West Bengal: WBBSE Class 9 Geography solutions

Summary

West Bengal is a state in eastern India. It was once much larger. After India became independent in 1947, Bengal was divided. The eastern part became East Pakistan, now Bangladesh. The remaining part was named West Bengal. Over time, its boundaries changed as some areas were added. The state has 20 districts. Kolkata is its capital city. West Bengal shares borders with countries like Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, and several Indian states. A narrow part of West Bengal in North Dinajpur, only 9 km wide, is called the ‘chicken’s neck’. This name comes from its shape on a map, resembling a chicken’s thin neck connecting larger land areas.

The land of West Bengal has three main parts. In the north are the Darjeeling Himalayan mountains, with high peaks like Sandakfu. The Tista river flows through this region. To the west is a plateau region, an extension of the Chotanagpur plateau, with hills like Ayodhya. The rest of West Bengal is made of plains. The Ganga river divides these plains. North Bengal plains include Terai and Dooars. South Bengal plains have the Rarh region, the fertile Ganga delta, and the Sunderbans with mangrove forests.

Many rivers flow through West Bengal. The Ganga is a major river, which splits into the Bhagirathi-Hooghly in West Bengal and the Padma in Bangladesh. Other important rivers in the north are Tista and Mahananda. In the south, rivers like Damodar and Mayurakshi flow from the western plateau. The climate is hot and wet with monsoons. There are four seasons: summer, rainy, autumn, and winter. The state has different types of soil, like alluvial soil in the plains and lateritic soil in the plateau. Vegetation varies from mountain forests to mangrove forests in the Sunderbans.

Farming is very important. Rice is the main food crop, grown in three seasons. Jute is a major cash crop. Tea from Darjeeling and other areas is famous worldwide. West Bengal also has many industries. Iron and steel are produced in places like Durgapur. Jute and cotton mills have a long history. Food processing, tourism, and information technology are growing industries. Many small-scale and cottage industries also provide work to people, making items like handloom cloth and pottery.

Textual Questions, Answers (Oriental)

Objective type questions (MCQs)

1. According to area, West Bengal’s position in India is—

(a) 7th
(b) 10th
(c) 13th
(d) 15th

Answer: (c) 13th

2. Present number of districts in West Bengal is

(a) 18
(b) 19
(c) 20
(d) 21

Answer: (c) 20

3. Largest neighbouring country of West Bengal is

(a) Bangladesh
(b) Nepal
(c) Bhutan
(d) Sikkim

Answer: (a) Bangladesh

4. The neighbouring state of West Bengal which houses the ‘resource centre’ of India is

(a) Bihar
(b) Jharkhand
(c) Orissa
(d) Tripura

Answer: (b) Jharkhand

5. Highest peak of West Bengal is

(a) Gorgaburu
(b) Jaychandi
(c) Susunia
(d) Sandakfu

Answer: (d) Sandakfu

6. Most important river of North Bengal is

(a) Jaldhaka
(b) Sankosh
(c) Raidhak
(d) Tista

Answer: (d) Tista

7. Wettest place of West Bengal is

(a) Mayureshwar
(b) Buxa Duars
(c) Asansol
(d) Gangajalghanti

Answer: (b) Buxa Duars

8. Main food grain crop of West Bengal

(a) Rice
(b) Wheat
(c) Jowar
(d) Tea

Answer: (a) Rice

9. Pollution caused in West Bengal due to excessive extraction of ground water is

(a) Minamata
(b) Itai Itai
(c) Bird flu
(d) Arsenic

Answer: (d) Arsenic

10. West Bengal’s north-eastern neighbouring country is

(a) Nepal
(b) Bhutan
(c) Bangladesh
(d) Sri Lanka

Answer: (b) Bhutan

Fill in the blanks

1. Southern-most district of West Bengal is ____.

Answer: South 24 Parganas

2. Capital of Nepal is ____.

Answer: Kathmandu

3. The newest district of West Bengal is ____.

Answer: Alipurduar

4. Highest peak of Bangladesh is ____.

Answer: Keokradonyg

5. Highest peak of plateau region of West Bengal is ____.

Answer: Gorgaburu

6. ____ Is called the region of endless seasons of West Bengal.

Answer: West Bengal

7. ____ is the most important beverage crop of West Bengal.

Answer: Tea

8. Durgapur is famous for ____ industry.

Answer: Iron and Steel

9. ____ of Bankura is famous for Baluchari sarees and terracota work.

Answer: Bishnupur

10. ____ of Nadia district is famous for clay art and pottery.

Answer: Krishnanagar

Answer in brief

1. Name the largest district of West Bengal and its administrative town.

Answer: South 24 Parganas is the largest district in West Bengal by area, covering 9,960 square kilometres. The administrative headquarters of South 24 Parganas is Alipore.

2. Name 2 iron and steel centres of West Bengal.

Answer: Two Integrated iron and steel centres in West Bengal are at Burnpur-Hirapur-Kulti and Durgapur.

3. What is ‘Barendra’ land?

Answer: Barendra bhumi refers to the slightly undulating laterite and old silt high plains present in South Dinajpur and eastern Maldah.

4. Why is Durgapur called ‘the Ruhr of Bengal’?

Answer: Durgapur is known as the ‘Rurh of India’.

5. Name 2 river ports of West Bengal.

Answer: Two river ports of West Bengal are the Port of Kolkata, also known as Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, located in Kolkata, and Haldia Port, located in Haldia.

6. Name 1 thermal power station and 1 hydel power station of West Bengal.

Answer: One thermal power station is Kolaghat thermal power station, and one hydel power station is located at the Maithan dam of the DVC.

7. Name 2 famous waterfalls of West Bengal.

Answer: Two famous waterfalls in West Bengal are the Brahmani waterfalls on the Brahmani river and Turga falls.

8. Name 2 reserved forests of north Bengal.

Answer: Two reserved forests of north Bengal are the Buxa tiger reserve and the Jaldapara Reserve forest.

9. Name 2 irrigation canals of West Bengal.

Answer: Two irrigation canals of West Bengal are the Midnapore Canal and the Moutorejore Medium Irrigation Project.

10. Which dam project of north Bengal, and on which river is the largest one in West Bengal?

Answer: The Tista is the greatest and largest river of north Bengal.

Essay type questions

Answer in brief

1. Name the largest district of West Bengal and its administrative town.

Answer:

2. Name 2 iron and steel centres of West Bengal.

Answer: Two Integrated iron and steel centres in West Bengal are at Burnpur-Hirapur-Kulti and Durgapur.

3. What is ‘Barendra’ land?

Answer: Barendra bhumi refers to the slightly undulating laterite and old silt high plains present in South Dinajpur and eastern Maldah.

4. Why is Durgapur called ‘the Ruhr of Bengal’?

Answer: Durgapur is known as the ‘Rurh of India’.

5. Name 2 river ports of West Bengal.

Answer:

6. Name 1 thermal power station and 1 hydel power station of West Bengal.

Answer: One thermal power station is Kolaghat thermal power station, and one hydel power station is located at the Maithan dam of the DVC.

7. Name 2 famous waterfalls of West Bengal.

Answer: Two famous waterfalls in West Bengal are the Brahmani waterfalls on the Brahmani river and Turga falls.

8. Name 2 reserved forests of north Bengal.

Answer: Two reserved forests of north Bengal are the Buxa tiger reserve and the Jaldapara Reserve forest.

9. Name 2 irrigation canals of West Bengal.

Answer:

10. Which dam project of north Bengal, and on which river is the largest one in West Bengal ?

Answer: The Tista is the greatest and largest river of north Bengal.

Essay Type Questions

1. Name the main administrative divisions of West Bengal, the districts under each division and their administrative towns.

Answer: Presently West Bengal comprises 20 districts under 3 administrative divisions. The districts and their district towns are shown below:

Presidency division

District: 1. Kolkata, District town: Kolkata
District: 2. North 24 Paraganas, District town: Barasat
District: 3. South 24 Parganas, District town: Baruipur
District: 4. Nadia, District town: Krishnanagar
District: 5. Murshidabad, District town: Berhampore
District: 6. Howrah, District town: Howrah
District: 7. Birbhum, District town: Suri

Bardhaman division

District: 8. Purulia, District town: Purulia
District: 9. East Bardhaman, District town: Bardhaman
District: 10. West Bardhaman, District town: Asonsol
District: 11. Bankura, District town: Bankura
District: 12. West Medinipur, District town: Medinipur
District: 13. East Medinipur, District town: Tamluk
District: 14. Jhargram, District town: Jhargram

Jalpaiguri division

District: 15. Hooghly, District town: Chinsura
District: 16. Maldah, District town: English Bazar
District: 17. North Dinajpur, District town: Raiganj
District: 18. South Dinajpur, District town: Balurghat
District: 19. Darjeeling, District town: Darjeeling
District: 20. Jalpaiguri, District town: Jalpaiguri
District: 21. Kochbihar, District town: Kochbihar
District: 22. Alipurduar, District town: Alipurduar
District: 23. Kalimpang, District town: Kalimpang

2. Describe the mountainous region of West Bengal in brief.

Answer: The Northern Darjeeling-Himalayan Region comprises almost the whole of Darjeeling district (except Siliguri sub-division) and the north-eastern part of Jalpaiguri district, especially Kumaragram and Kalchini police station region. Rough terrain, deep gorges, steep slopes and sharp ridges are the main characteristics of this region. The average altitude of the region is 2,600 m. The region rises steeply northward from the Terai region, and the general slope is from north to south.

The river Tista divides the region into 2 parts: (a) Mountainous region on the Western part of Tista and (b) Mountainous region on the eastern part of Tista.

(a) The mountainous region on the western part of the Tista is the highest part of the entire mountainous region of the north, in West Bengal. It extends from Nepal in the west to the Tista river in the east. Here lie the 2 main mountains ranges of the Darjeeling Himalayas: (i) The Singalila range, which runs from the border of Sikkim and Darjeeling district in the north to the border of Nepal in the west, separating Darjeeling district from Nepal. Main peaks exceeding 3,000m here are Sandakfu (3,630m, the highest peak of West Bengal), Falut (3,595m), Sabargram (3,543m) and Tanglu (3,036m). (ii) The Darjeeling ridge (also known as the Ghoom range) rises steeply from the Terai region northwards. Ghoom (2,247m) is the highest located railway station of India. The main peak of this ridge is Tiger Hill (2,567m), from where spreads 3 mountain ranges: Darjeeling-Lebong ridge, Takda-Peshak ridge, and Bagdogra-Dowhill ridge. Sinchal (2,615m) is an important peak of the Darjeeling ridge.

(b) The mountainous region on the eastern part of Tista has a lower average height. Kalimpong is situated here. Pedong is located here. Durbindara and Chola are 2 main ridges present here. Rishila (3,121m) of Durbindara is the highest region. The northern border region of Jalpaiguri district contains the peaks of Sinchula (1,800m), Renigango (1,885m) and Lower Sinchula (1,726m). To the eastern side lies the Buxa hills (623m) and Jayanti hills (498-737m). Sangchu Li is the highest peak of Buxa.

3. Describe the western plateau region of West Bengal in brief.

Answer: The Western Plateau region comprises the entire Purulia, West Medinipur, Bardhaman, Birbhum and western part of Bankura districts. This region is basically made of granite and gneiss and is an extended part of the Chotanagpur plateau of Jharkhand. Presently this region has been reduced to an undulating plateau or highly eroded plain by different agents of erosion. This region occupies about 6% of the total area of West Bengal.

According to geology, physical environment, soil, landform, etc., this region has been divided into 2 parts: (a) Ayodhya plateau region and (b) Purulia highland region.

(a) The Ayodhya Plateau region lies between the Subarnarekha and Kangsabati rivers of Purulia district. This is a continuation of the Ranchi plateau of Jharkhand, mainly made of granite, gneiss and schist rocks. The region extends 21km east-west and 10km north-south. Many hills with steep slopes, called monadnocks (locally known as ‘Dungri’), are seen here. Gorgaburu (677m) is the highest peak of the plateau region. Other hills include Panchet, Bhandari, Jabarban, Mackenly, Rabancha, Chamta, Parasha, Baghmundi, Taldungri, Gurma and Bhanbara. Rivers flowing west to east create waterfalls like the Brahmani waterfalls.

(b) The Purulia highlands region spreads from the Subarnarekha river in the west to the Gori river (tributary of Damodar river). This highland can be divided into 3 parts: (i) Birbhum highlands in the south: Lies in the southernmost part of Purulia district, spreading up to West Medinipur. The terrain is rough, undulating with residual hills like Belpahari and Thakuran. The general slope is west to east, with altitude lower than 100m in the east. Coarse, grainy laterite soil is found. (ii) Purulia highland: Lies in the eastern part of Ayodhya plateau, with an average altitude around 300m. Hills include Panchet, Bhandari, Bero hill, Garh Panchakot, Jaichandi, Kalaichandi, etc. (iii) Susunia highlands in the north-east: Lies near the western plateau, reducing to a plain over Birbhum, Bankura and eastern Bardhaman. Few rocky humps like Mama-Vagne hills and Mathurkhali (Birbhum); Biharinath (452m), Susunia (440m) and Koro hills (Bankura) are seen. Residual rock blocks and vast boulder-areas are found near Gangajalghanti and Durlabhpur. East of Sonamukhi is an undulating terrain of lateritic rocks, including the rocky heap Karasoli (around 100m altitude).

4. Describe the river system of north Bengal.

Answer: The rivers of North Bengal can be described as follows:

(1) Tista: This is the greatest and largest river of north Bengal. It rises from the joint flow of river Lachen of Tibet and river Lachung of Sikkim, at the height of 6200m. From the source, the Tista flows for 151 km in Sikkim through a deep gorge. It enters West Bengal near Rangpo of West Sikkim border. Here the Rangpo Nala joins with the river Tista. Then the Tista flows below Mongpu through Sebok and enters Jalpaiguri, flowing for only 2km. Then it takes a turn towards south-east, entering Kochbihar and finally leaves West Bengal to join with river Brahmaputra in Bangladesh.

(2) Kartowa: This rises near Baikunthapur of Sikkim and enters Bangladesh as river Fuljhur and joins with river Jamuna.

(3) Jaldhaka: This rises from Bidang lake of Sikkim (4425m) as a joint flow of Dichu and Nichu rivers. Small streams like Paba, Langchu, Bangchu, Machu etc also join the main river. The Bindu river joins Jaldhaka at Bindu near Bhutan Darjeeling border. Important tributaries are Murti, Daina, Dudhuya, Mujnai, etc. The river is known by different names in Kochbihar, eg. Singmari, Dankhan, Mujnai, Dharla, Mansai, etc. Of the total course length of 209km, 144km of the river flows through West Bengal.

(4) Torsa: This river originates from Chumbi valley (7060m) of Tibet. Crossing Bhutan, passing by Phuntsiling, The river enters Jalpaiguri near Sadhuram Gram. After that, it passes through Dalgaon, Madarihat, Silbari and Lafabari and enters Kochbihar. It enters Bangladesh near Molaha. Main tributaries of Torsa are Holong, Nalangi, Sunjai, Kala Torsa, etc. Main distributaries are—Char Torsa, Sili Torsa, Bura Torsa, Dharla, etc. Of the total course of 295km, Torsa flows for 99km through West Bengal.

(5) Kaljani: Alaikuri river of Bhutan and Dima river of Alipurduar join together to form river Kalijani. It flows through Alipurduar, Latabari, Mendabari etc. and enters Bangladesh near Jhaukuthi of Kochbihar. Main tributaries are Gadadhar, Dheko, Nenai, etc.

(6) Raidak: This rises from the Chomolahari peak of Bhutan—Tibet border and flows through West Bengal in 2 branches—Raidak 1 and Raidak 2.

(7) Sankosh: This rises from Gangchen peak (6,794m) of Punakha range of north-west Bhutan. In Bhutan, it is known as Pakha chhu. It flows along West Bengal and Assam border before entering Kochbihar, and later enters Bangladesh.

(8) Mahananda: The river Mahanadi flowing through the western part of Darjeeling Himalayas, is known as river Mahananda in the plains. This is the longest river of North Bengal (370km). The main tributaries of the western bank is Kalindi, and that of the eastern bank are Nagon, Tangan, Punarbhaba, etc. Other important tributaries and Balason, Mechi, Kulik, etc.

Key characteristics differentiating North Bengal rivers from South Bengal rivers include being fed by both rain and snow, flowing over mountainous and plain regions, being full of water even in the dry winter season, generally not being navigable throughout their course, flowing southward, and entering Bangladesh to join the Jamuna or Padma rivers.

5. Describe the rivers of West Bengal as a whole.

Answer: West Bengal is a land of numerous rivers, which owe their formation to the snow, covered Himalayas, good amount of rainfall and low landforms. The rivers can be divided into 3 categories:

(1) The Ganga and its distributaries: The Ganga river flows from Gangotri glacier of Garhwal Himalayas as river Bhagirathi. It joins with river Alakananda at Dev Prayag and flowing through Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, it enters West Bengal near Malda and Murshidabad border. It divides into 2 branches near Giriya of Murshidabad. The main branch enters Bangladesh as the river Padma, while the other part flows southward as river Bhagirathi till its confluence near Sagar islands. In Hooghly district, the river is known as the Hoogly river.

Distributaries of Ganga-Bhagirathi:

(i) Jalangi: Rises from the Padma near Jalangi village near Murshidabad, passes through Nakasipara, Tehatta, Shibpur, Krishnanagar and Mayapur before joining the Bhagirathi. Length is about 215 km.

(ii) Mathabhanga, Churni and Ichhamati: Mathabhanga rises from the Padma, enters Bangladesh after 10km in West Bengal. It divides into Churni and Ichhamati. Churni flows through Nadia and joins the Bhagirathi near Chakadaha. Ichhamati rises near Majhdia, flows through Bongao, Berigopalpur, Tentulia, Basirhat, Taki, Hasnabad, before falling into the Bay of Bengal. Its distributaries are Jamuna, Kodalia, Naobhanga, etc.

(iii) Bhairav: Rising near Akhiriganj of Murshidabad, flows through Andharkot, Karimukhar and Muratia before entering Bangladesh.

(iv) Bidyadhari: Rising from Jamuna river near Haringhata of Nadia, passes through Habra, Deganga, Haroa, Baruipur and Canning before joining the Matla river. Course is 72 km long. The most important distributary is river Piyali.

(2) Rivers of North Bengal: These include major rivers like Tista, Kartowa, Jaldhaka, Torsa, Kaljani, Raidak, Sankosh, and Mahananda. These rivers originate from the Himalayas or associated ranges, are fed by snow and rain, flow southwards, and many enter Bangladesh. They flow through mountainous and plain regions and carry water throughout the year.

(3) Rivers of South Bengal: These rivers can be divided into 3 types:

A. The rain-fed rivers of the western plateau region (West of Bhagirathi-Hooghly): These rivers originate from the Chhotanagpur plateau or similar highlands and are rain-fed, making them non-perennial. They flow eastwards and have a tendency to flood. They are torrential and help in hydel power production. Examples include Banslai, Pagla, Brahmani, Dwarka, Mayurakshi, Ajay, Damodar (longest river of the plateau region, 541km), Silabati (Silai), Rupnarayan (joint flow of Silabati and Dwarakeshwar), Kansabati (Kansai), and Subarnarekha.

B. Rivers of the east bank of Bhagirathi-Hooghly river: The main characteristics are similar to the rain-fed rivers of the western plateau, originating mainly from the Chhotanagpur plateau, being non-perennial, prone to flooding, flowing eastwards, and being torrential.

C. Tidal rivers of the delta region: These rivers flow through the Sunderbans in the southern part of West Bengal, forming deltas. They have disconnected from their original sources and are totally converted to tidal rivers. Examples include Saptamukhi, Piyali, Matla, Thakuran, Gosaba, Bidyadhari, Raymangal, Hariya bhanga, Kalindi, Jhilla, etc. These rivers flow southwards to the Bay of Bengal, are fed by tidal water, are inter-connected by canals, are navigable, and the process of delta formation is still active.

6. Explain the seasonal cycle of West Bengal.

Answer: The climate of West Bengal is hot, wet tropical monsoon type. The seasons keep on changing so fast that due to this diverse climatic characteristics, West Bengal has been designated as the ‘State of endless seasons’. The Indian Meteorological Department divides the climate of West Bengal into 4 seasons:

(a) Summer (March-May): Due to the northward movement of the sun from March, the temperature of West Bengal starts increasing. Excluding the Darjeeling hilly region, the rest of West Bengal becomes quite hot. Average temperature in April is 40-44°C. Asansol is the hottest place. Cyclonic storms called Norwesters (Kalbaisakhi) occur in South Bengal, resulting in few torrential showers of rainfall. During summer, the land gets extremely hot, and adjacent winds also get hot. These winds encounter cool coastal winds and produce thunder and lightning along with torrential rainfall.

(b) Rainy season (June-September): The moisture-laden South-western monsoon winds cause a great amount of rainfall during this time (Average 125-200cm). The maximum rainfall occurs in Buxa-Dooars (455cm), while Mayureshwar of Birbhum receives the least (95cm). The wettest district is Alipurduar, and the driest is Bankura. This season follows after a hot moist summer. Maximum rainfall occurs due to south-west monsoon winds.

(c) Autumn (October-November): During this time, temperature remains mild hot, and a change in the direction of monsoon winds is noticed. Local disturbances called ‘Aswin’er Jhar’ occur. High pressure exists over the land surface. Autumn marks the time of change of direction of the monsoon winds.

(d) Dry and Cold winter (December-February): Due to the southward movement of the sun, the temperature starts reducing rapidly. High pressure exists on land, hence North-eastern monsoon winds start blowing from land towards the sea. These winds are dry and cause no rainfall. Average temperature remains 10-16°C for the rest of West Bengal, while in the hilly region it is 0°-4°C. Sometimes extremely cold winds from the north and north-western world reduce the temperature. Western Disturbances may increase the temperature slightly. The winter is cold and dry due to retreating monsoon winds coming from snow-covered cold mountains regions.

West Bengal’s climate is influenced by both the south-west monsoon (blowing during summer and spring) and the north-east monsoon (blowing during autumn and winter). The monsoon winds are very fickle-minded, sometimes coming early and sometimes late. The seasons of West Bengal depend on the monsoon winds.

7. Describe the water resource of West Bengal in brief.

Answer: West Bengal is full of water resources. About 7.5% of India’s total water resource is present in West Bengal. According to the Irrigation Department of West Bengal, the state has 13.29 million hector meter surface water, of which 40% is usable. The Fisheries Department notes about 2,76,000 hector of enclosed water bodies like ponds, 1,72,000 hector of rivers, 80,000 hector of canals, 42,000 hector of wetlands, 17,000 hector of reservoirs and 5,000 hector of sewage-fed wet lands. However, unplanned urbanisation and lack of maintenance are reducing the quantity and quality of water resources. The West Bengal Govt. Fisheries Department marked ‘1st Asharh’ as ‘Wetland Day’ since 1986 to grow consciousness.

Water resource development indicates use for irrigation, drinking, industrial, domestic and other uses.

Usage for Irrigation: The usage of water resources for agriculture was 5.38 million hectometer in 2000, projected to increase to 10.98 by 2025. Other uses include domestic, industry, thermal power, inland waterways, forestry, and ecosystems environment.
Sources: Rivers form a network over the land. North Bengal rivers contribute 63% of water, Rarh area rivers contribute 22%, and Eastern plains rivers contribute 15%. Irrigation also uses canals (Govt. and Non-Govt.), ponds, lakes, different kinds of tubewells (shallow and deep wells), and surface flowing water. Groundwater is also a significant source. In 2000-2001, shallow tubewells irrigated the largest area (11,69,906 hectors).
Per Capita Usage: Per capita water availability has decreased over time, from 2574 cubic meters in 1951 to 720 cubic meters in 2011, alongside population growth.
Usage for Drinking: India ranks 133rd among 180 countries in per capita water availability (1880m), which is quite low.
Problems: Excessive usage of water (83% for irrigation) leads to problems. Unplanned use causes groundwater scarcity. Excessive extraction leads to arsenic pollution due to oxidation of rock minerals; about 70 lakh people in 78 blocks of 10 districts suffer from this. Other problems include gradual deterioration of groundwater quality, increased floods and droughts due to rapid weather changes, and wastage due to failing irrigation infrastructure.
Conservation: The National Water Mission (NWM) started in June 2008 aims for water conservation by preparing climate change databases, encouraging citizen participation, improving conditions where water levels have dropped, and promoting well-planned use in drainage basins. Immediate steps needed include arousing self-consciousness, state intervention against misuse, recycling and reuse after treatment, and conservation of rainwater.

8. Write about the rice-growing region of West Bengal.

Answer: Rice/Paddy is the most important crop of West Bengal. About 61% of the land is used for cultivating paddy. West Bengal is the largest producer of paddy in India. In 2007-2008, 63.70 lakh hectares of land area was used to cultivate food crops, and 160.61 lakh metric tons of food grains were produced, out of which 91% was paddy. Presently, the per hectare production rate of paddy is 2504 kg.

According to seasonal changes, 3 types of grains of paddy are cultivated:
(a) Aman: Sown just before the monsoons (June-July) and reaped in November. It is cheaper and easily cultivable. Undivided Medinipur stands 1st and Bardhaman stands 2nd in production of Aman.
(b) Aus: Sown in April-May with the onset of summer. This crop grows very fast and is reaped in August. Murshidabad stands 1st and Nadia 2nd in production of Aus.
(c) Boro: Sown in November-December and reaped in March-April. Bardhaman stands 1st in its production.

The main paddy producing region covers a vast area of West Bengal, particularly the plains.

9. Write about the tea-producing region of West Bengal.

Answer: The tea industry in West Bengal is primarily located in the Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri and KochBihar districts within the Terai-Duars region. There are about 306 big tea gardens and 1232 small gardens, employing about 245 thousand labourers. Additionally, there are about 3000 factories, including ‘Bought leaf factories’.

West Bengal stands 2nd in tea production in India (after Assam), contributing about 22% (or 21%) of India’s total tea production. However, judging by quality, Darjeeling tea is considered the best worldwide, famous for its flavour.

Three main areas produce tea:

Darjeeling: Produces the best quality flavoured tea. 83 of the 343 tea gardens are located here. Famous gardens include Happy Valley, Makaibari, Bijanbari, Loptu, Kurseong, Sukia Pokhri. Tea gardens are built along hill slopes using step cultivation.
Jalpaiguri (including Terai and Duars): 92 gardens are in Terai and 168 in the Duars region. Tea industries are established in areas like Mal, Meteli, Chalsa, Binaguri, Madarihat, Nagrakata, Kalchini, Kumargram, Hasimara.
Alipurduar: This area, along with Jalpaiguri, forms the Duars region known for tea cultivation.

Tea cultivation was first started in North Bengal in 1855-56. The tea gardens often appear as lush green carpets on the surrounding hills. The trade is controlled by the ‘Indian Tea Board’, which operates an auction house.

10. Write about the iron and steel centres of West Bengal in brief.

Answer: There are 2 Integrated iron and steel centres at Burnpur-Hirapur-Kulti and Durgapur, and 1 Alloy-steel centre in Durgapur. Durgapur is known as the ‘Rurh of India’. The factory at Durgapur was started in 1957, with production beginning in 1962 after a contract with a British unit and Indian Steel Works company in 1959.

Advantages for the industry in West Bengal include:

(i) Iron ore: Can be brought from Guya, Noamundi and Keonjhar Bolani mines (around 350 km).
(ii) Coal: Brought from Raniganj and Jharia mines (about 110km).
(iii) Limestone and Manganese: Brought from Gangpur and Birmitrapur (limestone) and Jamda (manganese) (about 370 km).
(iv) Water: Easily available from the river Damodar.
(v) Power: Available from DVC Hydel power and Thermal power projects.

Problems faced by the industry:

(i) Lack of best quality coking coal (West Bengal’s coal has 19% ash content vs. ideal 17%), requiring imports which increases costs.
(ii) Faulty manufacturing plans in govt. enterprises, excessive control, and political interests disrupting business and production.
(iii) Sick mini-steel plants suffering from lack of scrap, graphite electrode, etc.
(iv) Lack of production of alloy and special steel according to market demand.
(v) Faulty export system leading to huge losses.
(vi6) Other issues like poor maintenance, old machinery, frequent transfer of higher-rank employees, strained management-staff relations, political influence in unions, lack of power/raw materials, insufficient transport, and high production costs.

Possibilities: There is scope for improvement. Raw materials are available within India. Five-Year Plans increased investment, and recent privatisation boosted engineering industries, increasing demand. Neighbouring countries also import steel from West Bengal.

11. Describe the tourism industry of any 2 districts of West Bengal.

Answer: West Bengal is a lucrative place for tourism with various kinds of tourist spots like naturally beautiful places, historical places, educational centres, and information centres.

Here is a description of the tourism industry in two districts:

Kolkata and Howrah: These twin cities offer numerous attractions. In Kolkata city, key spots include Victoria Memorial, Fort William, Monument, Academy of Fine Arts, Asiatic Society, Indian Museum, Nehru Children’s Museum, National Library, Dakshineswar Kali temple, Kalighat Kali temple, St. Paul’s Cathedral, Nakhoda Masjid, Nicco Park, and Eden Gardens. Howrah features the iconic Howrah Bridge and the Hugli bridge. The Metro railway is also an attraction.
Darjeeling: This hill district is famous for its scenic beauty and unique attractions. Tourist spots include the Batasia loop, Mal, Zoological garden, Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, Tiger Hill (for sunrise views), Happy valley tea estate, Ghum monastery and railway station, Kalimpong town, Kurseong town, Lava, Mirik lake, and Sandakfu (highest peak for trekking).

Reasons for development of tourism in West Bengal:

(i) Pleasant weather (especially in hills),
(ii) Variety of Physical environment (mountains, plateau, plains, coast),
(iii) Rich Culture,
(iv) Attractive physical environments like forests,
(v) Variety of food,
(vi) Cheap and affordable rates in hotels,
(vii) Scenic beauty, (viii) Numerous festivals and ceremonies.

Problems:

(i) Lack of modern and high standard hotels,
(ii) Lack of security,
(iii) Lack of fast and luxurious transport facilities,
(iv) Lack of advertisement of less popular tourist spots,
(v) Lack of infrastructure.

Prospect: The prospect of tourism in West Bengal is very high. If problems are handled efficiently, this industry can draw immense economic development.

Extras

Additional MCQs

1. What was the area of West Bengal immediately after independence?

A. 5 lakh sq. km
B. 2 lakh 570 sq. km
C. 78 000 sq. km
D. 88 752 sq. km

Answer: C. 78 000 sq. km

2. On which date did Bengal gain independence?

A. July 20, 1947
B. August 15, 1947
C. October 16, 1947
D. April 1, 1948

Answer: B. August 15, 1947

3. Who proposed the name ‘West Bengal’ for the western portion after partition?

A. Mahatma Gandhi
B. Jawaharlal Nehru
C. Bidhan Chandra Roy
D. Subhas Chandra Bose

Answer: C. Bidhan Chandra Roy

4. In which year was the Islampur subdivision of Bihar added to West Dinajpur?

A. 1947
B. 1948
C. 1949
D. 1950

Answer: B. 1948

5. The French colonies of Chandannagore and Gourhati were merged into West Bengal in

A. 1947
B. 1948
C. 1949
D. 1950

Answer: C. 1949

6. When was Kochbihar incorporated into West Bengal?

A. 1948
B. 1949
C. 1950
D. 1956

Answer: C. 1950

7. The Mahananda corridor linking eastern Bihar to West Bengal was created in

A. 1950
B. 1952
C. 1956
D. 1962

Answer: C. 1956

8. Purulia district was transferred from Bihar to West Bengal in

A. 1949
B. 1950
C. 1956
D. 2002

Answer: C. 1956

9. In which year were North and South 24 Parganas split into separate districts?

A. 1980-81
B. 1985-86
C. 1990-91
D. 1995-96

Answer: C. 1990-91

10. West Dinajpur was divided into North and South in

A. 1988
B. 1990
C. 1992
D. 1994

Answer: C. 1992

11. The ‘Teen Bigha Corridor’ was leased to Bangladesh in

A. 1989
B. 1990
C. 1992
D. 1994

Answer: C. 1992

12. On which date was Medinipur district bifurcated into East and West?

A. January 21, 2000
B. January 21, 2002
C. June 25, 2002
D. June 25, 2014

Answer: B. January 21, 2002

13. Jalpaiguri district was split to create Alipurduar on

A. January 21, 2002
B. June 25, 2002
C. June 25, 2014
D. July 1, 2014

Answer: C. June 25, 2014

14. West Bengal lies between which latitudes?

A. 20°00′N–26°00′N
B. 21°38′N–27°10′N
C. 22°15′N–28°00′N
D. 21°00′N–26°30′N

Answer: B. 21°38′N–27°10′N

15. Which meridians mark the east–west extent of West Bengal?

A. 84°00′E–88°00′E
B. 85°30′E–90°10′E
C. 85°50′E–89°50′E
D. 86°00′E–90°00′E

Answer: C. 85°50′E–89°50′E

16. Which parallel of latitude passes nearly through the middle of West Bengal?

A. Tropic of Capricorn
B. Equator
C. Tropic of Cancer
D. Arctic Circle

Answer: C. Tropic of Cancer

17. What is the north–south length of West Bengal?

A. 320 km
B. 450 km
C. 623 km
D. 780 km

Answer: C. 623 km

18. The narrowest part of West Bengal, known as the ‘chicken’s neck’, is at

A. Chapra in North Dinajpur
B. Purulia Plateau
C. Darjeeling Ridge
D. Sunderban Coast

Answer: A. Chapra in North Dinajpur

19. West Bengal’s total area places it at which rank among Indian states?

A. 7th
B. 10th
C. 13th
D. 15th

Answer: C. 13th

20. According to the 2011 census, what was West Bengal’s population density?

A. 844 per sq. km
B. 996 per sq. km
C. 1 029 per sq. km
D. 1 200 per sq. km

Answer: C. 1 029 per sq. km

21. How many districts does West Bengal currently have?

A. 18
B. 19
C. 20
D. 21

Answer: C. 20

22. Which city serves as the capital of West Bengal?

A. Darjeeling
B. Howrah
C. Kolkata
D. Siliguri

Answer: C. Kolkata

23. Until what year did Kolkata remain the capital of British India?

A. 1901
B. 1908
C. 1911
D. 1914

Answer: C. 1911

24. Which country borders West Bengal to the northwest?

A. Bhutan
B. Nepal
C. Bangladesh
D. Myanmar

Answer: B. Nepal

25. West Bengal shares an international border directly to the north with

A. Bangladesh
B. Bhutan
C. Nepal
D. Myanmar

Answer: B. Bhutan

26. Which Indian states border West Bengal?

A. Sikkim, Assam, Tripura, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha
B. Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat
C. Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
D. Uttarakhand, Himachal, Jammu & Kashmir

Answer: A. Sikkim, Assam, Tripura, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha

27. The Darjeeling Himalayan region is divided by which river?

A. Jaldhaka
B. Tista
C. Mahananda
D. Teesta

Answer: B. Tista

28. Which peak is the highest point in West Bengal?

A. Tiger Hill
B. Sandakfu
C. Gorgaburu
D. Falut

Answer: B. Sandakfu

29. The average altitude of the Darjeeling Himalayan region is approximately

A. 1 500 m
B. 2 600 m
C. 3 500 m
D. 4 200 m

Answer: B. 2 600 m

30. The western plateau region of West Bengal is primarily composed of

A. Granite and gneiss
B. Limestone and shale
C. Basalt and sandstone
D. Conglomerate and marble

Answer: A. Granite and gneiss

31. Which hill is the highest in the Ayodhya plateau region?

A. Panchet
B. Bhandari
C. Gorgaburu
D. Susunia

Answer: C. Gorgaburu

32. The Northern Plain of West Bengal is subdivided into Terai and

A. Dooars
B. Rarh
C. Delta
D. Coastal

Answer: A. Dooars

33. The Rarh region is characterised by

A. Dense evergreen forests
B. Lateritic and old alluvial soils
C. Mangrove swamps
D. Sandy coastal dunes

Answer: B. Lateritic and old alluvial soils

34. Which region contains the world’s largest mangrove forest in India?

A. Darjeeling Hills
B. Western Plateau
C. Sunderban Plains
D. Terai

Answer: C. Sunderban Plains

35. Which river divides into the Padma and Bhagirathi branches?

A. Mahananda
B. Ganga
C. Teesta
D. Damodar

Answer: B. Ganga

36. The Tista river originates from the confluence of streams in

A. Nepal
B. Bhutan
C. Sikkim
D. Arunachal Pradesh

Answer: C. Sikkim

37. Which river is the longest in North Bengal at about 370 km?

A. Jaldhaka
B. Raidak
C. Mahananda
D. Sankosh

Answer: C. Mahananda

38. West Bengal produces approximately what percentage of India’s jute?

A. 50%
B. 65%
C. 79%
D. 90%

Answer: C. 79%

39. Which crop occupies over 60% of West Bengal’s cultivated land?

A. Wheat
B. Rice (Paddy)
C. Jute
D. Sugarcane

Answer: B. Rice (Paddy)

40. Which variety of paddy is sown before the monsoon and harvested in November?

A. Aus
B. Aman
C. Boro
D. Kharif

Answer: B. Aman

41. West Bengal ranks second in India in the production of which beverage crop?

A. Coffee
B. Tea
C. Cocoa
D. Rubber

Answer: B. Tea

42. Which district is famous for world-renowned Darjeeling tea?

A. Jalpaiguri
B. Alipurduar
C. Darjeeling
D. Koch Bihar

Answer: C. Darjeeling

43. The first jute mill in Bengal was established at Rishra by

A. Lord Bentinck
B. George Auckland and Biswambhar Sen
C. Sir William Jones
D. Warren Hastings

Answer: B. George Auckland and Biswambhar Sen

44. How many integrated iron and steel centres are there in West Bengal?

A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four

Answer: B. Two

45. The steel plant at Durgapur began production in

A. 1957
B. 1959
C. 1960
D. 1962

Answer: D. 1962

46. Haldia is noted for which two major industries?

A. Textile and sugar
B. Oil refinery and fertiliser
C. Cement and paper
D. Automobile and pharmaceuticals

Answer: B. Oil refinery and fertiliser

47. Which year saw the launch of the National Water Mission for water conservation?

A. 2005
B. 2008
C. 2010
D. 2012

Answer: B. 2008

48. Which season in West Bengal is marked by cyclonic “Norwesters”?

A. Winter
B. Autumn
C. Monsoon
D. Summer

Answer: D. Summer

49. The hottest place in West Bengal, with April temperatures around 44 °C, is

A. Kolkata
B. Asansol
C. Bankura
D. Haldia

Answer: B. Asansol

50. Which soil type predominates in the Darjeeling Himalayan region?

A. Laterite
B. Brown podsol
C. Alluvial
D. Black cotton

Answer: B. Brown podsol

Additional Questions, Answers

1. When did Bengal gain independence?

Answer: Bengal remained to be an important British Province till it gained independence on 15th August, 1947.

2. Who named the state ‘West Bengal’?

Answer: After independence, the remaining portion of Bengal was named ‘West Bengal’ by Dr. Bidhan Ch. Roy and other eminent leaders.

3. Which subdivision of Bihar was included in West Bengal in 1948?

Answer: In 1948, the Islampur sub-division of Bihar was included in West Dinajpur district of West Bengal.

4. In which year was Kochbihar included in West Bengal?

Answer: In 1950, Kochbihar was included in West Bengal.

5. What is the total number of districts in West Bengal currently?

Answer: Presently the total number of districts in West Bengalis is 20.

6. When was Alipurduar district created?

Answer: In 2014, 25th June, Jalpaiguri district was divided to create the new district of Alipurduar.

7. Which latitude line crosses West Bengal almost through its middle?

Answer: The Tropic of Cancer (23°30′N) passes West Bengal almost from the middle.

8. Which city is the capital of West Bengal?

Answer: Capital of West Bengal is Kolkata.

9. Name the highest peak in West Bengal.

Answer: Sandakfu is the highest peak of West Bengal.

10. What is the highest railway station in India?

Answer: Ghoom is the highest located railway station of India.

11. Define the geographical location of West Bengal.

Answer: West Bengal is located in eastern India. It lies between 21°38′N to 27°10′N latitudes and between 85°50′E to 89°50′E longitudes. The Tropic of Cancer (23°30′N) passes West Bengal almost from the middle crossing Nadia (Bahadurpur of Krishnanagar, Dhubulia), Bardhaman (Purbasthali, Guskara, Ausgram, Bhatar, Durgapur), Bankura (Barjora, Gangajalghanti) and Purulia (Kashipur, Jaypur, Adra).

12. Which countries share boundaries with West Bengal?

Answer: West Bengal shares its boundary with the countries of Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh in the east.

13. What are the reasons for maintaining good relations with neighbouring states?

Answer: The need for maintaining good relations with neighbouring states includes: Inter-state financial development, Exchange of culture, Cordial business relations, Security and sovereignty of the country, and Reducing chances of war and hence reducing expenses of defence.

14. What are the main physical characteristics of the Darjeeling Himalayan region?

Answer:
(i) Rough terrain, deep gorges, steep slopes and sharp ridges are the main characteristics of this region.
(ii) The average altitude of the region is 2,600 m.
(iii) The region rises steeply northward from the Terai region.
(iv) The general slope of the region is form north to south.

15. What is the Singalila range?

Answer: The Singalila range is one of the 2 main mountain ranges of the Darjeeling Himalayas, located in the mountainous region on the western part of the Tista. This range runs from the border of Sikkim and Darjeeling district in the north to the border of Nepal in the west, i.e., it separates Darjeeling district of West Bengal from Nepal. The main peaks exceeding 3,000m present in the Singalila range are Sandakfu (3,630m), Falut (3,595m), Sabargram (3,543m) and Tanglu (3,036m). Sandakfu is the highest peak of West Bengal.

16. Describe the Ayodhya Plateau region.

Answer: The Ayodhya Plateau region lies between the Subarnarekha and Kangsabati rivers of Purulia district. This is a continuation of the Ranchi plateau of Jharkhand. This region is mainly made of granite, gneiss and schist rocks. The region extends 21km in east-west and 10km in north-south direction. Many hills with steep slopes are seen here, called monadnocks, locally known as ‘Dungri’. In some parts, the slope of the region is very steep and height rises 200-300m. Gorgaburu (677m) is the highest peak of the plateau region. Other hills are Panchet, Bhandari, Jabarban, Mackenly, Rabancha, Chamta, Parasha, Baghmundi, Taldungri, Gurma and Bhanbara.

17. Mention any three hills of the Purulia highland region.

Answer: Three hills seen in the Purulia highland region are Panchet, Bhandari, and Jaichandi.

18. What are monadnocks?

Answer: In the Ayodhya Plateau region, many hills with steep slopes are seen, called monadnocks, locally known as ‘Dungri’.

19. What are alluvial fans?

Answer: Alluvial fans of the foothills spread over a narrow region in the foothills of Darjeeling Himalayas and north western part of Jalpaiguri. Due to sudden change of slope, the Himalayan rivers have deposited their load in this foothill region. Several types of alluvial fans and alluvial cones are present here; e.g.
(i) Samsing formation: This fan is made of greyish sand and boulder with a layer of brownish loamy soil present.
(ii) Thalijhora formation: This fan is made of big granular sand particles and boulders with a layer of reddish brown soil on top.
(iii) Matiali formation: This fan is made of much pebbles and less boulders arranged in layers, covered with yellowish brown silt.
(iv) Chalsa formation: This is also formed of small pebbles and boulders, covered by a layer of greyish yellow to greyish brown soil.
(v) Baikunthapur formation: This is the newest fan, made of small sand particles, with traces of yellowish sticky silt and mud particles.

20. What is the Terai plain?

Answer: The Terai plains comprise the western part of the Tista river, covering the Siliguri sub-division and northern part of North Dinajpur. The land remains moist all through the year due to high average annual rainfall, supporting lush green vegetation and forests. The land is undulating, and slopes from north to south with an average height of 75-150m. This place is considered as the ‘gateway of North-eastern India’.

21. Explain the historical changes in the administrative boundaries of West Bengal from 1947 to 1955.

Answer: Following independence and the partition of Bengal based mainly on religion, where the Muslim population occupied East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and the Hindus and other populations occupied West Bengal, several administrative changes occurred between 1947 and 1955. In 1948, the Islampur sub-division of Bihar was included in the West Dinajpur district of West Bengal. Subsequently, in 1949, the French colonies of Chandannagore and Gourhati were included in West Bengal. Finally, in 1950, Kochbihar was also included in West Bengal.

22. What are the geographical regions of West Bengal?

Answer: The geographical regions of West Bengal are:
(i) Northern Mountain Region
(ii) Western Plateau Region
(iii) Terai Region
(iv) Northern Plain Region
(v) Rahr Region
(vi) Delta Region of Ganges
(vii) Sunderban Region
(viii) Sandy Coastal Region

23. Discuss the climatic conditions of the plains of North Bengal.

Answer: The plains of North Bengal, which include the Siliguri sub-division of Darjeeling and maximum parts of Jalpaiguri, Koch Bihar, North and South Dinajpur, and Maldah districts, have distinct climatic conditions. The average temperature remains around 12°C. This region experiences norwesters more frequently than the hilly region. Additionally, the relative humidity is high, and the average rainfall is 332.9 cm.

24. What are the main characteristics of the Dooars plains?

Answer: The eastern part of the Tista river is known as the Dooars plains, lying mostly within the Jalpaiguri district. The name ‘Dooars’ literally means ‘door way’, and the region is named so because many pathways to reach Bhutan exist from here. The plain has been formed by the deposition of pebbles, granules, and silt brought in by the Himalayan rivers over ages.

25. Describe the physical features of the Western plateau region.

Answer: The Western Plateau region comprises the entire Purulia, West Medinipur, Bardhaman, Birbhum and western part of Bankura districts. This region is basically made of granite and gneiss and is an extended part of the Chotanagpur plateau of Jharkhand. Presently, this region has been reduced to an undulating plateau or highly eroded plain by the different agents of erosion. This region occupies about 6% of the total area of West Bengal.

According to geology, physical environment, soil, landform, etc., this region has been divided into 2 parts: (a) Ayodhya plateau region and (b) Purulia highland region.

(a) The Ayodhya Plateau region lies between the Subarnarekha and Kangsabati rivers of Purulia district. This is a continuation of the Ranchi plateau of Jharkhand and is mainly made of granite, gneiss and schist rocks. The region extends 21km in east-west and 10km in north-south direction. Many hills with steep slopes are seen here, called monadnocks, locally known as ‘Dungri’. In some parts, the slope of the region is very steep and height rises 200-300m. Gorgaburu (677m) is the highest peak of the plateau region. Other hills are Panchet, Bhandari, Jabarban, Mackenly, Rabancha, Chamta, Parasha, Baghmundi, Taldungri, Gurma and Bhanbara. The rivers flowing from west to east in this region create many waterfalls, e.g. the Brahmani waterfalls on the Brahmani river, Turga falls, etc. A little away from Brahmani falls lies the artesian well of Sita Kund, which emits water almost the year round.

(b) The Purulia highlands region spreads from the Subarnarekha river in the west to Gori river (tributary of Damodar river). According to physical environment, the highland can be divided into 3 parts:
(i) Birbhum highlands in the south: This region lies in the southern most part of Purulia district, spreading upto West Medinipur in the south-east. The terrain is rough, undulating and many residual hills are seen here and there, e.g.—Belpahari and Thakuran of West Medinipur, Lakaigini, Garhasini, etc. The general slope of the land is from west to east, and altitude of the east is lower than 100m. Mainly coarse, grainy laterite soil is found here.
(ii) Purulia highland: This lies in the eastern part of Ayodhya plateau. Average altitude is around 300m. A number of hills are seen here, e.g. Panchet, Bhandari, Bero hill, Garh Panchakot, Jaichandi, Kalaichandi, etc.
(iii) Susunia highlands in the north-east: This region lies near the western plateau and gradually reduces to a plain spreading over Birbhum, Bankura and eastern part of Bardhaman districts. Few rocky humps are seen here, e.g. Mama-Vagne hills and Mathurkhali of Birbhum; Biharinath (452m), Susunia (440m) and Koro hills of Bankura. A nice perennial spring lies at the foot hills of Susunia. Residual blocks of rocks are seen spread near Gangajalghanti of Bankura, near the Damodar river. Vast boulder-areas are seen near Durlabhpur south of Mejia. East of Sonamukhi lies an undulating terrain comprising of lateritic rocks. A few kilometers beyond, lies the rocky heap known as Karasoli, whose altitude is around 100m.

26. Discuss the geographical extent and unique features of West Bengal.

West Bengal is a unique state of India. Its length is almost double of its breadth. It spreads for about 623km north-south and 320km in the east-west direction. The narrowest part lies in Chapra in North Dinajpur, where the extent is only 9 km. This narrow region is compared to a ‘chicken’s neck’. West Bengal is the only state of India which spreads from the Himalayas in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. It is a unique state where except the desert, almost all types of landforms are found.

27. Describe the rivers originating from North Bengal.

Answer: The rivers of North Bengal are:
(1) Tista: This is the greatest and largest river of north Bengal. It rises from the joint flow of river Lachen of Tibet and river Lachung of Sikkim, at the height of 6200m. From the source, the Tista flows for 151 km in Sikkim through a deep gorge. It enters West Bengal near Rangpo of West Sikkim border. Here the Rangpo Nala joins with the river Tista. Then the Tista flows below Mongpu through Sebok and enters Jalpaiguri, flowing for only 2km. Then it takes a turn towards south-east, entering Kochbihar and finally leaves West Bengal to join with river Brahmaputra in Bangladesh.
(2) Kartowa: This rises near Baikunthapur of Sikkim and enters Bangladesh as river Fuljhur and joins with river Jamuna.
(3) Jaldhaka: This rises from Bidang lake of Sikkim (4425m) as a joint flow of Dichu and Nichu rivers. Small streams like Paba, Langchu, Bangchu, Machu etc also joins the main river. The Bindu river joins Jaldhaka at Bindu near Bhutan Darjeeling border. Important tributaries are Murti, Daina, Dudhuya, Mujnai, etc. The river is known by different names in Kochbihar, eg. Singmari, Dankhan, Mujnai, Dharla, Mansai, etc. Of the total course length of 209km, 144km of the river flows through West Bengal.
(4) Torsa: This river originates from Chumbi valley (7060m) of Tibet. Crossing Bhutan, passing by Phuntsiling, The river enters Jalpaiguri near Sadhuram Gram. After that, it passes through Dalgaon, Madarihat, Silbari and Lafabari and enters Kochbihar. It enters Bangladesh near Molaha. Main tributaries of Torsa are Holong, Nalangi, Sunjai, Kala Torsa, etc. Main distributaries are—Char Torsa, Sili Torsa, Bura Torsa, Dharla, etc. Of the total course of 295km, Torsa flows for 99km through West Bengal.
(5) Kaljani : Alaikuri river of Bhutan and Dima river of Alipurduar join together to form river Kalijani. It flows through Alipurduar, Latabari, Mendabari etc. and enters Bangladesh near Jhaukuthi of Kochbihar. Main tributaries are Gadadhar, Dheko, Nenai, etc.
(6) Raidak : This rises from the Chomolahari peak of Bhutan—Tibet border and flows through West Bengal in 2 branches—Raidak 1 and Raidak 2.
(7) Sankosh : This rises from Gangchen peak (6,794m) of Punakha range of north-west Bhutan. In Bhutan, it is known as Pakha chhu. It flows along West Bengal and Assam border before entering Kochbihar, and later enters Bangladesh.
(8) Mahananda: The river Mahanadi flowing through the western part of Darjeeling Himalayas, is known as river Mahananda in the plains. This is the longest river of North Bengal (370km). The main tributaries of the western bank is Kalindi, and that of the eastern bank are Nagon, Tangan, Punarbhaba, etc. Other important tributaries and Balason, Mechi, Kulik, etc.

28. Discuss the major rivers of South Bengal.

Answer: The rivers of South Bengal can be divided into three types.

The first type includes the rain-fed rivers of the western plateau region, located west of the Bhagirathi-Hooghly river. The main rivers here are Banslai, Pagla, Brahmani, Dwarka, Mayurakshi, Ajay, Damodar, Silabati (also known as Silai), Rupnarayan (the joint flow of Silabati and Dwarakeshwar), Kansabati (also known as Kansai), and Subarnarekha. The main characteristics of these rivers are that most generate from the Chhotanagpur plateau, they are non-perennial as they are rain-fed, they have a tendency to flood, they flow eastwards, and they are torrential, hence helping in hydel power production.

The second type includes the rivers of the east bank of the Bhagirathi-Hooghly river.

The third type includes the tidal rivers of the delta region, which are the rivers flowing through the Sunderbans in the southern part of West Bengal. Examples include Saptamukhi, Piyali, Matla, Thakuran, Gosaba, Bidyadhari, Raymangal, Hariya bhanga, Kalindi, and Jhilla.

A comparison highlights the main rivers of South Bengal as Bhagirathi-Hooghly, Damodar, Rupnarayan, Kasai, Mayurakshi, Ajay, and Brahmani.

29. What are tidal rivers and their characteristics?

Answer: Tidal rivers are the rivers flowing through the Sunderbans in the southern part of West Bengal. All these rivers form deltas. These rivers have got disconnected from their original sources, and are totally converted to tidal rivers. All these rivers are connected by canals.

Their characteristics are:
(i) All the rivers flow southwards to meet the Bay of Bengal.
(ii) All the rivers are fed by tidal water.
(iii) All the rivers are inter-connected by canals.
(iv) All the rivers are navigable.
(v) The process of delta formation is still active.

30. Why is West Bengal referred to as the state of ‘endless seasons’?

31. Discuss in detail the formation and characteristics of different types of soils found in West Bengal.

Answer: Soil is a dynamic part of the physical environment, which lies as a layer on the surface of the earth. Vegetation grows here. It houses many living things, minerals and numerous micro-organisms. The types of soil found in West-Bengal according to regional basis are:

Brown Podsol soil of northern hilly region: Originating from Darjeeling gneiss, this soil has been formed by influences of heat and moisture. This is an eluviated soil, and is found only in hilly regions. This is rich in humus.
Characteristics :
(i) Rich in potash and phosphorus.
(ii) Moist, deep and peaty soil.
(iii) Acidic soil, mostly found in coniferous forest regions.
(iv) Level of nitrogen in the soil is less.
(v) Podsol is seen till the tree-line in the high altitudes.
(vi) Higher the altitude, more acidic is the soil.
(vii) Best for tea, orange, cinchona and squash.

Lateritic soil of Western plateau region: Found in Purulia, Bankura and Birbhum districts. Formed by rapid removal of silica from the top layer and decompositon of parent rock.
Characteristics :
(i) Brick-red and hard type of soil.
(ii) Not very fertile
(iii) Agriculture possible only with the help of irrigation and use of fertilisers.
(iv) Low water-holding capacity.
(v) Lack of humus.
(vi) Oil seeds, vegetables, etc. can be grown.

Terai soils: Found in the foot hills of the Himalayas. Formed by deposition of materials brought in by the rivers from the high mountains.
Characteristics :
(i) Coarse sandy loamy soil.
(ii) Mixed with grannular rocks and pebbles.
(iii) Immature soil.
(iv) Young silt is found in this soil.
(v) Helps in growing rice, tobacco, fruits and tea.

Soil of the plains of north Bengal: Found in southern Jalpaiguri, Koch Bihar, North Dinajpur, South Dinajpur and Maldah. Formed by depositional work of rivers.
Characteristics :
(i) Presence of alluvial soil.
(ii) Coarse sand particles are present.
(iii) Immature soil.

Red soil or old alluvial soil: Found in some regions of Maldah, South Dinajpur and Western Birbhum. Formed partly due to laterisation process.
Characteristics :
(i) Upper layers of the soil are static and fertile.
(ii) Colour varies from reddish to yellowish.
(iii) Layer of ferric oxides present.
(iv) Amount of iron in the soil is high.
(v) Texture can be sandy-loam to coarse mud particles.
(vi) Produces rice, wheat, sugarcane with the help of irrigation.

Soils of Rarh region: Formed by deposition of lateritic and other soils brought in from the plateau region.
Characteristics :
(i) Low water-holding capacity
(ii) Low fertility
(iii) Produces rice, potato, oilseeds with the help of irrigation.

Soils of the plains of South Bengal: Found in almost the whole region of southern West Bengal except the coastal region. Formed mainly by depositional work of river Ganga and its tributaries.
Characteristics :
(i) This soil is deposited by rivers.
(ii) Some sea-borne alluvium can be found in the coastal regions.
(iii) Greyish, yellowish or light brownish in colour.
(iv) Particles are very very small.
(v) Soil profile is not complete or well defined.
(vi) Abundance of phosphorus and potassium but lack of nitrogen and humus.
(vii) Very good for producing rice, jute, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, vegetables, etc.

Coastal salty soil: Found in Sunderban region of South 24 Parganas, and coastal regions of East Medinipur. Formed by deposition of silt by rivers as well as sea-waves in the coastal areas.
Characteristics :
(i) Usually tidal influences make the soil salty.
(ii) Immature soil.
(iii) Amount of mud particles is high in Sunderban region.
(iv) More salty near the coastal area of Digha.
(v) The soil is basically salty and alkaline.
(vi) Infertile soil, only produces coconut, beetle nut, dates and few vegetables.

32. Explain the importance and uses of water resources in West Bengal.

Answer: West Bengal is full of water resources. About 7.5% of Indian’s total water resource is present in West Bengal. According to the Irrigation Department of West Bengal, West Bengal has 13.29 million hector meter surface water, of which 40% is usable. According to the Fisheries Department, there is about 2,76,000 hector of enclosed water bodies like ponds, 1,72,000 hector of rivers, 80,000 hector of canals, 42,000 hector of wetlands, 17,000 hector of reservoirs and 5,000 hector of sewage-fed wet lands.

Water resource development indicates use of water for irrigation, drinking, industrial, domestic and other uses. The usage of water resources in West Bengal for different sectors like Agriculture, Domestic, Industry, Thermal, Inland Waterways, Forestry, and Ecosystems Environment has been significant and is projected to increase. For instance, the usage for agriculture was 5.38 million hectometer in 2000 and projected to be 10.98 million hectometer in 2025.

West Bengal is a state where rivers spread like a network over the land. The rivers of North Bengal contribute 63% of water, the rivers of Rarh area contribute 22% and the rivers of the Eastern plains contribute 15% of water. Besides rivers, canals, lakes, tube wells, and other sources are used for irrigation. In West Bengal, the total irrigated area using Govt. Canals, Non-Govt. Canals, Ponds/Lakes etc, Different kinds of Tubewells, and Others amounted to 2354 thousand hectors. Ground water is also significantly used for irrigation through wells, shallow tubewells, deep tubewells, and surface flowing water.

Water is also crucial for drinking. However, unplanned urbanisation and lack of maintenance and continuous filling up of water bodies is reducing the quantity and quality of water resource of West Bengal. Problems created due to excessive use of ground water include reduction in the amount of ground water causing scarcity, arsenic pollution due to oxidation of rock minerals affecting about 70 lakh people in 78 blocks of 10 districts, gradual deterioration of ground water quality, and potential for floods and droughts due to rapid weather changes.

Recognizing the importance of water, the West Bengal Govt. Fisheries Department has marked ‘Ist Asharh’ as ‘Wetland Day’ since 1986, to grow consciousness among people regarding water resources. In 2008, the National Water Mission (NWM) was started for conservation of water, aiming to prepare climate change databases, encourage citizen participation in conservation, improve conditions where water levels have dropped, and promote well-planned water use in drainage basins. Immediate steps needed to control water resource wastage include arousing self-consciousness among people, state intervention to stop misuse, recycling and re-use after treatment, and conservation of rain water.

33. Describe the different climatic regions of West Bengal.

Answer: The climatic regions of West Bengal are:
(a) Climate of hilly region: This region comprises of Darjeeling district (excluding Siliguri sub-division) and northern part of Jalpaiguri district.
(i) Cold weather persists here almost all through the year.
(ii) January is the coldest month, when average temperature lies between 2°-8°C.
(iii) Some areas experience snow fall.

(b) Climate of plateau region: This region comprises of entire Purulia and the western parts of Bardhaman, Medinipur, Birbhum and Bankura.
(i) Climate is of extreme type, basically rough and dry.
(ii) Dryness is the result of distance from the sea.
(iii) Average summer temperature lies between 40°-45°C.

(c) Climate of plains of north Bengal: Siliguri sub-division of Darjeeling, maximum parts of Jalpaiguri, Koch Bihar, North and South Dinajpur and Maldah district falls under this region.
(i) Average temperature remains around 12°C.
(ii) This region experiences norwesters more than the hilly region.
(iii) Relative humidity is high.
(iv) Average rainfall is 332.9 cm.

(d) Climate of plains of South Bengal: This region comprises of Murshidabad, Nadia, North and South 24 Paraganas, excluding the coastal region.
(i) This region is comparatively hotter than rest of the state.
(ii) Daily range of temperature is not very big, due to influence of coastal breeze.
(iii) Norwesters are common during summer.
(iv) Many Easterly jets are experienced during summer.
(v) Average annual rainfall is 150-200 cm.
(vi) Norwesters and cyclones are common.

34. Explain the physical division of the mountainous region of Darjeeling Himalayas.

Answer: The mountainous region of the Darjeeling Himalayas, also known as the Northern Darjeeling-Himalayan Region, is physically divided by the river Tista into 2 parts: (a) Mountainous region on the Western part of Tista and (b) Mountainous region on the eastern part of Tista.

(a) Mountainous region on the western part of the Tista: This is the highest part of the entire mountainous region of the north, in West Bengal. It extends from Nepal in the west to Tista river in the east. Here lies the 2 main mountains ranges of the Darjeeling Himalayas.
(i) The Singalila range: This runs from the border of Sikkim and Darjeeling district in the north to the border of Nepal in the west, i.e., it separates Darjeeling district of West Bengal from Nepal. The main peaks exceeding 3,000m present in the Singalila range are Sandakfu (3,630m), Falut (3,595m), Sabargram (3,543m) and Tanglu (3,036m). Sandakfu is the highest peak of West Bengal.
(ii) The Darjeeling ridge: Also known as the Ghoom range, the Darjeeling ridge rises steeply from the Terai region northwards. Ghoom is the highest located railway station of India (2,247m). The main peak of this ridge is the Tiger Hill (2,567m), from where spreads 3 mountain ranges, e.g.-(1) Darjeeling-Lebong ridge in the north. (2) Takda-Peshak ridge in the north-east. (3) Bagdogra-Dowhill ridge in the south. The Ghoom hills and Manevanjan ridge are nearby the Tiger Hill. The famous hill station of Kurseong is situated on the western slope of Dowhill. Sinchal (2,615m) is an important peak of the Darjeeling ridge.

(b) Mountainous region on the eastern part of Tista: The average height of this region is less. Kalimpong is situation here. Pedong (land of Fir trees in Bhutan’s language) is located here, from where the ancient ‘Silk route’ was spread upto Tibet. Durbindara and Chola are 2 main ridges present here. Rishila (3,121m) of Durbindara is the highest region. The northern border region of Jalpaiguri district contains the peaks of Sinchula (1,800m), Renigango (1,885m) and Lower Sinchula (1,726m). To the eastern side of this region lies the Buxa hills (623m) and Jayanti hills (498-737m). Sangchu Li is the highest peak of Buxa.

35. Discuss the economic importance and geographical conditions favourable for tea cultivation in West Bengal.

Answer: Tea is an agro-based industry in West Bengal. West Bengal stands 2nd (after Assam) in tea production in India, but judging by quality, Darjeeling tea is the best worldwide. About 21% of India’s tea production comes from West Bengal. The trade of tea is controlled by the ‘Indian Tea Board’. This is an auction house from where traders buy tea for business within the country and foreign lands. There are about 343 tea gardens here, and about 3000 factories including ‘Bought leaf factories’. About 245 thousand labours work here.

The geographical conditions favourable for the development of the tea industry in West Bengal are:
(1) Appropriate climatic conditions: 200cm rainfall on average, 10°-27°C temperature is perfect for growth of tea.
(2) Landform and soil: Slightly sloping land and fertile loamy soil rich in iron and humus is perfect for growth of tea plants.
(3) Skilled labour: Mostly female labours are engaged to pluck tea leaves from the gardens. The perfect plucking of 2 leaves and a bud gives the best flavour to the tea made ready in the factories.
(4) Capital: It is a capital intensive industry. Initially the British invested in this industry, but now capital is available from different business houses.
(5) Transport: The Darjeeling Himalayan railway and the roadways help in transportation of tea, hence helping in fast and proper trade and business.

36. Explain the historical significance and geographical factors for the concentration of the jute industry along the banks of river Hugli.

Answer: West Bengal leads in the production of Jute and Jute products in India. The jute industrial region spreads on both banks of river Hugli, from Tribeni, 56km north of Kolkata to Uluberia, 32 km south (About 88km) on the right bank and from Halishahar, 45 km north of Kolkata to Birlapur, 35 km south (About 80km) on the left bank. The width of the region is only about 3km. This is the most congested jute industrial region of the world.

The reasons for the centralisation of Jute mills along the banks of river Hugli include historical significance and geographical factors:
A. Historical reasons:
(i) Kolkata had remained the capital of India till 1911.
(ii) The East India company started their business first in Kolkata.
(iii) The discovery of Raniganj coal mines in 1851 accelerated growth of industries in Kolkata.
B. Availability of raw materials: West Bengal alone produces 80% of India’s jute, which is the largest Jute producing region of the world. Hence raw material for jute industry is easily available.
C. Climate: The hot and humid climate helps in growth of jute, and also helps in production of fibre.
D. Energy reasons: The nearby Jharia and Raniganj coal mines supply the necessary energy resources.
E. Power: The jute mills avail hydel power from Maithan, Tilaiya and Panchet dams of the DVC, and avail thermal power from Bandel, Durgapur, Santhaldih, Kolaghat and Bakreswar.
F. Hugli river: The river meets the water demands of the mills as well as helps in transportation of raw materials from field to factories.
G. Transport: The region is well connected by railway, roadways and water ways. NH2 (G.T. Road), NH6 (Bombay Road) NH34 (Kolkata-Siliguri) NH35 (Kolkata-Bongaon) NH41 (Kolaghat-Haldia) and several state roadways connect the area.
H. Capital Investment: Initially the British, and later the entrepreneurs and banks have supported the jute mills financially.
I. Labour: Cheap labour is available from the densely populated regions of Kolkata, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa.
J. Demand: Lack of jute mills in other parts of the country, and demand for jute products in the country as well as for export, helps the jute mills to grow.
K. Infrastructure: Presence of infrastructural facilities helped in development of this industrial region.

37. Discuss the iron and steel industry in West Bengal, highlighting the problems and possibilities for its development.

Answer: There are 2 Integrated iron and steel centres at Burnpur-Hirapur-Kulti and Durgapur and 1 Alloy-steel centre in Durgapur. Durgapur is known as the ‘Rurh of India’. The factory at Durgapur was started in 1957. In 1959 a British unit and the Indian Steel works company signed a contract, and production began in 1962.

Advantages for the industry include:
(i) Iron ore: Could be brought from Guya, Noamundi and Keonjhar Bolani mines around 350 km distance.
(ii) Coal: was brought in from Raniganj and Jharia mines, about 110km away.
(iii) Limestone and Manganese: was brought in from Gangpur and Birmitrapur (limestone) and Jamda (manganese) about 370 km away.
(iv) Water: was easily available from river Damodar.
(v) Power: was available from the DVC Hydel power and Thermal power projects.

Problems of iron and steel industry in West Bengal: The quality and quantity of iron and steel produced in West Bengal is quite poor due to certain problems:
(1) Lack of coking coal of the best quality (with 17% ash content). West Bengal produces cooking coal with 19% ash content. Hence, some coal has to be imported, which increases cost of production.
(2) Faulty manufacturing plans in the govt. enterprises: Excessive control and political interests disrupts the business dealings and hence disrupts the production process.
(3) Sick mini-steel plants: Lack of scrap, graphite electrode, etc. is forcing the mini-steel plants to suffer in business.
(4) Lack of production of alloy and special steel according to market demand.
(5) Faulty export system results in loss of huge amounts.
(6) Other problems—no maintenance and old back dated instruments and machinery, transfer of higher rank employees frequently, strained relationships between management and staff, political influence in staff unions, lack of power raw materials, lack of enough transport facilities, high cost of production.

Possibilities: There is enough scope for improvement of iron and steel industries in West Bengal. The raw materials like iron ore, limestone, dolomite, manganese and coal are available from India itself. The Five-Year Plans has increased investment in this industry. The recent privatisation policy has boosted the growth of the engineering industries. Hence demand of iron and steel industries have increased. The neighbouring countries are also importing steel from West Bengal.

38. Explain the characteristics and subdivisions of the plains region of West Bengal.

Answer: Apart from the northern hilly region and western plateau region, the rest of West Bengal is plains. The plains spread from Siliguri in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. The region is divided into 2 parts by the Ganga river: Plains of North Bengal and Plains of South Bengal.

A. Plains of North Bengal: This lies between Siliguri sub-division in the north to Maldah in the south, till the banks of Ganga river. According to characteristics and prevation, this region can be sub-divided into 5 parts.

Alluvial fan of the foot hills: This spreads over a narrow region in the foothills of Darjeeling Himalayas and north western part of Jalpaiguri. Due to sudden change of slope, the Himalayan rivers have deposited their load in this foothill region. Several types of alluvial fans and alluvial cones are present here; e.g.
(i) Samsing formation: This fan is made of greyish sand and boulder with a layer of brownish loamy soil.
(ii) Thalijhora formation: This fan is made of big grannular sand particles and boulders, with a layer of reddish brown soil on top.
(iii) Matiali formation: This fan is made of much pebbles and less boulders arranged in layers, with the upper part covered with yellowish brown silt.
(iv) Chalsa formation: This is also formed of small pebbles and boulders, covered by a layer of greyish yellow to greyish brown soil.
(v) Baikunthapur formation: This is the newest fan, made of small sand particles, with traces of yellowish sticky silt and mud particles.

Terai and Dooars plains: This comprises of Siliguri sub-division of Darjeeling and almost entire of Jalpaiguri district (excluding Buxa-Jayanti). This region has been formed by deposition of pebbles and grannules and silt brought in by the Himalayan rivers for ages. This spreads from the southern fringe of the alluvial fans to about 35-40km in the south. The Tista river divides this plains into 2 parts—Terai and Dooars.
(i) Terai plains: The western part of the Tista river is known as Terai plains, comprising of Siliguri sub-division and northern part of North Dinajpur. The average annual rainfall being high, the land remains moist all through the year. Hence, lush green vegetation and forests are seen here. The land is undulating, and slopes from north to south. Average height is 75-150m. This place is considered as the ‘gateway of North-eastern India’.
(ii) Dooars plains: The eastern part of the Tista river is known as Dooars plains. It lies mostly in the Jalpaiguri district. Dooars literally means ‘door way’. This region is so named because their exists many door ways to reach Bhutan from here. The plain has also been formed by depositions of the Himalayan rivers.

Other Plains of North Bengal: This lies south of the Terai region till the left bank of the Ganga river, comprising of Jalpaiguri, southern section of Kochbihar, and the entire of Maldah, North Dinajpur and South Dinajpur. According to geologists, this region has been formed by constant deposition by Himalayan rivers, filling the lowlands and lakes that existed here. General slope is form north to south. Basically a plain land, but many lowlands and shallow marshy lands are present. Some places are little undulating also. 3 types of landforms can be seen here, namely:
(1) Tal: Lowlands and marsh lands present in Kochbihar, Jalpaiguri and Western Maldah.
(2) Barendra bhumi: Slightly undulating laterite and old silt high plains present in South Dinajpur and eastern Maldah.
(3) Diyara: Fertile silt plains of the Ganga in Southern Maldah.

B. Plains of South Bengal:
(a) Rarh Plains: The entire of Birbhum, (excluding the young silt region of Bhagirathi-Hooghly river), Bankura, Murshidabad and western part of West Medinipur is known as the Rarh region. Eroded materials from Chotanagpur region have been brought in by rivers. Hence grannules and pebbles, old silt and lateritic soil is seen here. Some places are undulating and few rocky humps are also present. General slope is from west to east. Average height is 50-100m.
(b) Ganga delta Plains: The plain lies over east Murshidabad, Kolkata, Howrah, Hooghly, Nadia, North and South 24 Parganas (excluding Sunderbans), Bardhaman and East Medinipur (excluding Digha). The rivers Ganga, Padma and Bhagirathi along with their numerous tributaries and distributaries have drained this region for ages, and have deposited silt. Slope being very less, the rivers meander a lot here. Hence, numerous lowlands, marshes, discarded channels and ox-bow lakes are present here. This part can be divided into 3 sub-plains:
(1) Inactive or dying delta: In Nadia and Murshidabad, delta formulation has almost stoped due to change of course of the Bhagirathi river.
(2) Mature delta: In Bardhaman, East Medinipur, Howrah, Hooghly, the process of delta-formation is almost complete. Here, the soil is old and hard, and number of marsh lands is less.
(3) Active delta: In the sourthern and eastern part of South 24 parganas and southern part of North 24 Parganas, the process of delta formation by riverine deposition is very active.

C Sunderban Plains: The south-eastern fringe of South 24 Parganas houses a portion of the world’s greatest mangrove forests, the Sunderbans. The area covered by the mangrove is about 9,300 sq. m. The delta forming process is highly active here. New islands are being formed due to regular deposition of material in the coastal region. Height of the region is only 2-4m. Numerous braided channels, salty marsh lands, highly branched network of distribution and sub-distribution exhibit the main characteristics of the region. the region is highly under tidal influences. The numerous islands present here are—Sagar islands, Kalash islands, Frazerganj, Lothiam, Baluchari, Dalhousie, etc.

D Sandy Coastal Plains: This lies along the coast of Bay of Bengal, in Contai subdivision of East Medinipur, near the confluence of the Hooghly river. It is 5-10km wide in the north-south and about 50 km long along the east-west direction. This region has been formed by depositional work of wind and sea waves. Although a plain, in some places sand humps and dunes are present, like the contai dune and Digha dune. The Digha sea-beach is present in the southern most part.

39. Discuss the various factors influencing the climate of West Bengal.

Answer: The climate of West Bengal is hot, wet tropical monsoon type. The seasons keep on changing so fast that due to this diverse climatic characteristics, West Bengal has been designated as the ‘State of endless seasons’. The Indian Meteorological Department divides the climate of West Bengal into 4 seasons, each influenced by specific factors:

Summer (March-May): Influenced by the northward movement of the sun from March, the temperature of West Bengal starts increasing. Excluding the Darjeeling hilly region, the rest of West Bengal becomes quite hot, with average temperatures in April around 40-44°C. Another influencing factor during this season is the occurrence of cyclonic storms called Norwesters (Kalbaisakhi) in South Bengal, which may result in few torrential showers of rainfall. During summer, the land gets extremely hot and the adjacent winds also get hot. These winds encounter the cool coastal winds and produce thunder and lighting along with torrential rainfall. These are called Norwesters in West Bengal.

Rainy season (June-September): The primary influencing factor is the moisture-laden South-western monsoon winds, which cause a great amount of rainfall (Average 125-200cm) during this time.

Autumn (October-November): This season is marked by a change in the direction of monsoon winds. Temperature remains mild hot, and high pressure exists over the land surface. Local disturbances called ‘Aswin’er Jhar’ occur during this time.

Dry and Cold winter (December-February): Influenced by the southward movement of the sun, the temperature starts reducing rapidly. High pressure exists on land, causing North-eastern monsoon winds to start blowing from land towards sea. These winds are dry and cause no rainfall. Average temperature remains 10-16°C for most of West Bengal, and 0°-4°C in the hilly region. Sometimes extremely cold winds from the north and north-western world reduce the temperature conditions. On the other hand, the Western Disturbances may increase the temperature slightly.

Overall, West Bengal is influenced by both the south-west monsoon as well as the north-east monsoon. Monsoon winds blow throughout the year from the south-west during summer and spring and from north-east during autumn and winter. The winter is cold and dry due to retreating monsoon winds coming from snow-covered cold mountains regions. The maximum rainfall occurs due to south-west monsoon winds (Average yearly rainfall 175-200cm). The monsoon winds are very fickle-minded, sometimes coming early and sometimes late. The seasons of West Bengal depend significantly on the monsoon winds.

40. Describe the geographical location, physical environment, and main features of the Sundarbans region.

Answer: The Sundarbans region is located on the south-eastern fringe of the South 24 Parganas district, in the southern part of West Bengal.

Its physical environment is characterized by being part of the active delta plains of South Bengal. It houses a portion of the world’s greatest mangrove forests, covering an area of about 9,300 sq. m. The delta forming process is highly active here, with new islands being formed due to regular deposition of material in the coastal region. The land elevation is very low, only 2-4m. The landscape features numerous braided channels, salty marsh lands, and a highly branched network of river distribution and sub-distribution systems. The entire region is highly influenced by tides. Numerous islands are present, such as Sagar islands, Kalash islands, Frazerganj, Lothiam, Baluchari, and Dalhousie. The rivers here form deltas, have become disconnected from their original sources, and are totally converted to tidal rivers like Saptamukhi, Piyali, Matla, Thakuran, Gosaba, Bidyadhari, Raymangal, Hariya bhanga, Kalindi, and Jhilla. These rivers are interconnected by canals, and the confluence area is very wide. The soil is coastal salty soil, formed by deposition of silt from rivers and sea-waves. This soil is typically immature, salty due to tidal influences (especially near the coast), alkaline, high in mud particles, and generally infertile, supporting mainly coconut, beetle nut, dates, and a few vegetables.

The main features of the Sundarbans include its status as the world’s greatest mangrove forest (with species like Sundari, Garan, Geowa, Hetal, Hogla), the ongoing active delta formation process, its low elevation, the presence of numerous islands and braided tidal channels, and strong tidal influences. The rivers are tidal and navigable, and the process of delta formation is still active.

Ron'e Dutta

Ron'e Dutta is a journalist, teacher, aspiring novelist, and blogger who manages Online Free Notes. An avid reader of Victorian literature, his favourite book is Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë. He dreams of travelling the world. You can connect with him on social media. He does personal writing on ronism.

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