Section D Introduction (Paths to Modernisation): NBSE Class 11

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Get summary, textual answers, solutions, notes, extras, PDF to NBSE Class 11 (Arts) History (Themes in World History) Section D Introduction (Paths to Modernisation). However, the educational materials should only be used for reference and students are encouraged to make necessary changes.

Summary

The chapter provides an overview of the historical events and societal changes that shaped the modern world. It begins by discussing the Industrial Revolution and political revolutions, such as the American and French Revolutions, which were key in transforming societies and promoting the idea of citizenship. These events set the stage for modernisation, where people were no longer merely subjects under monarchs but citizens with rights.

The text highlights the stark differences in worldview between the indigenous people of North America and Australia and the European settlers. The settlers commodified land and natural resources, while the natives believed these elements could not be owned. This clash of perspectives led to significant cultural and political tensions. Despite efforts by governments to integrate or ignore indigenous cultures, these native groups managed to retain their cultural identities.

The chapter also discusses the expansion of European and Japanese imperialism during the 19th and 20th centuries, including the exploitation of colonies and semi-colonies like China. Nationalist movements arose in many colonised regions as people resisted foreign rule. Nationalism, which became a major force in the West and Japan, promoted the idea that political power should belong to the people. There are two main types of nationalism: civic nationalism, based on shared citizenship, and ethnic nationalism, which centres on a common language, religion, or ethnicity.

The chapter also explores the distinct paths to modernisation taken by countries like Japan and China. Japan, though not colonised, modernised rapidly, whereas China faced internal and external struggles. Both nations, despite different circumstances, sought to redefine their role in the modern world.

Extra/additional questions and answers

1. How did Western capitalism establish colonies and control in the developing world?

Answer:

• Western mercantile, industrial, and financial capitalisms, as well as early 20th-century Japanese capitalism, established colonies in large parts of the developing world.
• Some of these were colonial settlements, while others were direct imperial control, such as British rule in India.
• In China, Britain, France, Germany, Russia, the United States, and Japan interfered in Chinese affairs without directly assuming state power, reducing China to the status of a semi-colony.

2. How did colonial exploitation face challenges globally?

Answer: Colonial exploitation was challenged almost everywhere by powerful nationalist movements.

3. What is nationalism, and how is it modern?

Answer:

• Nationalism is a modern concept because nationalist movements believe that political power should be in the hands of the people.
• All people, regardless of language, ethnicity, religion, or gender, have sovereignty under civic nationalism.
• Civic nationalism aims to create a community of citizens who define nationhood in terms of citizenship, not ethnicity or religion.

4. What is the difference between ethnic nationalism and civic nationalism?

Answer:

• Ethnic nationalism attempts to forge national bonds around a shared language, religion, or set of traditions, often restricting sovereignty to a select group of people.
• Civic nationalism defines nationhood in terms of shared citizenship, where all people, regardless of ethnicity, religion, or language, have sovereignty.

5. How does ethnic nationalism manifest in multi-ethnic countries?

Answer: In multi-ethnic countries, ethnic nationalism may restrict the exercise of sovereignty to a select group of people, often assumed to be superior to minority communities.

Q. What are some tensions in Japan’s path to modernisation?

Answer:

• Japan’s path to modernisation has been marked by tensions between democracy and militarism.
• It has also experienced conflicts between ethnic nationalism and civic nation-building.
• Additionally, Japan has had tensions between what many Japanese refer to as “tradition” and “westernisation”.

Q. How did the Chinese Communist Party rise to power by 1949?

Answer:

• The Chinese Communist Party drew its strength from peasant mobilisation, confronting both imperial powers and the Nationalists.
• It emphasised egalitarian ideology, land reforms, and women’s issues, ultimately overthrowing foreign imperialism and the Nationalists in 1949.

Q. What were the achievements of the Chinese Communist Party after coming to power?

Answer:

• The Chinese Communist Party succeeded in reducing inequalities, spreading education, and raising political awareness.
• However, after the mid-1960s, the country’s single-party system and state repression contributed to widespread dissatisfaction with the political system.

Q. How did the Chinese Communist Party maintain control despite dissatisfaction?

Answer: The Chinese Communist Party maintained control by reinventing itself and transforming China into an economic powerhouse by embracing certain market principles.

Q. When did King Agaja of Dahomey stop the slave trade in West Africa?

Answer: King Agaja of Dahomey stopped the slave trade in West Africa between 1724 and 1734, but it was reintroduced in the 1740s.

Q. When did the peak of the international slave trade occur?

Answer: The peak of the international slave trade occurred between 1770 and 1780, with several hundred thousand Black Africans being taken across the Atlantic every year, and as many as two-thirds died on board the ships.

Q. What rebellion swept across Russia between 1773 and 1775?

Answer: Emelian Pugachev led a peasant uprising between 1773 and 1775 that swept across Russia.

Q. When did the French Revolution begin?

Answer: The French Revolution began in 1789.

Q. Who ruled Egypt from 1805 to 1848, and what was significant about his rule?

Answer: Mohammed Ali ruled Egypt from 1805 to 1848, and under his rule, Egypt broke away from the Ottoman Empire.

Q. When and why was Liberia founded?

Answer: Liberia was founded in 1822 in West Africa as a home for freed slaves.

Q. Who led Arab resistance against the French presence in Algeria between 1832 and 1847?

Answer: Abdal-Kadir led Arab resistance against the French presence in Algeria between 1832 and 1847.

Q. When did the Afrikaner National Party win power in South Africa, and what policy did they introduce?

Answer: The Afrikaner National Party won power in South Africa in 1948 and introduced the policy of Apartheid.

Q. When did Ghana gain independence?

Answer: Ghana became the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to gain independence in 1957.

Q. When was the Organisation of African Unity founded?

Answer: The Organisation of African Unity was founded in 1963.

Q. Who founded the Sikh kingdom in Punjab in 1799?

Answer: Ranjit Singh founded the Sikh kingdom in Punjab in 1799.

Q. When was the practice of sati made illegal?

Answer: The practice of sati was made illegal in 1829.

Q. What year did the Great Revolt in India occur?

Answer: The Great Revolt in India occurred in 1857.

Q. When was the Indian National Congress founded?

Answer: The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885.

Q. When did India and Pakistan gain independence?

Answer: India and Pakistan gained independence in 1947.

Q. When did India become a republic?

Answer: India became a republic in 1950.

Q. When was coffee introduced to Brazil, and by whom?

Answer: Coffee was introduced to Brazil by the Portuguese in 1727.

Q. What rebellion did Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa tribe lead in 1763?

Answer: Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa tribe led a protest against the British in 1763.

Q. When was the US Declaration of Independence signed?

Answer: The US Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776.

Q. When did the first British convicts arrive in Botany Bay, Australia?

Answer: The first British convicts were shipped to Botany Bay, Australia, in 1788.

Q. When was Coca-Cola invented?

Answer: Coca-Cola was invented in 1886.

Q. What year did the Wright brothers invent the aeroplane?

Answer: The Wright brothers invented the aeroplane in 1903.

Q. When did the US enter World War II?

Answer: The US entered World War II in 1941.

Q. When was the Civil Rights Act passed in the USA, and what did it ban?

Answer: The Civil Rights Act was passed in the USA in 1964, banning racial discrimination.

Q. When did the US astronauts land on the moon?

Answer: US astronauts landed on the moon in 1969.

Q. When did Bangladesh become an independent nation?

Answer: Bangladesh became an independent nation in 1971.

37. What was the significance of the 1984 Treaty of Rarotonga?

Answer: The Treaty of Rarotonga, signed in 1984, set up the South Pacific Nuclear-Free Zone.

Extra/additional MCQs

1. In what years did the American Revolution take place?

A. 1776
B. 1789
C. 1765
D. 1799

Answer: A. 1776

2. Which of the following countries did NOT directly control China in the 19th and early 20th centuries?

A. Britain
B. France
C. Germany
D. Spain

Answer: D. Spain

3. When did the French Revolution occur?

A. 1776
B. 1789
C. 1804
D. 1848

Answer: B. 1789

4. By what year had Japan achieved universal primary school enrollment?

A. 1905
B. 1910
C. 1920
D. 1930

Answer: B. 1910

5. What ideology helped the Chinese Communist Party overthrow the Nationalists in 1949?

A. Capitalism
B. Feudalism
C. Egalitarian ideology
D. Monarchism

Answer: C. Egalitarian ideology

Q. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of civic nationalism?

A. Emphasis on shared citizenship
B. Sovereignty of all people regardless of ethnicity
C. National bonds based on shared language
D. Popular sovereignty doctrines

Answer: C. National bonds based on shared language

Q. What principle did Japan embrace to transform into an economic powerhouse post-1960s?

A. Isolationism
B. Market principles
C. Feudalism
D. Command economy

Answer: B. Market principles

Q. Which revolution began the series of political revolutions that set the stage for modernisation?

A. The Russian Revolution
B. The Industrial Revolution
C. The American Revolution
D. The Scientific Revolution

Answer: C. The American Revolution

Q. What type of imperialism involved interference without directly assuming state power?

A. Colonial imperialism
B. Indirect imperialism
C. Economic imperialism
D. Military imperialism

Answer: B. Indirect imperialism

Q. Which ideology defines nationhood in terms of citizenship rather than ethnicity or religion?

A. Civic nationalism
B. Ethnic nationalism
C. Religious nationalism
D. Cultural nationalism

Answer: A. Civic nationalism

Q. What was a key factor in Japan’s rapid economic progress in the twentieth century?

A. Adoption of feudal practices
B. Remaining independent of colonial rule
C. Relying solely on traditional industries
D. Isolating from Western influences

Answer: B. Remaining independent of colonial rule

Q. When did King Agaja of Dahomey stop the slave trade?

A. 1724
B. 1730
C. 1734
D. 1740

Answer: A. 1724

Q. In which year did Carolus Linnaeus invent a taxonomic system to classify plants and animals?

A. 1730
B. 1735
C. 1740
D. 1745

Answer: B. 1735

Q. When was the first outbreak of smallpox brought by sailors to Cape Town, South Africa?

A. 1750
B. 1755
C. 1760
D. 1765

Answer: B. 1755

Q. When did Emelian Pugachev head a peasant uprising across Russia?

A. 1773-1775
B. 1770-1773
C. 1775-1777
D. 1771-1773

Answer: A. 1773-1775

Q. In which year did the French Revolution begin?

A. 1779
B. 1785
C. 1789
D. 1795

Answer: C. 1789

Q. When was Liberia founded as a home for freed slaves?

A. 1820
B. 1822
C. 1825
D. 1830

Answer: B. 1822

Q. In which year did Louis Braille develop a system of finger reading?

A. 1820
B. 1821
C. 1823
D. 1825

Answer: C. 1823

Q. When were Russian serfs freed?

A. 1850
B. 1855
C. 1861
D. 1865

Answer: C. 1861

Q. In which year did the Suez Canal open?

A. 1860
B. 1865
C. 1869
D. 1872

Answer: C. 1869

Q. When did the modern Olympics first take place in Athens?

A. 1892
B. 1896
C. 1900
D. 1904

Answer: B. 1896

Q. In which year did South Africa introduce laws to reserve 87% of the land for whites?

A. 1910
B. 1913
C. 1915
D. 1920

Answer: B. 1913

Q. In which year did the Russian Revolution occur?

A. 1914
B. 1915
C. 1917
D. 1918

Answer: C. 1917

Q. When was the first trans-African railway from Angola to Mozambique completed?

A. 1929
B. 1930
C. 1931
D. 1932

Answer: C. 1931

Q. When did Ghana become the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to gain independence?

A. 1954
B. 1956
C. 1957
D. 1959

Answer: C. 1957

Q. In which year did the world wide web begin?

A. 1987
B. 1988
C. 1989
D. 1990

Answer: C. 1989

Q. When was Nelson Mandela freed in South Africa?

A. 1989
B. 1990
C. 1991
D. 1992

Answer: B. 1990

Q. When did the Marathas extend control over northern India?

A. 1740-1750
B. 1750-1760
C. 1760-1770
D. 1770-1780

Answer: A. 1740-1750

Q. When was Robert Clive’s victory at the Battle of Plassey?

A. 1747
B. 1750
C. 1757
D. 1760

Answer: C. 1757

Q. In which year was the practice of sati made illegal in India?

A. 1825
B. 1827
C. 1829
D. 1831

Answer: C. 1829

Q. When did the first railway open in Japan, between Tokyo and Yokohama?

A. 1870
B. 1872
C. 1875
D. 1880

Answer: B. 1872

Q. When was Burma (Myanmar) annexed by Britain?

A. 1880-1881
B. 1883-1884
C. 1885-1886
D. 1887-1888

Answer: C. 1885-1886

Q. When did India become a republic?

A. 1948
B. 1949
C. 1950
D. 1951

Answer: C. 1950

Q. When was the Shah of Iran overthrown?

A. 1975
B. 1977
C. 1979
D. 1981

Answer: C. 1979

Q. In which year did Bangladesh become an independent nation?

A. 1970
B. 1971
C. 1972
D. 1973

Answer: B. 1971

Q. When did the Stono Slave Rebellion occur?

A. 1735
B. 1737
C. 1739
D. 1741

Answer: C. 1739

Q. When did the US Declaration of Independence take place?

A. 1775
B. 1776
C. 1777
D. 1778

Answer: B. 1776

Q. When did Matthew Flinders circumnavigate and name Australia?

A. 1798-1800
B. 1800-1801
C. 1801-1803
D. 1803-1805

Answer: C. 1801-1803

Q. In which year did Simon Bolivar lead Venezuela to independence?

A. 1818
B. 1820
C. 1821
D. 1823

Answer: C. 1821

Q. When did the Civil War in the USA occur?

A. 1860-1864
B. 1861-1865
C. 1862-1866
D. 1863-1867

Answer: B. 1861-1865

Q. When did the invention of Coca-Cola take place?

A. 1880
B. 1883
C. 1886
D. 1890

Answer: C. 1886

Q. In which year did the Wright brothers invent the aeroplane?

A. 1900
B. 1903
C. 1906
D. 1910

Answer: B. 1903

Q. When was the US Wall Street Stock Exchange crash?

A. 1927
B. 1928
C. 1929
D. 1930

Answer: C. 1929

44. In which year did US astronauts land on the moon?

A. 1967
B. 1968
C. 1969
D. 1970

Answer: C. 1969