{"id":24393,"date":"2025-05-19T09:19:18","date_gmt":"2025-05-19T03:49:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/onlinefreenotes.com\/?p=24393"},"modified":"2025-12-12T07:38:19","modified_gmt":"2025-12-12T07:38:19","slug":"landforms-of-the-earth-icse-class-9-geography","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/landforms-of-the-earth-icse-class-9-geography\/","title":{"rendered":"Landforms of the Earth: ICSE Class 9 Geography"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Get notes, summary, questions and answers, MCQs, extras, and PDFs of Chapter 5 \u201cLandforms of the Earth\u201d which is part of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/cisce.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ICSE<\/a> Class 9 Geography (Morning Star\/Total) textbook\/workbook answers. However, the notes should only be treated as references and changes should be made according to the needs of the students.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n  <style>\r\n    .notice {\r\n      background: yellow;       \/* simple yellow background *\/\r\n      text-align: center;       \/* centre alignment *\/\r\n      padding: 12px 16px;\r\n      margin: 20px auto;\r\n      width: fit-content;       \/* shrink to text and centre via auto margins *\/\r\n      font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\r\n    }\r\n  <\/style>\r\n  <div class=\"notice\">\r\n    If you notice any errors in the notes, please mention them in the comments\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<nav id=\"toc\" class=\"toc-box\"><\/nav>\r\n<style>\r\n.toc-box{\r\n  border:1px solid #e5e7eb;\r\n  border-radius:8px;\r\n  background:#fff;\r\n  margin:20px 0;\r\n  font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\r\n}\r\n.toc-header{\r\n  padding:10px 14px;\r\n  font-size:16px;\r\n  font-weight:600;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid #eef2f7;\r\n  background:#f8fafc\r\n}\r\n.toc-content{\r\n  padding:12px 18px\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Base list *\/\r\n.toc-content ul{\r\n  margin:0 25px;\r\n  padding-left:0;\r\n  list-style:none\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Level-based bullets *\/\r\n.toc-content li{\r\n  position:relative;\r\n  margin:6px 0;\r\n  margin-left:6px;\r\n  line-height:1.5;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* H2 bullet \u25cf *\/\r\n.toc-content li.level-2{\r\n  list-style:disc;\r\n\t\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* H3 bullet \u25cb *\/\r\n.toc-content li.level-3{\r\n  margin-left:26px;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n\/* H4+ bullet \u2013 *\/\r\n.toc-content li.level-4{\r\n  margin-left:46px;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n.toc-content li.level-5,\r\n.toc-content li.level-6{\r\n  margin-left:66px;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.toc-content a{\r\n  text-decoration:none;\r\n  color:#000\r\n}\r\n.toc-content a:hover{\r\n  text-decoration:underline\r\n}\r\n\r\nhtml{scroll-behavior:smooth}\r\nh1[id],h2[id],h3[id],h4[id],h5[id],h6[id]{\r\n  scroll-margin-top:110px\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\ndocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {\r\n\r\n  const toc = document.getElementById('toc');\r\n  if (!toc) return;\r\n\r\n  \/* MAIN CONTENT ONLY *\/\r\n  const content = document.querySelector('#pdf-content');\r\n\r\n  \/* EXCLUDE AREAS *\/\r\n  const excludeSelectors = `\r\n    .author, .byline, .entry-meta, .post-meta,\r\n    #comments, .comments-area, .comment-respond,\r\n    .comment-form, .comment-list,\r\n    .login, .login-required,\r\n    .sidebar, aside, footer, nav,\r\n    .widget, .widgets\r\n  `;\r\n\r\n  \/* TEXT TO IGNORE *\/\r\n  const ignoreText = [\r\n    'leave a comment',\r\n    'cancel reply',\r\n    'login required',\r\n    'get notes',\r\n    'ron\\'e dutta',\r\n    'comments'\r\n  ];\r\n\r\n  \r\nconst headings = [...content.querySelectorAll('h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6')]\r\n  .filter(h => !excludeSelectors || !h.closest(excludeSelectors))\r\n  .filter(h => {\r\n    const txt = h.textContent.trim().toLowerCase();\r\n    return txt.length > 0 && !ignoreText.some(t => txt.includes(t));\r\n  });\r\n\r\n\/\/alert(content);\r\n  if (!headings.length) {\r\n    toc.style.display = 'none';\r\n    return;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* UNIQUE IDs *\/\r\n  const used = {};\r\n  const slug = t => t.toLowerCase().trim()\r\n    .replace(\/[^a-z0-9\\s-]\/g, '')\r\n    .replace(\/\\s+\/g, '-');\r\n\r\n  headings.forEach(h => {\r\n    if (!h.id) {\r\n      let base = slug(h.textContent) || 'section';\r\n      used[base] = (used[base] || 0) + 1;\r\n      h.id = used[base] > 1 ? base + '-' + used[base] : base;\r\n    }\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  \/* BUILD TOC *\/\r\n  const ul = document.createElement('ul');\r\n\r\n  headings.forEach(h => {\r\n    const level = parseInt(h.tagName.substring(1));\r\n    if (level < 2) return; \/\/ skip H1 like your reference site\r\n\r\n    const li = document.createElement('li');\r\n    li.className = 'level-' + level;\r\n\r\n    const a = document.createElement('a');\r\n    a.href = '#' + h.id;\r\n    a.textContent = h.textContent.trim();\r\n\r\n    li.appendChild(a);\r\n    ul.appendChild(li);\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  toc.innerHTML = `\r\n    <div class=\"toc-header\">Table of Contents<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"toc-content\"><\/div>\r\n  `;\r\n  toc.querySelector('.toc-content').appendChild(ul);\r\n\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\r\n\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Summary\"><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Earth&#8217;s surface displays many natural features known as landforms. The planet&#8217;s hot interior melts rocks, maintaining a semi-molten layer called the asthenosphere beneath the crust. This internal heat drives conditions that create landforms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Several causes contribute to landform development. Plate Tectonics is a primary cause. The Earth&#8217;s lithosphere, its hard outer layer, is fractured into plates. These plates float on the asthenosphere, moving slowly. Their interactions\u2014pushing, colliding, or sliding\u2014can compress sedimentary rocks, causing them to fold and form fold mountains. The forces behind this are Orogenic movements, a term derived from Greek words meaning &#8220;mountain-building.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Other internal forces, Epeirogenic movements, lead to widespread uplift or subsidence of land. &#8220;Epeiros&#8221; signifies &#8220;continent&#8221; and &#8220;genic&#8221; means &#8220;building,&#8221; thus these are continent-building movements. They produce block mountains, basins, and rift valleys. Orogenic and epeirogenic forces together are termed Diastrophic forces. In contrast, Exogenic Forces operate on the Earth&#8217;s surface. They are often called destructive forces as they wear down existing landforms through weathering and erosion, then create new ones via deposition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Major landforms include mountains, plateaus, and plains.<br>Mountains are steep, elevated landforms. Fold Mountains arise from the crust&#8217;s compression, exhibiting wave-like upfolds (anticlines) and downfolds (synclines). The Himalayas and Alps are examples. Young Fold Mountains, like the Himalayas, are high and rugged. Old Fold Mountains, such as the Aravallis in India, are lower due to prolonged erosion.<br>Residual Mountains, also called relict mountains, remain after extensive weathering and erosion have lowered older mountains or plateaus. The Nilgiri Hills are an Indian example.<br>Block Mountains form due to tensional forces creating faults. A block of land might rise to become a horst (block mountain), or sink to form a graben (rift valley). The Vosges in France is an example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plateaus are elevated, flat-topped areas, often called tablelands, typically 500 feet or more above the surrounding land. Intermontane Plateaus, like the Tibetan Plateau, are enclosed by mountains. Volcanic Plateaus, such as India&#8217;s Deccan Plateau, are built from successive layers of lava from volcanic eruptions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plains are vast, low-lying areas with level or gently undulating surfaces. Structural Plains result from the uplift or subsidence of land, like the Great Plains of the USA. Depositional Plains are formed by the accumulation of materials transported by rivers, wind, or the sea. River deposition creates alluvial plains, such as the Northern Plains of India. Wind action forms sandy deserts like the Sahara or loess plains. Marine deposition creates coastal plains, and sometimes land reclaimed from the sea, called a polder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Landforms hold significant importance. They contribute to the Earth&#8217;s scenic beauty. They influence climate; for instance, the Himalayas shape India&#8217;s climate. Mountains often serve as the source for rivers. They host diverse forests, plants, and animals. Oceanic landforms can be ideal fishing grounds. The geological processes forming landforms also bring valuable minerals and fossil fuels nearer to the Earth&#8217;s surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Textbook_Total_History_solutions\"><strong>Textbook solutions (Morning Star\/Total)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Multiple-Choice_Questions\"><strong>Multiple-Choice Questions<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. The forces responsible for the formation of fold mountains:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Orogenic movements<br>(b) Collisional movements<br>(c) Diastrophic movements<br>(d) Exogenic movements<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (a) Orogenic movements<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. The large scale uplift or subsistence of land:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Orogenic movements<br>(b) Diastrophic forces<br>(c) Epeirogenic movements<br>(d) Exogenic movements<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (c) Epeirogenic movements<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. The two forces, Orogenic and Epeirogenic that originate deep inside the earth:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Exogenic forces<br>(b) Continent building movements<br>(c) Diastrophic forces<br>(d) Collisional movements<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (c) Diastrophic forces<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. The forces operating on the surface of the earth which cause formation of landforms are called:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Exogenic forces (b) Orogenic forces<br>(c) Diastrophic forces (d) Epeirogenic forces<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (a) Exogenic forces<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. Upfold : Anticline :: Downfold : ___________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Synclines<br>(b) Archlines<br>(c) Anticlines<br>(d) Ridges<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (a) Synclines<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. Oceanic trenches in combination with volcanic mountain systems lead to the formation of:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Troughs<br>(b) Ridges<br>(c) Fold mountains<br>(d) Synclines<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (b) Ridges<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. Volcanic activities are common in which of the following?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Young fold mountains<br>(b) Old fold mountains<br>(c) Residual mountains<br>(d) Volcanic plateaus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (a) Young fold mountains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8. Which amongst the following highlands are highly eroded by the agents of gradation and have gentler slopes, rounded tops and sculptured domes?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Young fold mountains<br>(b) Old fold mountains<br>(c) Residual mountains<br>(d) Volcanic plateaus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (b) Old fold mountains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9. Mountains which are subjected to weathering and erosion for a long time are lowered down:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Old fold mountains<br>(b) Volcanic plateaus<br>(c) Relict mountains<br>(d) Intermontane plateaus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (c) Relict mountains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10. Which of the following is\/are correctly matched?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Young fold mountains : Himalayas, Alps<br>(b) Old fold mountains : Urals, Aravalli<br>(c) Residual mountains : Nilgiri, Rajmahal Hills<br>(d) All of the above.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (d) All of the above.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11. The coromandel plains along the east coast of India were formed as a result of two different activities. Name them.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Subsidence, deposition<br>(b) Subsidence, erosion<br>(c) Upliftment, deposition<br>(d) Upliftment, erosion<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (a) Subsidence, deposition<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>12. The plains that are formed by the deposition of materials which have been brought by various agents of transportation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Structural plain (b) Depositional plain (c) Plain<br>(d) Landform<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (b) Depositional plain<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>13. Depositional plains formed as a result of action of wind have irregular and undulating surface because of<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) new deposits made every day.<br>(b) existence of sand dunes and hallows.<br>(c) existence of scrubs.<br>(d) All of the above.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (b) existence of sand dunes and hallows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>14. A piece of land reclaimed from the sea or lake:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Sealand<br>(b) Iceland<br>(c) Lakeland<br>(d) Polder<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (d) Polder<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>15. The plains that are formed due to uplift or subsidence of land are called:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Structural plains<br>(b) Depositional plains<br>(c) Plains<br>(d) Landforms<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (a) Structural plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>16. Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Structural Plains : Coromandel Plains<br>(b) Wind Deposition Plains : Thar Desert<br>(c) River Deposition Plains : Northern Plains (India)<br>(d) Marine Deposition Plains : Western Coastal Plains (India)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (d) Marine Deposition Plains : Western Coastal Plains (India)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>17. Epeirogenic forces lead to the formation of Block Mountains. In this context which of the following are true?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Horst &#8211; block mountains with flattened summits.<br>(b) Graben &#8211; basins separating block mountains.<br>(c) Vosges example of block mountains.<br>(d) All of the above.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (d) All of the above.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>18. Name the plateaus, formed along with fold mountains, that are surrounded by hills and mountains on all sides.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Volcanic Plateaus<br>(b) Structural Plateaus<br>(c) Intermontane Plateaus<br>(d) Depositional Plateaus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (c) Intermontane Plateaus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Short_Answer_Questions\"><strong>Short Answer Questions<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. What is meant by a landform? Give two examples.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: A landform is a natural feature of the earth&#8217;s surface. Two examples of landforms are mountains and plateaus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Why are the fold mountains called so?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Fold mountains are called so because they are the result of large-scale earth movements caused by stresses in the earth&#8217;s crust. These stresses subject the rocks to compressive forces, producing wrinkling or folding along the lines of weakness. The raising of these folds makes the fold mountains, which form irregular wave-like formations called folds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Give two chief characteristics of the fold mountains.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Two chief characteristics of fold mountains are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) They form irregular wave-like formations called folds. The upfold rock strata in arch-like shape are called anticlines or crest and the down folded structures are known as synclines or troughs.<br>(ii) Most of these mountains are constituted of sedimentary rocks formed due to deposition and consolidation of sediments in shallow oceans like the Tethys, in the case of the Himalayas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. Give one example of each: (a) Young fold mountain; (b) Old fold mountain.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) An example of a young fold mountain is the Himalayas.<br>(b) An example of an old fold mountain is the Appalachians.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. Give one example of residual mountain and an example of depositional plain.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: An example of a residual mountain is Nilgiri Hills in India. An example of a depositional plain is the Northern Plains of India, which are alluvial plains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. Briefly describe how the Great Plains of USA were formed. They are examples of which type of Plains.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The Great Plains of the USA were formed due to the uplift of land submerged under water. They are examples of Structural Plains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. Draw a well labelled diagram to show the formation of a residual mountain.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: For diagram, see Fig. 5.3 (Morning Star\/Total) or <a href=\"https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/20240129121958\/Types-of-Mountain-Formation--Residual-Mountains.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">click here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8. How is a rift valley formed? Give one example of a rift valley.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: A rift valley is formed when, due to tensional force, cracks or faults occur on the earth&#8217;s crust. If two parallel faults occur, the land in between subsides, or the valley floor may sink, to form a rift valley. An example of a rift valley is the African Rift Valley.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9. Give a brief definition of a plateau.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: A plateau is defined as an area of high ground, 500 feet above the ground level. These uplands have a steep slope on one side. The upper part is generally flat and is called tableland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10. What is an intermontane plateau? Give one example.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: An intermontane plateau is a plateau surrounded by hills and mountains on all sides. An example of an intermontane plateau is the Tibetan plateau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11. Give two points of importance of landforms.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Two points of importance of landforms are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) Mountains, plateaus, plains and valleys are beautiful sculptures of nature on the surface crust of the earth. They add to the beauty of the earth.<br>(ii) Landforms represent the relief features of the earth. They have an impact on climate, direction of winds, precipitation as well as other atmospheric processes. The Himalayas act as a climatic divide shaping the distinctive climate of the Indian subcontinent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Distinguish_Between_the_Following\"><strong>Distinguish Between the Following<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Distinguish between Fold Mountains and Block Mountains.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Fold Mountains are the result of lateral compression of the earth&#8217;s crust. They are the result of large-scale earth movements caused by stresses in the earth&#8217;s crust. These stresses subject the rocks to compressive forces, producing wrinkling or folding along the lines of weakness, and the raising of folds makes the fold mountains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Block Mountains, on the other hand, are formed when forces of faulting, also known as epeirogenic forces, lead to their formation. Due to tensional force, cracks or faults may occur on the earth&#8217;s crust. If two parallel faults occur, the land in between subsides to form a rift valley. If a block rises, it forms a horst or block mountain. Block mountains which have flattened summits are also called horst mountains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Distinguish between Intermontane plateaus and Volcanic plateaus.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Intermontane Plateaus are the highest and most extensive types of plateaus on the globe. These plateaus are surrounded by hills and mountains on all sides and are formed along with fold mountains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Volcanic Plateaus are formed by numerous volcanic eruptions that slowly build up over time, forming a plateau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Distinguish between Structural plains and Depositional plains.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Structural Plains are plains that are formed due to uplift or subsidence of land. Diastrophic forces may cause uplift of a portion of land beneath the ocean water or may cause submergence of coastal land under ocean water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Depositional Plains are plains that are formed by the deposition of materials which have been brought by various agents of transportation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Structured_Questions\"><strong>Structured Questions<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. (a) How are various landforms formed on the surface of the earth?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Various landforms are formed on the surface of the earth due to several conditions which are caused by the internal heat of the earth. This internal heat melts the rocks and keeps the asthenosphere, which is underneath the crust, in a semi-molten state. The causes of landform development include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Plate Tectonics<\/strong>: The lithosphere is broken into several small and big plates that float on the semi-molten asthenosphere. The horizontal movement of these plates, though very slow, causes them to push, collide, or slide past each other. This results in disturbances in sedimentary rock deposits, causing compression and folding of the rocks. The forces responsible for this, called Orogenic movements, act at a tangent to the surface of the earth and are primarily involved in plate tectonics.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Uplift and Submergence<\/strong>: Another set of forces operating inside the earth act along the radius from the earth&#8217;s centre to the surface. These are characterised by large-scale uplift or subsidence of land area and are known as Epeirogenic movements or Continent building movements. Such movements are the result of faulting or cracks in the earth&#8217;s surface.<br>These two forces, orogenic and epeirogenic, are together called Diastrophic Forces, originating deep inside the earth. They act horizontally and vertically and produce relief such as mountains, plateaus, plains, lakes, and big faults.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Exogenic Forces<\/strong>: These are forces operating on the surface of the earth, not inside it, which cause the formation of landforms. Exogenic forces are described as Destructive Forces because they cause widespread destruction through weathering and erosion of existing landforms. They then form new landforms through both erosion and deposition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. (b) Describe the formation of mountains and their types.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Mountains are formed through various geological processes. The three main types of mountains, classified depending on the forces that have formed them, are Fold Mountains, Residual Mountains, and Block Mountains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Their formation is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Fold Mountains<\/strong>: These are the result of lateral compression of the earth&#8217;s crust. Fold mountains are formed by large-scale earth movements caused by stresses in the earth&#8217;s crust. Such stresses may be caused by the weight of overlying rocks, movements in the mantle, or the expansion or contraction of some part of the earth. These stresses subject the rocks to compressive forces, producing wrinkling or folding along lines of weakness. The raising of these folds makes the fold mountains.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Residual Mountains<\/strong>: These mountains, also called relict mountains, are formed when existing mountains are subjected to weathering and erosion for a long time and are lowered down. Denudation and erosion by natural agents such as winds, water, snow, etc., cause the mountains to be lowered, but some resistant areas may remain and form residual mountains. They may also be formed on plateaus that are dissected by rivers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Block Mountains<\/strong>: The forces of faulting, also known as epeirogenic forces, lead to the formation of block mountains. Due to tensional force, cracks or faults may occur on the earth&#8217;s crust. If two parallel faults occur, the land in between subsides to form a rift valley. If a block rises, it forms a horst or block mountain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. (c) Give a reason for each of the following:<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>(i) Asthenosphere though underneath the crust is in a semi-molten state.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The asthenosphere, though underneath the crust, is in a semi-molten state because the intense heat in the earth&#8217;s interior does not travel to the surface as rocks are bad conductors of heat. The internal heat of the earth, therefore, melts the rocks and keeps the asthenosphere in this semi-molten state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(ii) Exogenic forces are also called destructive forces.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Exogenic forces are also called destructive forces because they cause widespread destruction through weathering and erosion of existing landforms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(iii) Residual mountains are also called mountains of denudation.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Residual mountains are also called mountains of denudation because they are formed when mountains are subjected to weathering and erosion (denudation) for a long time and are lowered down by these processes, or when an original highland (plateau) is worn down by the down cutting action of rivers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. (d) Draw a well labelled diagram to show the formation of block mountain.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: For diagram, see Fig. 5.5 (Morning Star\/Total) or <a href=\"https:\/\/hi-static.z-dn.net\/files\/d42\/3d14965a1b8522c34cf89c35220e4c98.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">click here<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. (a) Describe the characteristics of two different types of plateaus.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Two different types of plateaus are Intermontane Plateaus and Volcanic Plateaus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Intermontane Plateaus<\/strong>: These are the highest and most extensive types of plateaus on the globe. Their chief characteristic is that they are surrounded by hills and mountains on all sides. They are formed along with fold mountains. The Tibetan plateau is the world&#8217;s highest as well as most extensive intermontane plateau. Other examples include the Columbian Plateau, North American Cordillera, Bolivian, Peruvian, and Mexican plateaus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Volcanic Plateaus<\/strong>: These plateaus are formed by numerous volcanic eruptions that slowly build up over time, forming a plateau. The Plateau of Peninsular India, especially the north western Deccan, is an example of a lava plateau and has an enormous accumulation of basaltic rock. The Columbian Plateau, another example, has about 20 layers of lava, suggesting that 20 different volcanic eruptions have formed this plateau. Other examples include the South African plateau and Ethiopian plateau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. (b) Describe the characteristics of structural plains.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Structural plains are plains that are formed due to the uplift or subsidence of land. Their characteristics arise from these diastrophic forces. For instance, these forces may cause the uplift of a portion of land beneath the ocean water, as seen in the formation of the Great Plains of the USA which were formed due to the uplift of land submerged under water; the fact that they were submerged under water is responsible for the existence of many lakes in this vast lowland. The Gulf Coast is another example of an emerged coastal plain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Conversely, structural plains can result from the submergence of coastal land under ocean water or mild subsidence followed by sedimentation, as in the case of the Coromandel plains in India. Thus, the forces of structural development, sometimes coupled with deposition, are active in the formation of these plains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. (c) Give a reason for each of the following:<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>(i) There are different types of plains.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: There are different types of plains because there are seemingly endless variations in plains, and they are an imprint of past and present processes. A plain is seldom formed by a single process, which leads to the distinction of types such as Structural Plains, Erosional Plains, and Depositional Plains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(ii) Alluvial plains are regarded as the granaries of the world.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Alluvial plains, particularly flood plains found along rivers like Ganga, Yang-tze, Mekong, Salveen etc., are regarded as granaries of the world. While the text does not explicitly state why beyond their location, their formation by river deposition implies fertility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(iii) The landforms on the surface of the earth are symbols of the energy of the earth.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The landforms on the surface of the earth are symbols of the energy of the earth because they are basically a result of enormous heat generated inside the earth and climate factors operating on the surface of the earth. The earth releases its energy through tectonic activity, earthquakes, and volcanoes, and these internal forces, along with surface weathering and erosional forces, are dominant in sculpturing land.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. (d) Explain the chief characteristics of depositional plains and their types.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The chief characteristic of depositional plains is that they are formed by the deposition of materials which have been brought by various agents of transportation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Their types are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>(i) River Deposition Plains<\/strong>: These are the most widespread type, including alluvial plains like the Northern Plains of India, flood plains like the Mississippi Plains in the USA, and deltaic plains in Egypt and India. Piedmont Alluvial Plains are formed at the foothills of mountains. Flood plains along rivers like Ganga, Yang-tze, Mekong, and Salveen are also alluvial plains and are regarded as granaries of the world. In India, flood plains are divided into Khadar Plains (new deposits made every year) and Bhangar (old deposits not renewed every year).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>(ii) Wind Deposition Plains<\/strong>: Most such plains are sandy deserts like the Sahara in Africa and the Thar desert in India. They have an irregular and undulating surface made by the existence of sand dunes and hallows. Loess plains in China are formed from deserts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>(iii) Marine Deposition Plains<\/strong>: These plains are found in coastal regions. Examples include the east coast of India, the estuarine banks in the Netherlands, and the coasts of Germany and Denmark. In Denmark, polders and dykes are found; a polder is a piece of land reclaimed from the sea or lake, where the submerged land is surrounded by an embankment (dyke) and drained by pumping water into canals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Thinking_Skills\"><strong>Thinking Skills<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Find out the landforms found in your state. How were these landforms formed? How many changes have come in these landforms over the years.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: In my region, which is part of Peninsular India, we see a fascinating mix of landforms. A significant portion is characterized by&nbsp;plateaus, specifically the kind formed from volcanic activity. These vast, elevated flatlands, often called tablelands, were built up slowly over immense periods by numerous volcanic eruptions, with lava spreading out and solidifying layer upon layer. The north-western Deccan is a prime example of such a lava plateau, with its enormous accumulation of basaltic rock. Some parts of the Columbian Plateau, for instance, have about 20 layers of lava, suggesting 20 different volcanic eruptions formed it, and our plateaus here share a similar origin story.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We also have many&nbsp;residual mountains or hills. These are not formed by uplift like fold mountains, but are the remnants of older, larger landmasses, possibly ancient mountains or extensive plateaus, that have been worn down over a very long time by weathering and erosion. Natural agents like wind and water have gradually lowered these landmasses. The more resistant rock portions, however, withstood this denudation better and now stand out as hills or low mountains. You can see this in areas where plateaus have been deeply dissected by rivers, carving out hills and valleys \u2013 the Deccan plateau itself has many such features. The Nilgiri and Rajmahal Hills are well-known examples of such residual mountains in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the years, these landforms have, of course, continued to change. The residual mountains, by their very nature, are a testament to long-term erosion. They have been significantly lowered from their original heights and are often characterized by gentler slopes and more rounded tops compared to younger, more rugged mountains, though the exact relief depends on the degree of recent erosion. The plateaus too are constantly being acted upon by rivers, which carve valleys and gradually wear down the surface, contributing to the formation of those dissected hills I mentioned. So, the process of denudation is an ongoing one, continually reshaping these ancient landscapes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. The earth releases its energy through tectonic activity, earthquakes and volcanoes. Imagine what will be the consequences if this energy remains trapped inside the earth. State these consequences with examples.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The earth&#8217;s internal heat is immense, and it&#8217;s this heat that melts rocks in the interior and keeps the asthenosphere (the layer beneath the crust) in a semi-molten state. This semi-molten asthenosphere is what the lithospheric plates float on, and their movement, driven by this internal energy, leads to tectonic activity like the collision or pulling apart of plates. These activities, along with earthquakes and volcanoes, are how the earth releases its internal energy, and they are the primary forces that build major landforms like fold mountains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, if this energy were to remain trapped inside the earth, and couldn&#8217;t be released through these usual processes, the consequences would likely be profound. The intense heat that normally keeps the asthenosphere semi-molten might build up even further. This could lead to more extensive melting of rocks in the mantle. The pressure from this superheated, increasingly molten material would also likely increase significantly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since tectonic activity, earthquakes, and volcanoes are the earth&#8217;s way of letting off this steam, if these vents were somehow completely blocked and the energy remained trapped indefinitely, the internal conditions would become more extreme. While the rocks are bad conductors of heat, which is why the interior is so hot in the first place, a complete inability to release this accumulating energy would likely mean that the very processes that shape our planet&#8217;s surface would be altered. Perhaps the asthenosphere would become even more fluid, or the pressure would build to a point where any eventual release would be far more intense than what we typically observe. The forces that cause landform development, which are driven by this internal heat, might become overwhelmingly powerful if suppressed for too long.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Practical_Work\"><strong>Practical Work<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Draw and colour different relief features on the surface of the earth.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Do it yourself. Here are the instructions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Take an A4 or chart paper for the drawing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use a pencil first to sketch the different landforms:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Mountains<\/strong>: Show fold mountains (like the Himalayas) with tall, pointed shapes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Plateaus<\/strong>: Draw flat-topped elevated areas like a table.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Plains<\/strong>: Show large, flat lowland areas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rift valleys<\/strong>: Draw deep valleys with steep sides between highlands.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Volcanic mountains<\/strong>: Show a conical mountain with a crater on top.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Label each feature clearly.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Colour each feature with appropriate shades:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Brown for mountains and plateaus<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Green for plains<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Grey for rift valleys<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dark brown or red for volcanic mountains<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Add a key or legend to show what each colour and shape represents.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. On an outline map of the world show major fold mountains, plateaus and plains with the help of symbols.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Do it yourself. Here are the instructions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use a printed or drawn outline world map.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Draw and mark the following with simple symbols: <strong>Fold Mountains (use triangle \u25b2 symbol):<\/strong><ul><li>Himalayas (Asia)<\/li><li>Andes (South America)<\/li><li>Rockies (North America)<\/li><li>Alps (Europe)<\/li><\/ul><strong>Plateaus (use a flat line \u25ac symbol):<\/strong><ul><li>Tibetan Plateau (Asia)<\/li><li>Deccan Plateau (India)<\/li><li>Columbian Plateau (USA)<\/li><li>Ethiopian Plateau (Africa)<\/li><\/ul><strong>Plains (use a horizontal wave \u2248 symbol):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Indo-Gangetic Plain (India)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Great Plains (USA)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>North China Plain (China)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use colour pencils:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Brown for mountains<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yellow or orange for plateaus<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Green for plains<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Add a map key explaining each symbol.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensure all names are neatly written and not overlapping the features.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Extra\/additional_MCQs\"><strong>Extras<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Extra\/additional_MCQs\">Additional<strong> MCQs<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. A natural feature of the earth\u2019s surface is known as what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Landform<br>B. Topography<br>C. Relief<br>D. Contour<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Landform<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Which layer of the earth lies just below the crust in a semi-molten state?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Asthenosphere<br>B. Lithosphere<br>C. Mantle<br>D. Core<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Asthenosphere<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. What property of rocks prevents internal heat from traveling to the surface?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Poor conductivity<br>B. High density<br>C. Magnetic field<br>D. Low porosity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Poor conductivity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. Lithospheric plates float on which semi-molten layer?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Asthenosphere<br>B. Crust<br>C. Mantle<br>D. Outer core<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Asthenosphere<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. The horizontal movement of lithospheric plates is described by which process?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Plate tectonics<br>B. Folding<br>C. Faulting<br>D. Erosion<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Plate tectonics<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. Forces responsible for mountain-building movements are called what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Orogenic movements<br>B. Epeirogenic movements<br>C. Exogenic forces<br>D. Diastrophic forces<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Orogenic movements<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. Large-scale vertical movements of land causing uplift or subsidence are known as what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Epeirogenic movements<br>B. Orogenic movements<br>C. Exogenic forces<br>D. Diastrophic forces<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Epeirogenic movements<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8. Orogenic and epeirogenic movements together are referred to as what forces?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Diastrophic forces<br>B. Exogenic forces<br>C. Endogenic forces<br>D. Destructive forces<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Diastrophic forces<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9. Forces operating on Earth\u2019s surface causing weathering and erosion are called what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Exogenic forces<br>B. Epeirogenic movements<br>C. Orogenic movements<br>D. Diastrophic forces<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Exogenic forces<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10. Exogenic forces are also described by which term due to their destructive nature?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Destructive forces<br>B. Constructive forces<br>C. Tectonic forces<br>D. Epeirogenic forces<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Destructive forces<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11. Mountains formed by lateral compression of the crust are called what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Fold mountains<br>B. Block mountains<br>C. Residual mountains<br>D. Volcanoes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Fold mountains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>12. Which type of rock is primarily compressed to form fold mountains?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Sedimentary<br>B. Igneous<br>C. Metamorphic<br>D. Basaltic<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Sedimentary<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>13. What are the arch-like upfolds in folded rocks called?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Anticlines<br>B. Synclines<br>C. Horsts<br>D. Grabens<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Anticlines<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>14. What name is given to the downfolded troughs in folded rocks?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Synclines<br>B. Anticlines<br>C. Faults<br>D. Plateaus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Synclines<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>15. Young fold mountains are characterized by which of the following features?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Steep slopes<br>B. Gentle slopes<br>C. Rounded tops<br>D. Low elevation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Steep slopes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>16. Old fold mountains typically exhibit which characteristic?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Rounded tops<br>B. Sharp peaks<br>C. Active volcanoes<br>D. Deep valleys<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Rounded tops<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>17. Which of the following is an example of a young fold mountain range?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Himalayas<br>B. Appalachians<br>C. Urals<br>D. Aravalli<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Himalayas<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>18. Mountains subjected to long-term erosion and lowered are known by which name?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Mountains of denudation<br>B. Mountains of deposition<br>C. Fold mountains<br>D. Block mountains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Mountains of denudation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>19. Nilgiri Hills in India are examples of which type of mountains?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Residual mountains<br>B. Fold mountains<br>C. Block mountains<br>D. Volcanic mountains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Residual mountains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>20. Block mountains are primarily formed by what geological process?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Faulting<br>B. Folding<br>C. Erosion<br>D. Deposition<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Faulting<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>21. A raised block bounded by faults is referred to as what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Horst<br>B. Graben<br>C. Anticline<br>D. Syncline<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Horst<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>22. A sunken block between parallel faults is known as what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Graben<br>B. Horst<br>C. Basin<br>D. Valley<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Graben<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>23. Block mountains with flattened summits are commonly called what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Horst mountains<br>B. Rift mountains<br>C. Fold mountains<br>D. Residual mountains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Horst mountains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>24. Which mountain range in Europe exemplifies block mountains?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Black Forest<br>B. Himalayas<br>C. Andes<br>D. Atlas<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Black Forest<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>25. A plateau is defined as an area of high ground at least how many feet above surrounding land?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. 500<br>B. 1000<br>C. 200<br>D. 100<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. 500<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>26. The flat upper surface of a plateau is known as what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Tableland<br>B. Mesa<br>C. Butte<br>D. Plain<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Tableland<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>27. Plateaus that are surrounded by mountains on all sides are called what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Intermontane plateaus<br>B. Volcanic plateaus<br>C. Structural plateaus<br>D. Residual plateaus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Intermontane plateaus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>28. Which plateau is an example of an intermontane plateau?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Tibetan Plateau<br>B. Deccan Plateau<br>C. Ethiopian Plateau<br>D. South African Plateau<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Tibetan Plateau<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>29. Plateaus formed by successive volcanic eruptions are referred to as what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Volcanic plateaus<br>B. Intermontane plateaus<br>C. Structural plains<br>D. Residual plateaus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Volcanic plateaus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>30. The northwestern Deccan plateau is an example of which plateau type?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Volcanic plateau<br>B. Intermontane plateau<br>C. Structural plateau<br>D. Depositional plateau<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Volcanic plateau<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>31. Extensive lowland areas with level or gently undulating surfaces are known as what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Plains<br>B. Plateaus<br>C. Mountains<br>D. Hills<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>32. Plains formed due to uplift or subsidence of land are classified as what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Structural plains<br>B. Depositional plains<br>C. Erosional plains<br>D. Block plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Structural plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>33. The Great Plains of the USA are examples of which type of plains?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Structural plains<br>B. Flood plains<br>C. Deltaic plains<br>D. Coastal plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Structural plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>34. Plains created by deposition of river-borne sediments are called what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Alluvial plains<br>B. Desert plains<br>C. Marine plains<br>D. Structural plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Alluvial plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>35. Flood plains are often divided into Khadar and what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Bhangar<br>B. Mesa<br>C. Tableland<br>D. Butte<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Bhangar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>36. Khadar plains are characterized by which type of deposits?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. New annual<br>B. Old residual<br>C. Volcanic<br>D. Glacial<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. New annual<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>37. Wind-deposited sandy plains, such as the Sahara, are known as what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Desert plains<br>B. Alluvial plains<br>C. Deltaic plains<br>D. Structural plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Desert plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>38. Loess plains in China are formed primarily by which agent?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Wind<br>B. River<br>C. Glacial<br>D. Marine<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Wind<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>39. Coastal plains formed by deposition of marine sediments are called what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Marine plains<br>B. River plains<br>C. Desert plains<br>D. Structural plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Marine plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>40. Land reclaimed from the sea in Denmark, surrounded by embankments, is called what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Polder<br>B. Fjord<br>C. Mesa<br>D. Butte<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Polder<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>41. Embankments built to prevent seawater intrusion into reclaimed land are known as what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Dykes<br>B. Levees<br>C. Dams<br>D. Canals<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Dykes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>42. Fold mountain ranges like the Rockies and the Andes generally run in which direction?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. North-south<br>B. East-west<br>C. Northeast-southwest<br>D. Northwest-southeast<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. North-south<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>43. Approximately how many kilometres long are the Himalayas?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. 2400 km<br>B. 1200 km<br>C. 3600 km<br>D. 1800 km<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. 2400 km<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>44. Fold mountains are often associated with which type of geological activity?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Volcanic<br>B. Sedimentary<br>C. Glacial<br>D. Erosion<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Volcanic<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>45. Which oceanic mountain ridge rises approximately 3 km above the Atlantic Ocean floor?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Mid-Atlantic Ridge<br>B. East Pacific Rise<br>C. Mariana Ridge<br>D. Indian Ridge<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Mid-Atlantic Ridge<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>46. The Peninsular plateau of India has an enormous accumulation of which rock type?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Basaltic rock<br>B. Granite<br>C. Sandstone<br>D. Shale<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Basaltic rock<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>47. Plains formed by river deposition along the foothills of mountains are called what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Piedmont plains<br>B. Deltaic plains<br>C. Desert plains<br>D. Coastal plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Piedmont plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>48. Plains that form at the mouths of rivers, such as deltas, are called what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Deltaic plains<br>B. Flood plains<br>C. Marine plains<br>D. Structural plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Deltaic plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>49. Which of the following is not one of the three major landform categories?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Valleys<br>B. Mountains<br>C. Plateaus<br>D. Plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Valleys<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>50. The Greek word &#8216;orogenic&#8217; relates to which concept?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Mountain-building<br>B. Continental drift<br>C. Erosion<br>D. Sedimentation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Mountain-building<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>51. In Greek, the term &#8216;epeiros&#8217; in &#8216;epeirogenic&#8217; refers to what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Continent<br>B. Ocean<br>C. Island<br>D. Mountain<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Continent<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>52. The suffix &#8216;genic&#8217; in geological terms pertains to which concept?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Building<br>B. Erosion<br>C. Folding<br>D. Faulting<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Building<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>53. Endogenic processes involve forces originating from where?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Earth\u2019s interior<br>B. Atmosphere<br>C. Oceans<br>D. Sun<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Earth\u2019s interior<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>54. Exogenic processes are driven primarily by which factors?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Surface agents<br>B. Internal heat<br>C. Plate movements<br>D. Solar energy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Surface agents<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>55. A mountain is described as a very steep land rising to great heights above what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Surrounding land<br>B. Sea level<br>C. Ocean floor<br>D. Earth\u2019s core<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Surrounding land<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>56. The earth\u2019s internal heat melts rocks to maintain the asthenosphere in what state?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Semi-molten<br>B. Solid<br>C. Gaseous<br>D. Plasma<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Semi-molten<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>57. Which plains in India are formed by mild subsidence followed by sedimentation along the east coast?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Coromandel plains<br>B. Northern plains<br>C. Great Plains<br>D. Bhangar plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Coromandel plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>58. Northern Plains of India are examples of which type of plains?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Alluvial plains<br>B. Desert plains<br>C. Marine plains<br>D. Structural plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Alluvial plains<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Extra_Questions_and_Answers\"><strong>Additional Assertion and Reason<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;The asthenosphere, a layer beneath the Earth&#8217;s crust, exists in a semi-molten state.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;Intense heat from the Earth&#8217;s interior is insufficient to melt rocks because rocks are good conductors of heat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (c) A is true but R is false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;The horizontal movement of tectonic plates is a primary cause for the formation of fold mountains.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;Such movements lead to the compression and subsequent folding of sedimentary rock deposits located between the colliding or interacting plates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Orogenic movements are the forces primarily responsible for building fold mountains.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;The term &#8216;orogenic&#8217; originates from a Greek term signifying &#8216;mountain-building,&#8217; and these forces typically act tangentially to the Earth&#8217;s surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Diastrophic forces, encompassing both epeirogenic and orogenic movements, are categorized as endogenic processes.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;Endogenic processes originate from within the Earth and are responsible for creating large-scale relief features such as mountains and continents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;A landform is defined as any natural physical feature found on the Earth&#8217;s surface.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;The development of landforms is driven by geological processes such as plate tectonics, volcanic activity, weathering, and erosion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Epeirogenic movements, also referred to as continent-building movements, involve significant vertical uplift or subsidence of large land areas.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;These vertical crustal movements often arise from faulting or cracking in the Earth&#8217;s surface, leading to the formation of features like block mountains and rift valleys.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Orogenic and epeirogenic forces are together known as Diastrophic forces.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;Diastrophic forces originate deep within the Earth and operate both horizontally and vertically to create various relief features on the Earth&#8217;s surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Exogenic forces operating on the Earth&#8217;s surface are often described as destructive forces.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;These external forces cause widespread destruction by weathering and eroding existing landforms, and subsequently create new landforms through processes like deposition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;In the structure of fold mountains, the upfolded rock layers forming an arch-like shape are termed anticlines.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;Correspondingly, the downfolded structures or troughs within these mountains are known as synclines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Most major fold mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas, are primarily composed of igneous rocks.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;These mountains were formed through the deposition and consolidation of sediments in ancient shallow seas, like the Tethys Sea in the case of the Himalayas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (d) A is false but R is true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;With the notable exception of the Himalayas, most of the world&#8217;s fold mountains are situated along the margins of continents.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;The Himalayan mountain range extends in a west-east direction, whereas other prominent ranges like the Rockies and the Andes are oriented north-south.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>12. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Young fold mountains, including ranges like the Himalayas and the Alps, are characterized by steep slopes and high, sharp, snow-capped peaks.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;In contrast, old fold mountains such as the Appalachians and the Urals have undergone extensive erosion, resulting in gentler slopes and more rounded summits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>13. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Residual mountains are formed when pre-existing highlands are significantly lowered by processes of denudation, leaving behind more resistant rock areas.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;These landforms are also referred to as mountains of denudation and can originate from the dissection of plateaus by rivers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>14. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;The development of block mountains is chiefly attributed to epeirogenic forces, which are associated with faulting in the Earth&#8217;s crust.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;These epeirogenic forces cause segments of the Earth&#8217;s crust to be uplifted or to subside along fault lines, creating block mountains and rift valleys.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>15. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;A horst, also known as a block mountain, is typically formed when a block of land is uplifted between two parallel faults.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;A graben is an elongated, depressed block of land that is downthrown between two parallel faults, often forming a valley.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>16. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;A rift valley can be created when the block of land situated between two parallel faults subsides or is downthrown.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;The East African Rift Valley serves as the world&#8217;s most extensive and well-known example of such a geological feature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>17. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;A plateau is defined as an area of low-lying ground, generally less than 300 feet above the surrounding land, characterized by a gently sloping upper surface.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;Plateaus are often referred to as tablelands because their upper part is typically flat or gently undulating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (d) A is false but R is true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>18. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Intermontane plateaus are elevated tablelands that are enclosed by hills and mountains on all sides and are often formed in conjunction with fold mountains.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;The Tibetan Plateau is a prime example of a volcanic plateau, formed by extensive lava flows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (c) A is true but R is false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>19. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Volcanic plateaus are created by a series of volcanic eruptions that gradually accumulate layers of lava over extended periods, forming an elevated, flat-topped landform.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;The Deccan Plateau in Peninsular India, particularly its northwestern part, is a classic example of a lava plateau formed by such volcanic activity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>20. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Structural plains are formed exclusively as a result of the uplift of portions of land that were previously submerged beneath ocean waters.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;Diastrophic forces can lead to the formation of structural plains either by causing the uplift of submerged land or by inducing the subsidence of coastal land areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (d) A is false but R is true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>21. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Alluvial plains, such as the extensive Northern Plains of India, are primarily formed by the deposition of sediments carried by rivers.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;In India, these river-formed flood plains are often categorized into Khadar, representing new alluvial deposits, and Bhangar, representing older alluvial deposits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>22. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Plains formed through wind deposition, like sandy deserts, are characterized by a consistently regular and flat surface.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;Loess plains, such as those found in China, are created from fine, wind-blown materials originating from desert regions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (d) A is false but R is true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>23. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Marine depositional plains are typically found in coastal areas and can include engineered features like polders, such as those in Denmark.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;A polder is a tract of low-lying land reclaimed from a body of water, such as the sea or a lake, usually protected by dykes and drained by canals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>24. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Large landforms such as mountain ranges have a negligible impact on regional climatic conditions and atmospheric processes.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;The Himalayan mountain range, for instance, functions as a significant climatic barrier, profoundly influencing the distinct climate of the Indian subcontinent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (d) A is false but R is true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>25. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Mountain ranges frequently serve as the primary sources for perennial rivers.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;This is because high mountains are often covered in snow and contain glaciers, which melt and provide a continuous supply of water to these rivers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>26. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;The diverse topography of mountains, hills, and plateaus provides habitats for a wide variety of forest ecosystems and animal species.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;Consequently, the biodiversity observed on Earth can be significantly attributed to the variety and complexity of its landforms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>27. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Major landforms on Earth are created by geological disturbances stemming from forces operating within the planet&#8217;s interior.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;These internal disturbances can cause mineral deposits and fossil fuels, originally located deep within the Earth, to be brought closer to the surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>28. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Residual mountains, exemplified by the Nilgiri Hills in India, are also commonly referred to as mountains of denudation.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;The formation of residual mountains occurs primarily through the uplift of large crustal blocks along extensive fault lines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (c) A is true but R is false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>29. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;Block mountains are distinctly characterized by the presence of wave-like folds known as anticlines and synclines.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;Block mountains, such as the Vosges in France, are formed as a result of tensional or compressional forces within the Earth&#8217;s crust that lead to faulting and displacement of crustal blocks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (d) A is false but R is true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>30. Assertion (A):<\/strong>&nbsp;The Great Plains of the USA, which are a type of structural plain, were formed due to the geological uplift of land that was previously submerged under water.<br><strong>Reason (R):<\/strong>&nbsp;Structural plains are exclusively created by the deposition of materials transported and laid down by agents such as rivers and wind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.<br>(c) A is true but R is false.<br>(d) A is false but R is true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (c) A is true but R is false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Get notes, summary, questions and answers, MCQs, extras, and PDFs of Chapter 5 \u201cLandforms of the Earth\u201d which is part of&nbsp;ICSE Class 9 Geography (Morning Star\/Total) textbook\/workbook answers. However, the notes should only be treated as references and changes should be made according to the needs of the students. Summary The Earth&#8217;s surface displays many&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/landforms-of-the-earth-icse-class-9-geography\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Landforms of the Earth: ICSE Class 9 Geography<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1044,"featured_media":24402,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,34],"tags":[28,10,30,975,32,1112,923,33,35,36,37,38],"class_list":["post-24393","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-icse","category-notes","tag-answers","tag-class-9","tag-extras","tag-gepgraphy","tag-icse","tag-landforms-of-the-earth","tag-morning-star","tag-notes","tag-pdf","tag-questions","tag-solutions","tag-summary","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24393","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1044"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24393"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24393\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30241,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24393\/revisions\/30241"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24402"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24393"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24393"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24393"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}