (c) By transporting raw materials in smaller quantities to reduce their bulkiness. (d) By relying solely on imported sugarcane to meet the demand.
Answer: (b) By placing mills closer to sugarcane cultivation areas to reduce transportation costs.
5. Read the following statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose one of the correct alternatives given below.
Assertion (A): Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India due to its significant role in the electronics industry.
Reason (R): The electronics industry primarily focuses on producing agricultural equipment and machinery.
(a) Both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion. (b) Both the Assertion and Reason are true, but the Reason is NOT a correct explanation of the Assertion. (c) The Assertion is true, but the Reason is false. (d) The Assertion is false, but the Reason is true.
Answer: (c) The Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.
Very Short Answer Questions
1. What is manufacturing?
Answer: Manufacturing is the process of producing goods in large quantities by using machines.
2. What are tertiary activities?
Answer: All those activities that link producers and consumers are called tertiary activities, such as banks, transport, etc.
3. Which city is called the ‘Silicon Valley of India’?
Answer: Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India and is also known as the ‘Silicon Valley’ of India.
Short Answer Questions
1. ‘Agriculture and industry move hand-in-hand.’ Elucidate.
Answer: Since India has an agrarian economy, agro based industries have played an important role in India’s development. India is one of the largest producers of milk, sugarcane, and tea, as well as rice, wheat, fruits, and vegetables. These provide raw materials for growth of Agro based industries Agriculture and industry go hand in hand and complement each other. Both are dependent on each other for their progress and survival.
2. Why is South India and western India more favourable for setting up sugarcane mills?
Answer: The reasons for the shift of sugar mills to the southern and western states of India, especially Maharashtra, are the cooler climate in those states which lengthens the crushing season and even increases the sucrose content of the cane. Another important factor is the success of cooperatives in these western and southern states of India.
3. What are the prime factors in location of aluminium smelting industries?
Answer: Bauxite is the raw material used in smelters for extracting alumina and later aluminium. Location of the industry is influenced by the availability of bauxite at minimum cost and inexpensive and assured supply of electricity.
Long Answer Questions
1. Differentiate between agro-based industries and mineral-based industries. Give examples.
Answer: Agro-based industries are those industries that process agricultural products, such as cotton, jute, sugarcane, etc. Examples of agro-based industries include cotton textile industry, jute textile industry, sugar industry, edible oil industry, etc.
On the other hand, mineral-based industries use minerals and metals as their raw materials, for example, iron and steel, aluminium smelting, copper smelting, cement, fertiliser, etc. The iron and steel industry, aluminium smelting industry, chemical industry, fertiliser industry, and cement industry are examples of mineral-based industries.
2. When was the National Jute Policy introduced? What are its main objectives?
Answer: The National Jute Policy was framed in 2005. Its main objectives were to increase productivity, improve quality, enhance yield/production and also ensure supportive prices to the jute farmers. Today, the Indian jute industry is facing stiff competition from synthetic substitutes which are easily available at cheaper rates. It also faces tough competition from jute products from Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.
3. Why is the development of manufacturing industries considered a measure for assessing the economic strength of a country?
Answer: The development of manufacturing industries is considered a measure for assessing the economic strength of a country for the following reasons: Manufacturing not only aids in modernising agriculture, which is crucial for creating new economic opportunities, but also provides employment in the secondary and tertiary sectors and reduces dependence on agriculture. Industrialisation is a powerful method of conquering poverty and providing employment. The development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries also make the production process very efficient and smooth. Moreover, the strength of a country lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries at the best and steady pace and transforming its raw materials into a diverse variety of finished goods of higher value.
4. Classify industries on the basis of: (i) Capital investment (ii) Ownership
Answer: (i) Capital investment:
- Large Scale: Investment in such an industry is more than one crore. Labour employed is large.
- Small Scale: Investment in such an industry is less than one crore. Labour employed is less.
(ii) Ownership:
- Public Sector: Owned and operated by government agencies such as BHEL, SAIL, etc.
- Private Sector: Owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals, such as Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries, Tisco, etc.
- Joint Sector: Run jointly by the state and individual/group of individuals, such as Oil India Ltd. (OIL).
- Cooperative Sector: Owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both. Resources are pooled and profits and losses are shared, e.g., coir industry in Kerala, and the sugar industry in Maharashtra.
5. How do industries pollute the environment?
Answer: Industries pollute the environment in various ways, leading to different types of pollution.
- Air pollution is caused by the presence of a high proportion of gases that are undesirable, e.g., sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Factories, brick kilns, refineries, and smelting plants that do not follow pollution norms cause air pollution.
- Water pollution occurs when organic and inorganic effluents are discharged into water bodies by paper, pulp, petroleum refineries, tanneries, textile and dyeing, fertilisers, electroplating industries.
- Land pollution is caused by dumping of wastes from nuclear power plants, glass plants, industrial effluents, garbage, salts, etc.
- Thermal pollution happens when hot water from thermal plants and factories is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling, affecting aquatic life.
- Noise pollution is caused during industrial and construction activities due to the running of machinery and factory equipment, the use of saws and pneumatic drills, and the working of generators.
Extra MCQs
1. What is the central dynamic force of development in general, and economic development in particular?
A. Agriculture B. Service sector C. Manufacturing sector D. Primary sector
Answer: C. Manufacturing sector
2. What is the oldest and diversified industry in both inorganic and organic sectors in India?
A. Iron and steel industry B. Textile industry C. Chemical industry D. Information technology industry
Answer: C. Chemical industry
3. Which industry is considered to be the basic industry as all other industries depend on it for machinery?
A. Cement industry B. Iron and steel industry C. Aluminium industry D. Chemical industry
Answer: B. Iron and steel industry
4. Which of the following is an agro-based industry?
A. Iron and steel B. Cement C. Cotton textiles D. Aluminium smelting
Answer: C. Cotton textiles
5. Which of the following states has the maximum number of sugar mills in India?
A. Maharashtra B. Uttar Pradesh C. Bihar D. Punjab
Answer: B. Uttar Pradesh
6. What is the raw material used in smelters for extracting aluminium?
A. Bauxite B. Iron ore C. Coal D. Limestone
Answer: A. Bauxite
7. Which city is known as the ‘Silicon Valley’ of India?
A. Hyderabad B. Mumbai C. Bengaluru D. Chennai
Answer: C. Bengaluru
8. Which of the following industries is self-reliant and complete in value chain in India?
A. Jute industry B. Sugar industry C. Cotton textile industry D. Iron and steel industry
Answer: C. Cotton textile industry
9. What is the contribution of the textile industry towards India’s foreign exchange earnings?
A. 14% B. 4% C. 24.6% D. 35%
Answer: C. 24.6%
10. Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the location of an industry?
A. Availability of raw material B. Cost of production C. Government policies D. Climatic conditions
Answer: D. Climatic conditions
11. What is the basis for categorizing industries into heavy and light industries?
A. Capital investment B. Bulk and weight of raw materials and finished goods C. Labour employed D. Ownership
Answer: B. Bulk and weight of raw materials and finished goods
12. Which of the following is an example of a basic or key industry?
A. Iron and steel B. Textiles C. Sugar D. Cement
Answer: A. Iron and steel
13. Which type of industry is owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both?
A. Public sector B. Private sector C. Joint sector D. Cooperative sector
Answer: D. Cooperative sector
14. Which of the following is an example of a mineral-based industry?
A. Cotton textiles B. Jute textiles C. Aluminium smelting D. Sugar
Answer: C. Aluminium smelting
15. Which state has a cluster of iron and steel industries located in the Chhotanagpur plateau region?
A. Odisha B. West Bengal C. Jharkhand D. Chhattisgarh
Answer: C. Jharkhand
16. Which of the following industries provides direct employment to about 0.37 million workers?
A. Cotton textile industry B. Jute industry C. Sugar industry D. Iron and steel industry
Answer: B. Jute industry
17. What is the process of producing goods in large quantities by using machines called?
A. Manufacturing B. Agriculture C. Mining D. Construction
Answer: A. Manufacturing
18. Which of the following is a tertiary activity?
A. Farming B. Mining C. Banking D. Manufacturing
Answer: C. Banking
19. Which type of industry is owned and operated by government agencies?
A. Public sector B. Private sector C. Joint sector D. Cooperative sector
Answer: A. Public sector
20. What is the contribution of the textile industry to India’s industrial production?
A. 4% B. 14% C. 24.6% D. 35%
Answer: B. 14%
21. Which of the following is an example of a consumer industry?
A. Iron and steel B. Aluminium smelting C. Toothpaste D. Cement
Answer: C. Toothpaste
22. Which of the following is a factor affecting the location of an industry?
A. Availability of market B. Climatic conditions C. Government policies D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
23. What is the contribution of the textile industry towards India’s GDP?
A. 4% B. 14% C. 24.6% D. 35%
Answer: A. 4%
24. Which of the following is a primary activity?
A. Farming B. Manufacturing C. Banking D. Transportation
Answer: A. Farming
25. Which type of industry is run jointly by the state and individuals or a group of individuals?
A. Public sector B. Private sector C. Joint sector D. Cooperative sector
Answer: C. Joint sector
26. Which of the following is NOT an example of air pollution?
A. Sulphur dioxide B. Carbon monoxide C. Dust D. Liquid effluents
Answer: D. Liquid effluents
27. What is the process of removing organic and inorganic affluents from water called?
A. Air pollution control B. Water pollution control C. Noise pollution control D. Thermal pollution control
Answer: B. Water pollution control
28. Which of the following is a stage in the treatment of water pollution?
A. Screening B. Flocculation C. Sedimentation D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
29. What is the process of treating hot water and effluents before they are released into water bodies called?
A. Primary treatment B. Secondary treatment C. Tertiary treatment D. Quaternary treatment
Answer: C. Tertiary treatment
30. Which of the following is a source of land pollution?
A. Nuclear power plant waste B. Glass plant waste C. Industrial effluents D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
31. What is the process of reducing noise levels in factories and industrial areas called?
A. Air pollution control B. Water pollution control C. Noise pollution control D. Land pollution control
Answer: C. Noise pollution control
32. Which of the following is a factor that affects the location of the sugar industry?
A. Availability of sugarcane B. Proximity to sugarcane cultivation areas C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
Answer: C. Both A and B
33. Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the location of an industry?
A. Availability of raw material B. Cost of production C. Cost of transportation D. Climatic conditions
Answer: D. Climatic conditions
34. Which of the following is an example of a secondary activity?
A. Farming B. Mining C. Manufacturing D. Banking
Answer: C. Manufacturing
35. Which of the following is a factor affecting the location of the iron and steel industry?
A. Availability of iron ore B. Availability of coking coal C. Efficient transport system D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
36. Which of the following is NOT a type of pollution associated with industries?
A. Air pollution B. Water pollution C. Land pollution D. Radiation pollution
Answer: D. Radiation pollution
37. What is the process of making the environment less valuable or damaged called?
A. Environmental degradation B. Environmental preservation C. Sustainable development D. Industrial pollution
Answer: A. Environmental degradation
38. Which of the following is a measure to reduce noise pollution in factories?
A. Fitting silencers on machines B. Maintaining and servicing machines C. Redesigning machines for increased efficiency D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
39. Which of the following is a measure to reduce air pollution from industries?
A. Using coal as fuel B. Using oil or gas as fuel C. Installing smoke stacks without filters D. None of the above
Answer: B. Using oil or gas as fuel
40. Which of the following is a principle of sustainable development?
A. Economic development without environmental protection B. Environmental protection without economic development C. Economic development and environmental protection go hand in hand D. None of the above
Answer: C. Economic development and environmental protection go hand in hand
41. What is the contribution of the textile industry towards employment generation in India?
A. It generates employment for about 14 million people B. It generates employment for about 24.6 million people C. It generates employment for about 35 million people directly D. It does not generate any employment
Answer: C. It generates employment for about 35 million people directly
42. Which of the following is NOT a challenge faced by the iron and steel industry in India?
A. Poor infrastructure B. Irregular supply of energy C. Unskilled labour with low productivity D. Availability of coking coal
Answer: D. Availability of coking coal
43. Which of the following is a measure to reduce water pollution from industries?
A. Reducing and recycling water in multiple stages B. Harvesting rainwater C. Treating hot water and effluents before release D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
44. Which of the following is a factor that affects the location of the cement industry?
A. Availability of raw materials like limestone and gypsum B. Availability of coal and electric power C. Good network of rail transportation D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
45. Which of the following industries is seasonal in nature?
A. Cotton textile industry B. Jute industry C. Sugar industry D. Iron and steel industry
Answer: C. Sugar industry
46. Which of the following is a challenge faced by the jute industry in India?
A. Competition from synthetic substitutes B. Competition from jute products from other countries C. Concern for preservation of the environment D. Both A and B
Answer: D. Both A and B
47. Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the location of the aluminium smelting industry?
A. Availability of bauxite B. Availability of cheap electricity C. Availability of iron ore D. Proximity to ports
Answer: C. Availability of iron ore
48. Which of the following is a measure taken by NTPC towards sustainable development?
A. Maximum ash utilization B. Nurturing ecological balance through afforestation C. Meaningful monitoring of ecological status D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
49. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the electronics industry in India?
A. It has ushered in a revolution that has changed the quality of life B. It has generated employment opportunities C. It is solely focused on producing consumer electronics D. It has boosted the country’s economy
Answer: C. It is solely focused on producing consumer electronics
50. Which of the following is a factor that affects the location of the automobile industry?
A. Availability of a skilled workforce B. Proximity to urban centres C. Availability of transportation infrastructure D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
51. Which of the following is NOT a measure to reduce environmental degradation?
A. Reducing, recycling, and reusing resources B. Harvesting rainwater and groundwater recharge C. Treating effluents before release D. Indiscriminate use of natural resources
Answer: D. Indiscriminate use of natural resources
52. Which of the following is NOT a challenge faced by the sugar industry in India?
A. Transportation delay leading to depletion of sucrose content B. Outdated and inefficient production methods C. Seasonal nature of the industry D. Availability of sugarcane
Answer: D. Availability of sugarcane
53. Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the location of the chemical industry?
A. Proximity to oil refineries and petrochemical plants B. Availability of raw materials C. Climatic conditions D. Availability of labor
Answer: C. Climatic conditions
54. Which of the following is a measure taken by the Indian government to increase the demand for jute products?
A. Introducing mandatory use of jute packing B. Promoting synthetic substitutes C. Reducing imports of jute products D. None of the above
Answer: A. Introducing mandatory use of jute packing
55. Which of the following is NOT a challenge faced by the textile industry in India?
A. Inability to use high-quality yarn produced in the country B. Competition from imported textiles C. Availability of skilled labor D. Outdated weaving and knitting units
Answer: C. Availability of skilled labor
Extra questions and answers
1. What is manufacturing?
Answer: Manufacturing is the process of producing goods in large quantities by using machines.
2. What is an agro-based industry?
Answer: Agro-based industries are those industries that process agricultural products, such as cotton, jute, sugarcane, etc.
3. What are mineral-based industries?
Answer: Mineral-based industries are those industries that use minerals and metals as their raw materials, for example, iron and steel, aluminium smelting, etc.
4. Mention the factors that play an important role in the location of industries.
Answer: Factors like availability of raw material, labour, capital, power, market, etc. play an important role in the location of industries.
5. How is the cotton textile industry important for India?
Answer: The cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries of India. It contributes almost 14 per cent to industrial production, generates employment for almost 35 million people directly, contributes to almost 24.6 per cent of the foreign exchange earning, and its contribution towards GDP is 4 per cent.
6. What are the objectives of the National Jute Policy framed in 2005?
Answer: The main objectives of the National Jute Policy framed in 2005 were to increase productivity, improve quality, enhance yield/production and also ensure supportive prices to the jute farmers.
7. Describe the location and importance of the sugar industry in India.
Answer: Sugar is India’s second largest agro-producing industry. It has been estimated that 34 million Indian farmers and their families are dependent on sugar cultivation. In 2010-2011, there were around 662 sugar mills in the country spread over many states – Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh and Bihar can boast of more than 60 per cent of the mills being located there. The industry uses raw material which is heavy and bulky to haul. There is another drawback for this industry – the sucrose content of sugarcane gets depleted when transported over a long distance. Therefore, sugar industries need to be located near sugarcane producing areas.
8. Explain the role and importance of the iron and steel industry in India.
Answer: The iron and steel industry is known as the basic industry as all other industries are dependent on it for their machinery. This industry falls into the category of heavy industry as the raw material used is heavy and bulky and requires huge investment on transportation. The iron and steel industry is over 125 years old. The first steel plant was set up at Kulti in 1870 by Iron Work Company. In 2014, India produced, with 86.5 million tonnes of steel production, India stands 4th among the world’s crude steel producers. India tops the list in the production of sponge iron. Most of the integrated iron and steel plants are located in the north eastern and southern part of the Indian peninsula which are mineral rich areas. The public sector the iron and steel plants of India are managed by the Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL). TISCO markets its products through Tata Steel.
9. What are the different types of pollution associated with industries? Explain.
Answer: Five kinds of pollution, namely air, water, land, thermal and noise, are associated with industries:
- Air Pollution: This is caused due to the presence of high proportion of gases which are undesirable, e.g., sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Air contains solid as well as liquid particles, e.g, dust, spray mist and smoke.
- Water Pollution: When organic and inorganic effluents are discharged into water bodies, it causes water pollution. Major polluting agents are paper, pulp, petroleum refineries, tanneries, textile and dyeing, fertilisers, electroplating industries.
- Land Pollution: Dumping of wastes from nuclear power plants, glass plants, industrial effluents, garbage, salts, etc., cause soil and land pollution.
- Thermal Pollution: If hot water from thermal plants and factories is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling, it causes thermal pollution which affects aquatic life.
- Noise Pollution: Unwanted noise is a source of irritation and stress. Noise pollution is caused during industrial and construction activities due to running of machinery and factory equipment.
10. What is sustainable development?
Answer: Sustainable development requires that economic development and environmental protection or preservation go hand in hand.
11. Mention the different categories of industries based on ownership.
Answer: Based on ownership, industries are categorised into:
- Public Sector: Owned and operated by government agencies such as BHEL, SAIL, etc.
- Private Sector: Owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals, such as Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries, Tisco, etc.
- Joint Sector: Run jointly by the state and individual/group of individuals, such as Oil India Ltd. (OIL).
- Cooperative Sector: Owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. Resources are pooled and profits and losses are shared, e.g., coir industry in Kerala, Sugar industry in Maharashtra.
12. What are the factors affecting the location of aluminium smelting industries?
Answer: Location of the aluminium smelting industry is influenced by the availability of bauxite at minimum cost and inexpensive and assured supply of electricity.
13. Name the different stages of water treatment.
Answer: The different stages of water treatment are:
- Primary Treatment: Mechanical (Screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation)
- Secondary Treatment: Biological (Treatment by biological means)
- Tertiary Treatment: Biological, Chemical, Physical (This involves recycling of water)
14. What is an agglomeration economy?
Answer: Agglomeration economies are urban centres that offer many opportunities to industries, such as banking, insurance, transport, etc.
15. How has the NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) contributed to sustainable development?
Answer: The NTPC has been given the ISO certification for Environmental Management System (EMS) 14001. It has made a concerned effort towards sustainable development through maximum use of latest and efficient equipment, adoption of techniques which encourage sustainable development, maximum ash utilisation which minimises the generation of waste, nurturing of ecological balance by maintaining green belts and afforestation, and constant and meaningful monitoring of the ecological status of all its power stations.
16. What are basic or key industries?
Answer: Basic or key industries are those industries that supply their manufactured products as raw material for other industries, e.g., iron and steel, aluminium and copper smelting.
17. What are consumer industries?
Answer: Consumer industries are those industries that produce goods which can be directly used by consumers, e.g., toothpaste, fans, paper.
18. Mention the major centres of cotton textile industry in India.
Answer: The cotton textile centres have spread to many states. In Maharashtra, they are Mumbai, Sholapur, Pune, Wardha, Nagpur, Aurangabad and Jalgaon; in Gujarat, they are Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Rajkot and Porbandar. Harora, Murshidabad, Hugli are located in West Bengal. In Uttar Pradesh, cotton textile centres are located at Kanpur, Modinagar, Moradabad and Agra. Gwalior, Ujjain, Dewas and Indore are important centres in Madhya Pradesh.
19. What are the major factors affecting the location of cement industries?
Answer: The various cement plants located in India require bulky and heavy raw materials such as silica, alumina, limestone and good network of gypsum. Other requirements are coal, electric power and good network of rail transportation.
20. Describe the role and importance of the information technology and electronics industry in India.
Answer: The information technology and electronics industry have global foundations. Products are designed in one country, produced in another, then sold around the world. The industry covers a wide range of products – transistors, television sets, computers, radars, cellular telecoms pagers, telephones and various other equipment, like those used in post and telegraph offices. These have ushered in a revolution that has changed man’s quality of life and even changed the country’s economy. Another significant effect that this industry has had is the employment opportunities it has generated. By 2010-11, Software Technology parks had come up across 46 locations at different cities in India, providing single window service and high data communication facility to software experts. The IT industry employed more than one million people out of which 30 per cent are women. Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India and is also known as the ‘Silicon Valley’ of India.
21. What are the major factors affecting the location of steel plants?
Answer: Iron and steel industries are mostly located in close proximity to areas where raw materials are found or are available. This industry requires an efficient transport system as the finished goods are also heavy and transportation is difficult.
22. Name the major integrated iron and steel plants in India.
Answer: The major integrated iron and steel plants in India are:
- Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), Jamshedpur, Jharkhand
- Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO), Burnpur, West Bengal
- Visweswarayya Iron and Steel Ltd., Bhadravati, Karnataka
- Bhilai Steel Plant, Chhattisgarh
- Rourkela Steel Plant, Odisha
- Durgapur Steel Plant, West Bengal
- Bokaro Steel Plant, Jharkhand
- Salem Steel Plant, Tamil Nadu
- Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant, Andhra Pradesh
- Vijaynagar Steel Plant, Karnataka
23. Name the major centres of automobile industry in India.
Answer: The major automobile industry centres in India are located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Bengaluru and Jamshedpur.
24. What are the challenges faced by the iron and steel industry in India?
Answer: The challenges that the iron and steel industry face today are poor infrastructure, irregular supply of energy, unskilled labour with low productivity, limited supply of raw materials, especially coking coal and high cost of raw materials.
25. Mention the objectives of the chemical industry in India.
Answer: The chemical industry today produces a very large number of commercial products, ranging from cosmetics and toiletries to plastics and pesticides. An interesting fact about chemical industries is that these industries are their own consumers. Basic chemicals are processed to produce chemicals that are used for agriculture, industrial application or for consumer market.
26. What is thermal pollution?
Answer: If hot water from thermal plants and factories is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling, it causes thermal pollution.
27. What is noise pollution?
Answer: Unwanted noise is a source of irritation and stress. Noise pollution causes irritation, anger, increased heart beat, blood pressure in addition to psychological disorders.
28. How can water pollution from industries be reduced?
Answer: Water pollution from industries can be reduced by:
- Reducing, recycling and reusing water for processing in at least two stages.
- Harvesting rainwater to meet water requirements and recharging groundwater.
- Treating hot water and effluents before they are released into water bodies, which is done in three stages.
29. What measures can be taken to control air pollution from industries?
Answer: Air can be made to remain clean by certain precautionary measures like making smoke stacks compulsory in factories with fabric filters, scrubbers, inertial separators and electrostatic precipitators to reduce particulate matter in the air. Coal utilization should be minimized and oil or gas should be used in factories.
30. How can noise pollution from industries be reduced?
Answer: Noise pollution can be reduced by fitting silencers on machines and generators. Machines must be maintained, serviced and redesigned to increase efficiency, reduce energy consumption and noise. Earplugs and earphones must be made available in factories where noise level is high and inevitable.
31. Name the major producers of jute in India.
Answer: Most of the jute goods (over 80 per cent) are manufactured in West Bengal. Andhra Pradesh produces about 10 per cent, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Assam and Tripura produce the remaining 10 per cent.
32. What are the advantages of the jute industry in India?
Answer: The jute industry provides direct employment to about 0.37 million workers and nearly 4 million small and marginal farmers are involved in the cultivation of jute and mesta. The concern for preservation of the environment has increased the importance of jute as it is an eco-friendly product.
33. Why is the sugar industry suitable for the cooperative sector in India?
Answer: The sugar industry involves farmers right from the inception and was, therefore, never looked as merely processing units of sugarcane, but through the medium of factories, they endeavoured for socio-economic, educational and cultural development of the entire area surrounding the sugar factory. This makes the sugar industry ideally suited for the cooperative sector.
34. What is the category of industries based on bulk and weight of raw materials and finished goods?
Answer: Based on bulk and weight of raw materials and finished goods, industries are categorised into:
- Heavy Industries: Where both the raw material and finished products are heavy, for example, iron and steel, shipbuilding.
- Light Industries: Where light raw materials are used and light goods are produced, for example, electrical industries, sewing machines, etc.
35. What is the category of industries based on capital investment?
Answer: Based on capital investment, industries are categorised into:
- Large Scale: Investment in such an industry is more than one crore. Labour employed is large.
- Small Scale: Investment in such an industry is less than one crore. Labour employed is less.
36. Explain the role of manufacturing industries in the economic development of a country.
Answer: The manufacturing sector is considered the central dynamic force of development in general, and economic development in particular, mainly because manufacturing not only aids in modernising agriculture, which is crucial for creating new economic opportunities, but also provides employment in the secondary and tertiary sectors and reduces dependence on agriculture. Industrialisation is a powerful method of conquering poverty and providing employment.
37. How do manufacturing industries contribute to the economic strength of a country?
Answer: The strength and development of a country lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries at the fastest and steady pace and transforming its raw materials into a diverse variety of finished goods of higher value. Since India has an agrarian economy, agro-based industries have played an important role in India’s development. India is one of the largest producers of milk, sugarcane and tea, as well as rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables. These provide raw materials for the growth of agro-based industries. Agriculture and industry go hand in hand and complement each other. Both are dependent on each other for progress and survival. The development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries also make the production process very efficient and smooth.
38. What is the significance of quality in manufacturing industries in the globalized world?
Answer: With globalization, our economy has been integrated with the world economy. We have become economically inter-dependent at the global or international level. Hence being self-sufficient is not enough. Quality is now an important factor. Only if goods are at par in quality with those in the international market will we be able to compete successfully.
39. Define environmental degradation.
Answer: When the environment becomes less valuable or damaged, environmental degradation is said to occur.
40. What are the major factors leading to environmental degradation from industries?
Answer: The major factors leading to environmental degradation from industries are:
- Air pollution caused by gases like sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, dust, smoke, etc.
- Water pollution caused by discharge of organic and inorganic effluents, dyes, acids, salts, chemicals, etc. into water bodies.
- Land pollution caused by dumping of wastes from industries, nuclear plants, glass plants, garbage, etc.
- Thermal pollution caused by discharge of hot water from thermal plants into rivers and ponds.
- Noise pollution caused by industrial machinery and equipment.
41. What is an industrial agglomeration?
Answer: An industrial agglomeration refers to many industries coming together to form a cluster and avail of the advantages offered by urban centres, known as agglomeration economies.
42. Give examples of industrially developed urban centres in India.
Answer: Some examples of industrially developed urban centres in India are Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai which were strategically located from the point of view of overseas trade, even before independence. Over the years these cities have developed as important urban centres with a vast agricultural rural hinterland surrounding them.
What happened to MCQ there is no mcq answer