{"id":25005,"date":"2025-06-09T14:04:17","date_gmt":"2025-06-09T08:34:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/onlinefreenotes.com\/?p=25005"},"modified":"2025-12-12T07:35:28","modified_gmt":"2025-12-12T07:35:28","slug":"biodiversity-nbse-class-12-environment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/biodiversity-nbse-class-12-environment\/","title":{"rendered":"Biodiversity: NBSE Class 12 Environment solutions, notes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Get summaries, questions, answers, solutions, notes, extras, PDF and guides for Chapter 1 Biodiversity: NBSE Class 12 Environment (Environmental Education) textbook, which is part of the syllabus of students studying under the <a href=\"https:\/\/nbsenl.edu.in\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nagaland Board<\/a>. These solutions, however, should only be treated as references and can be modified\/changed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n  <style>\r\n    .notice {\r\n      background: yellow;       \/* simple yellow background *\/\r\n      text-align: center;       \/* centre alignment *\/\r\n      padding: 12px 16px;\r\n      margin: 20px auto;\r\n      width: fit-content;       \/* shrink to text and centre via auto margins *\/\r\n      font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\r\n    }\r\n  <\/style>\r\n  <div class=\"notice\">\r\n    If you notice any errors in the notes, please mention them in the comments\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<nav id=\"toc\" class=\"toc-box\"><\/nav>\r\n<style>\r\n.toc-box{\r\n  border:1px solid #e5e7eb;\r\n  border-radius:8px;\r\n  background:#fff;\r\n  margin:20px 0;\r\n  font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\r\n}\r\n.toc-header{\r\n  padding:10px 14px;\r\n  font-size:16px;\r\n  font-weight:600;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid #eef2f7;\r\n  background:#f8fafc\r\n}\r\n.toc-content{\r\n  padding:12px 18px\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Base list *\/\r\n.toc-content ul{\r\n  margin:0 25px;\r\n  padding-left:0;\r\n  list-style:none\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Level-based bullets *\/\r\n.toc-content li{\r\n  position:relative;\r\n  margin:6px 0;\r\n  margin-left:6px;\r\n  line-height:1.5;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* H2 bullet \u25cf *\/\r\n.toc-content li.level-2{\r\n  list-style:disc;\r\n\t\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* H3 bullet \u25cb *\/\r\n.toc-content li.level-3{\r\n  margin-left:26px;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n\/* H4+ bullet \u2013 *\/\r\n.toc-content li.level-4{\r\n  margin-left:46px;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n.toc-content li.level-5,\r\n.toc-content li.level-6{\r\n  margin-left:66px;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.toc-content a{\r\n  text-decoration:none;\r\n  color:#000\r\n}\r\n.toc-content a:hover{\r\n  text-decoration:underline\r\n}\r\n\r\nhtml{scroll-behavior:smooth}\r\nh1[id],h2[id],h3[id],h4[id],h5[id],h6[id]{\r\n  scroll-margin-top:110px\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\ndocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {\r\n\r\n  const toc = document.getElementById('toc');\r\n  if (!toc) return;\r\n\r\n  \/* MAIN CONTENT ONLY *\/\r\n  const content = document.querySelector('#pdf-content');\r\n\r\n  \/* EXCLUDE AREAS *\/\r\n  const excludeSelectors = `\r\n    .author, .byline, .entry-meta, .post-meta,\r\n    #comments, .comments-area, .comment-respond,\r\n    .comment-form, .comment-list,\r\n    .login, .login-required,\r\n    .sidebar, aside, footer, nav,\r\n    .widget, .widgets\r\n  `;\r\n\r\n  \/* TEXT TO IGNORE *\/\r\n  const ignoreText = [\r\n    'leave a comment',\r\n    'cancel reply',\r\n    'login required',\r\n    'get notes',\r\n    'ron\\'e dutta',\r\n    'comments'\r\n  ];\r\n\r\n  \r\nconst headings = [...content.querySelectorAll('h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6')]\r\n  .filter(h => !excludeSelectors || !h.closest(excludeSelectors))\r\n  .filter(h => {\r\n    const txt = h.textContent.trim().toLowerCase();\r\n    return txt.length > 0 && !ignoreText.some(t => txt.includes(t));\r\n  });\r\n\r\n\/\/alert(content);\r\n  if (!headings.length) {\r\n    toc.style.display = 'none';\r\n    return;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* UNIQUE IDs *\/\r\n  const used = {};\r\n  const slug = t => t.toLowerCase().trim()\r\n    .replace(\/[^a-z0-9\\s-]\/g, '')\r\n    .replace(\/\\s+\/g, '-');\r\n\r\n  headings.forEach(h => {\r\n    if (!h.id) {\r\n      let base = slug(h.textContent) || 'section';\r\n      used[base] = (used[base] || 0) + 1;\r\n      h.id = used[base] > 1 ? base + '-' + used[base] : base;\r\n    }\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  \/* BUILD TOC *\/\r\n  const ul = document.createElement('ul');\r\n\r\n  headings.forEach(h => {\r\n    const level = parseInt(h.tagName.substring(1));\r\n    if (level < 2) return; \/\/ skip H1 like your reference site\r\n\r\n    const li = document.createElement('li');\r\n    li.className = 'level-' + level;\r\n\r\n    const a = document.createElement('a');\r\n    a.href = '#' + h.id;\r\n    a.textContent = h.textContent.trim();\r\n\r\n    li.appendChild(a);\r\n    ul.appendChild(li);\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  toc.innerHTML = `\r\n    <div class=\"toc-header\">Table of Contents<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"toc-content\"><\/div>\r\n  `;\r\n  toc.querySelector('.toc-content').appendChild(ul);\r\n\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\r\n\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Summary\"><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Biodiversity means the variety of life on Earth. It includes all plants, animals, and microorganisms. It also covers the genes within a species and the ecosystems in which they live. The word was first used in the 1980s. At first, it referred to the number of species in an area. Today, it means much more. It includes differences in genes and ecosystems, both on land and in water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biodiversity supports human life. People have always used nature to meet their needs. Civilisations that used it wisely continued to grow. Those that overused it suffered. Forests help protect this diversity. They are home to many species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biodiversity has many values. These can be grouped into direct and indirect values. Direct values are products people use. These can be for personal use, like firewood, or for markets, like crops or fish. Indirect values include things like clean water, fresh air, and soil fertility. These come from healthy ecosystems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biodiversity also has social, ethical, and aesthetic values. Some people see it as a part of their culture or religion. Others believe all living things have a right to exist. Some people value biodiversity for its beauty. It can also bring income through tourism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Each species is important. If frogs disappear, pests increase. This can harm crops and spread disease. Preserving biodiversity helps avoid such problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are three types of biodiversity. The first is species diversity. It means the number of different species in an area. Some places have more species than others. These are called hotspots. The second is genetic diversity. It refers to differences in genes within a species. These differences help species survive. The third is ecosystem diversity. It refers to different habitats like forests, deserts, and rivers. Each ecosystem has unique plants and animals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Genes from wild plants help scientists create new crop types. These new crops can resist pests or grow in poor soil. But if there are fewer individuals, genes become too similar. This can lead to disease and extinction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Humans need biodiversity. It gives us food, medicine, and clean air and water. We must protect it, not only for ourselves but for future generations. If we damage ecosystems too much, they stop working. Then we lose all the benefits they give us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Very_short_answers\"><strong>Textbook solutions<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Short_Answer_Type_Questions:\"><strong>Short Answer Questions<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Define biodiversity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Biodiversity or &#8216;biological diversity&#8217; is that part of nature which accommodates the differences in genes among various species whether it is a region in the country or the world as a whole. It also includes types of ecosystems, both terrestrial and aquatic, within a defined area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. What is consumptive value of biodiversity?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Consumptive use value of biodiversity does not involve national and international market. It is the direct utilisation of timber, food, fuelwood, fodder, etc., by local communities. One example of consumptive use value is the direct utilisation of timber wood, fuelwood and fodder by local communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. What are &#8216;cultivars&#8217;?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Cultivars are new crop varieties that are being developed using the genetic materials found in wild relatives of crop plants through biotechnology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. Give the aesthetic value of biodiversity in short.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Biodiversity is a beautiful and wonderful aspect of nature. The appreciation of the presence of biodiversity for its inherent value and beauty, as well as the contribution it makes to our knowledge, is essential. Our aesthetics, imagination, and creativity are other reasons to preserve it. In India, particularly, our history and culture is replete with plant and animal imagery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. What do you understand by ethical and moral values of biodiversity?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: I understand that every species has its moral right to exist on Earth. Every human culture, religion, and society has its own ethical values. There are several cultural, moral, and ethical values which are associated with the conservation of biodiversity. In our country, we have a large number of sacred groves or deolis preserved by tribal people in several States. These sacred groves around ancient sacred sites and temples act as gene banks for wild plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Long_Answer_Type_Questions\"><strong>Long Answer Questions<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Discuss the &#8216;concept&#8217; of biodiversity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The concept of &#8220;Biodiversity&#8221; is a completely new term, a short form of biological diversity, coined by E.O. Wilson. This concept originated around 1980 and was mainly used for the number of animal and plant species present in a given area. Nowadays, the term &#8216;biodiversity&#8217; is vastly used to describe the large variety of flora and fauna of planet Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biodiversity, or &#8216;biological diversity&#8217;, is that part of nature which accommodates the differences in genes among various species, whether it is a region in the country or the world as a whole. It also includes types of ecosystems, both terrestrial and aquatic, within a defined area. According to the World Resources Institute, &#8220;Biodiversity is the variety of the world&#8217;s organisms, including their genetic diversity and the assemblage they form.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From time immemorial, human needs have been supported by the great variety of life on Earth. A support system has been built due to this diversity of living creatures, which has been utilised by each civilisation for its growth and development. The development of new products from biodiversity can only happen if we manage biodiversity as a precious resource and prevent the extinction of species. Science has attempted to classify and categorise the variability in nature for over a century. This information has helped in utilising Earth&#8217;s biological wealth for the benefit of humanity and has been integral to the process of &#8216;development&#8217;, leading to a higher standard of living for the developed world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biodiversity deals with the degree of nature&#8217;s variety in the biosphere. This variety can be observed at three levels:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Species diversity<\/strong>: As a species is the basic and most important unit of the plant and animal kingdom, biodiversity at this level includes all the species on Earth. Species diversity refers to the variety of different types of living things present in a region. The number of individuals of different species represents species evenness or species equitability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Genetic diversity<\/strong>: Each species consists of individuals with their own genetic composition. When individuals interbreed, their offspring have new combinations of genes, resulting in a new mixture of the characteristics of the species. These differences are due to genetic diversity, which is the variety of genes within a species. Genetic diversity can be defined as the diversity in the number and types of genes within a species.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ecosystem diversity<\/strong>: Ecosystem diversity is the assemblage and interaction of species living together and the physical environment present in a given area. In a broader way, it is also called &#8216;landscape diversity&#8217;, which includes the placement and size of various ecosystems. For example, landscapes like forests, grasslands, deserts, mountains, etc., as well as aquatic ecosystems like rivers, lakes, and seas, all show ecosystem diversity. Thus, there is a large variety of different ecosystems on Earth, each having its own complement of distinctive interlinked species based on the differences in the habitat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. &#8220;It is a globally known fact that the loss of biodiversity contributes to global climatic changes.&#8221; Justify and explain the statement.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: It is a globally known fact that the loss of biodiversity contributes to global climatic changes. The loss of forest cover, coupled with increasing release of carbon dioxide and other gases through industrialisation, contributes to the Greenhouse Effect. Global warming results in the melting of ice-caps. This in turn causes a rise in the sea-level, which will eventually submerge the low-lying areas in the world. Other major atmospheric changes are leading to increased temperatures, serious droughts and unexpected floods<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Describe the productive value of biodiversity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: From a marketing point of view, productive use value is just the opposite of the consumptive use value. Here, products derived from nature are sold both in national and international markets. Nowadays, genetic engineering is used for selecting genes from one parent and introducing it into another. New crop varieties (cultivars) are being developed using the genetic materials found in wild relatives of crop plants through biotechnology. To the pharmacist, biological diversity is the raw material from which new drugs can be identified from plant and animal products. To industrialists, biodiversity is a rich storehouse from which to develop new products. Therefore, this category of productive use value comprises marketable goods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. How do new combinations of genes bring about biodiversity? Explain.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Each species consists of individuals with their own genetic composition. When the individuals interbreed, their offspring have new combinations of the genes, resulting in a new mixture of the characteristics of the species. For example, we all are humans, but we all are different. These differences are due to genetic diversity, that is the variety of genes within a species. This genetic variability is essential for a healthy breeding population of a species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Numerical_Questions\"><strong>Think and Answer<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What will be the consequences of misusing the natural ecosystems?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: If natural ecosystems are overused or misused, their productivity eventually decreases and they are then said to be degraded. The loss of biodiversity, which can result from misusing natural ecosystems, contributes to global climatic changes. For instance, the loss of forest cover, coupled with increasing release of carbon dioxide and other gases through industrialisation, contributes to the Greenhouse Effect. Global warming results in the melting of ice-caps, which in turn causes a rise in the sea-level, eventually submerging low-lying areas in the world. Other major atmospheric changes stemming from such misuse lead to increased temperatures, serious droughts, and unexpected floods<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Project_Work_amp;_Activity\"><strong>Project Work &amp; Activity<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Find out about the contribution of scientists in preserving the biodiversity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Do it yourself. Here are the instructions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Choose two or three scientists who have helped in conserving biodiversity. Some examples are:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>E.O. Wilson \u2013 introduced the term &#8216;biodiversity&#8217; and worked on conservation biology.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Salim Ali \u2013 a well-known Indian bird expert who helped protect bird habitats.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M.S. Swaminathan \u2013 worked on preserving agricultural biodiversity in India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Search online and write about:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What they did to protect plants, animals or ecosystems.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How their work is useful for the environment and people.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why it is important for the future.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Write one short paragraph for each scientist in your own words.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>You may include one photo or drawing of each scientist.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Keep your project neat and well-organised. You can use a notebook or a chart.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Collect different plants growing in different habitats and make a herbarium file. Give their details showing biodiversity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Do it yourself. Here are the instructions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Collect 5 to 10 small plant samples from different places such as:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A garden<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Roadside<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pond area<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Field or forest (only with permission)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Press and dry each sample:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Place between newspaper sheets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Keep heavy books on top for 4 to 5 days.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prepare a herbarium file:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stick each dried plant on a sheet of plain paper.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Next to each sample, write:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Plant name (common or scientific, if known)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Place and type of habitat where it was found<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plant type (herb, shrub, tree)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Any special features (smell, flower colour, leaf shape)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Arrange a debate or discussion in your class regarding the values of biodiversity. Each student should discuss a single value.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Do it yourself. Here are the instructions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Form a group in your class and ask your teacher to help organise the debate or discussion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Assign one value of biodiversity to each student. The values could include:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Consumptive use value<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Productive use value<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Non-consumptive use value<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Social value<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ethical and moral value<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aesthetic value<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Existence value<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Option value<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prepare a short talk (about 1\u20132 minutes) on your assigned value. Include:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What the value means<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One or two real-life examples<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why it is important for people and nature<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Take turns to speak in class and listen to what others say.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Extra_questions_and_answers\"><strong>Extras<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Questions_and_Answers\"><strong>Questions and Answers<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Who coined the term \u201cbiodiversity\u201d?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: E.O. Wilson coined the term &#8220;biodiversity&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. Biodiversity is a short form of which phrase?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Biodiversity is a short form of the phrase biological diversity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. In which year did the concept of biodiversity originate?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The concept of biodiversity originated around 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. Who are ecosystem people?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Ecosystem people are people who value biodiversity as a part of their livelihood as well as through cultural and religious sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. Which UN document supported the existence value of biodiversity in 1982? (Very Short Answer Questions)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The UN General Assembly&#8217;s World Charter For Nature, 1982 supported the existence value of biodiversity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. What does the option value of biodiversity deal with?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer: <\/strong>The option value of biodiversity deals with the potential of a species to provide economic benefit to human beings in the near future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. What is meant by species diversity?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer: <\/strong>Species diversity refers to the variety of different types of living things present in a region. As a species is the basic and most important unit of the plant and animal kingdom, biodiversity at this level includes all the species on Earth. The number of individuals of different species represents species evenness or species equitability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. What is genetic diversity?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Genetic diversity can be defined as the diversity in the number and types of genes within a species. Each species consists of individuals with their own genetic composition. When these individuals interbreed, their offspring have new combinations of the genes, resulting in a new mixture of the characteristics of the species. These differences are due to genetic diversity, that is, the variety of genes within a species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. What is ecosystem diversity?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Ecosystem diversity is the assemblage and interaction of species living together and the physical environment present in a given area. In a broader way, it is also called &#8216;landscape diversity,&#8217; which includes the placement and size of various ecosystems. For example, landscapes like forests, grasslands, deserts, mountains, as well as aquatic ecosystems like rivers, lakes, and seas, all show ecosystem diversity. Thus, there is a large variety of different ecosystems on Earth, each having its own complement of distinctive interlinked species based on the differences in the habitat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. What are \u201chot-spots\u201d of diversity?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> \u201cHot-spots\u201d of diversity are many new species diversity rich places.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. Into which two broad categories can the values of biodiversity be classified?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer: <\/strong>The values of biodiversity can be broadly classified into two categories: Direct values and Indirect values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. According to the World Resources Institute, what is biodiversity?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: According to the World Resources Institute, biodiversity is the variety of the world&#8217;s organisms, including their genetic diversity and the assemblage they form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. Give one example of consumptive use value of biodiversity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: One example of consumptive use value is the direct utilisation of timber wood, fuelwood and fodder by local communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. Give one example of productive use value of biodiversity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: One example of productive use value of biodiversity is that biological diversity is the raw material from which new drugs can be identified from plant and animal products by pharmacists, or that new crop varieties (cultivars) are being developed using the genetic materials found in wild relatives of crop plants through biotechnology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. Name one benefit of non-consumptive use value of biodiversity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: One benefit of non-consumptive use value of biodiversity is waste water treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. Name any two terms used to express genetic diversity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Two terms used to express genetic diversity are sub-species and breeds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. Analyse the importance of genetic diversity for species survival and for the development of new crop cultivars through biotechnology.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Genetic diversity is crucial for species survival because genetic variability is essential for a healthy breeding population of a species. If the number of breeding individuals is reduced, the dissimilarity of genetic make-up is also reduced, which can lead to genetic anomalies and eventually to the extinction of that particular species.<br>Furthermore, genetic diversity is important for the development of new crop cultivars through biotechnology. The diversity in wild species forms the &#8216;gene pool&#8217; from which our crops and domestic animals have been developed over thousands of years. Nowadays, genetic engineering is used for selecting genes from one parent and introducing it into another. New crop varieties, known as cultivars, are being developed using the genetic materials found in wild relatives of crop plants through biotechnology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. Discuss how biotechnology harnesses biodiversity for agricultural improvement, with reference to the development of cultivars.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Biotechnology harnesses biodiversity for agricultural improvement, particularly in the development of cultivars, by utilizing the genetic materials found in the diversity of wild species. This diversity forms the &#8216;gene pool&#8217; from which crops have been developed. Through biotechnology, specifically genetic engineering, genes are selected from one parent and introduced into another. This process allows for the development of new crop varieties, or cultivars, by using the genetic materials found in wild relatives of crop plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. Explain the role of sacred groves in conserving biodiversity and their importance as in situ gene banks.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Sacred groves play a role in conserving biodiversity. In our country, there are a large number of sacred groves or deolis preserved by tribal people in several States. These sacred groves, which are found around ancient sacred sites and temples, act as gene banks for wild plants, highlighting their importance as in situ gene banks for these wild plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. Describe ecosystem degradation\u2014what causes it and how it affects biodiversity and ecosystem productivity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Ecosystem degradation occurs when natural ecosystems are overused or misused. This overuse or misuse is what causes degradation. It affects ecosystem productivity because, as a result of such actions, their productivity eventually decreases, and they are then said to be degraded. This degradation also affects biodiversity. The deteriorating condition of the environment, which can arise from the overuse or misuse of natural ecosystems, is linked to the extinction of species. Furthermore, since ecosystems on Earth each have their own complement of distinctive interlinked species, the degradation of these natural ecosystems through overuse or misuse would negatively impact these species, thereby affecting biodiversity, in addition to reducing ecosystem productivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. Describe the direct and indirect values of biodiversity, illustrating each with an example.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The values of biodiversity can be broadly categorised into direct values and indirect values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Direct values, also known as commodity values or use values, are assigned to the products harvested by people. These include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Consumptive use value<\/strong>: This value does not involve national and international markets. It refers to the direct utilisation of resources by local communities. An example of consumptive use value is the direct utilisation of timber wood, fuelwood, and fodder by local communities. Forest dwellers are benefitted in all their daily needs by the biodiversity contained in the ecosystem. Similarly, fisher folk are completely dependent on fish and know where and how to catch fish and other edible aquatic animals and plants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Productive use value<\/strong>: From a marketing point of view, this is just the opposite of the consumptive use value. Here, products derived from nature are sold both in national and international markets. For instance, to the pharmacist, biological diversity is the raw material from which new drugs can be identified from plant and animal products. To industrialists, biodiversity is a rich storehouse from which to develop new products. Therefore, this category of productive use value comprises marketable goods. Nowadays, genetic engineering is used for selecting genes from one parent and introducing it into another, and new crop varieties (cultivars) are being developed using the genetic materials found in wild relatives of crop plants through biotechnology.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Indirect values are benefits that are provided by biodiversity without affecting natural resources. These include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Non-consumptive use value<\/strong>: This includes the benefits of services such as waste water treatment, solid waste disposal, eco-tourism, medical research, and the protection of natural resources like soil.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Social values<\/strong>: The social value of biodiversity lies in the increasing use of resources by affluent societies. However, local use or sale of products of biodiversity is not included in it. Yet, &#8216;ecosystem people&#8217; value biodiversity as a part of their livelihood as well as through cultural and religious sentiments. An example is the current government spending on lush green vegetation and coral reef islands for tourism. Also, in recent years, farmers have begun to receive economic incentives to grow each crop for national or international markets rather than to supply local needs, though this has sometimes resulted in local food shortages and other vulnerabilities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ethical and moral values<\/strong>: Every species has its moral right to exist on Earth. Every human culture, religion, and society has its own ethical values, and several cultural, moral, and ethical values are associated with the conservation of biodiversity. An example from our country is the large number of sacred groves or deolis preserved by tribal people in several States; these sacred groves around ancient sacred sites and temples act as gene banks for wild plants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Aesthetic value<\/strong>: Biodiversity is a beautiful and wonderful aspect of nature. The appreciation of the presence of biodiversity for its inherent value and beauty, as well as the contribution it makes to our knowledge, is essential. Our aesthetics, imagination, and creativity are other reasons to preserve it. For example, in India, particularly, our history and culture are replete with plant and animal imagery, and beautiful birds add aesthetic value to biodiversity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Existence value<\/strong>: This means the simple idea of knowing a species is existing on Earth and thus merits protection and preservation. The UN General Assembly&#8217;s World Charter For Nature, 1982, has supported this value.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Option value<\/strong>: This deals with the potential of a species to provide economic benefit to human beings in the near future. The preservation of biodiversity must include traditionally used strains already in existence in crops and domestic animals to keep future possibilities open for their use.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. Discuss the ethical, aesthetic and existence values of biodiversity and explain why each is essential to preserve.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The ethical, aesthetic, and existence values of biodiversity are crucial indirect values that underscore the importance of its preservation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ethical and moral values<\/strong> are fundamental because every species has its moral right to exist on Earth. Every human culture, religion, and society has its own ethical values, and there are several cultural, moral, and ethical values which are associated with the conservation of biodiversity. This inherent right to exist for all species makes their preservation an ethical imperative. In our country, for example, a large number of sacred groves or deolis are preserved by tribal people in several States. These sacred groves around ancient sacred sites and temples act as gene banks for wild plants, demonstrating how ethical considerations contribute directly to conservation efforts. Preserving biodiversity is essential to uphold these moral and ethical principles that recognize the intrinsic worth of all life forms and the cultural importance attached to them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Aesthetic value<\/strong> highlights that biodiversity is a beautiful and wonderful aspect of nature. The appreciation of the presence of biodiversity for its inherent value and beauty, as well as the contribution it makes to our knowledge, is essential. Our aesthetics, imagination, and creativity are other reasons to preserve it. For instance, in India, our history and culture are replete with plant and animal imagery, and beautiful birds add aesthetic value to biodiversity. Preservation is essential because the beauty and wonder of nature enrich human experience, inspire creativity, and contribute to our knowledge and overall well-being. Losing biodiversity means losing these sources of inspiration and beauty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Existence value<\/strong> refers to the simple idea of knowing that a species is existing on Earth and thus should be protected and preserved. The UN General Assembly&#8217;s World Charter For Nature, 1982, has supported this concept. The preservation based on existence value is essential because it acknowledges the intrinsic worth of a species, regardless of its direct use to humans. It reflects a respect for life itself and a desire to maintain the planet&#8217;s natural heritage for its own sake and for future generations. Protecting species simply because they exist ensures the continuity of life&#8217;s rich tapestry on Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In essence, preserving biodiversity for its ethical, aesthetic, and existence values is essential for maintaining the moral fabric of human society, enriching human life through beauty and knowledge, and upholding the inherent right of all species to exist, thereby safeguarding the planet&#8217;s natural heritage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. Examine the three levels of biodiversity (species, genetic and ecosystem) and explain how each contributes to ecological integrity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Biodiversity can be observed at three levels: species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity, each contributing to the overall health and stability of ecosystems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Species diversity refers to the variety of different types of living things present in a region. As a species is the basic and most important unit of the plant and animal kingdom, biodiversity at this level includes all the species on Earth. The number of individuals of different species represents species evenness or species equitability. A natural forest ecosystem, rich in species, provides a large number of non-timber forest products that local people depend on, such as fruit, fuelwood, fodder, fibre, gum, resins, and medicines. The commercial value of a natural forest, with all its species richness, is much greater than that of a plantation. The loss of a species, such as a decrease in the frog population due to human activity, can cause a negative effect on the environment, leading to increased damage of crops by pests and frequent recurrence of malaria. This illustrates how species diversity is crucial for maintaining ecological balance and providing essential resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Genetic diversity is the variety of genes within a species. Each species consists of individuals with their own genetic composition, and when these individuals interbreed, their offspring inherit new combinations of genes, resulting in a new mixture of characteristics. For example, while all humans belong to the same species, differences among individuals are due to genetic diversity. This genetic variability is essential for a healthy breeding population of a species. The diversity in wild species forms the &#8216;gene pool&#8217; from which our crops and domestic animals have been developed. If the number of breeding individuals is reduced, the dissimilarity of genetic make-up is also reduced, which can lead to genetic anomalies and eventually to the extinction of that particular species. Thus, genetic diversity underpins the resilience and adaptability of species, which is fundamental to ecological integrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ecosystem diversity, also called &#8216;landscape diversity&#8217; in a broader sense, is the assemblage and interaction of species living together and the physical environment present in a given area. It includes the placement and size of various ecosystems, such as forests, grasslands, deserts, mountains, and aquatic ecosystems like rivers, lakes, and seas. There is a large variety of different ecosystems on Earth, each having its own complement of distinctive interlinked species based on the differences in the habitat. Ecosystems are most natural in wilderness. If natural ecosystems are overused or misused, their productivity eventually decreases, and they are then said to be degraded. The variety of ecosystems and their proper functioning are vital for supporting diverse life forms and maintaining the overall health of the biosphere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>24. Evaluate the ecological and climatic consequences of biodiversity loss.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The loss of biodiversity has profound ecological and climatic consequences, impacting the environment, human well-being, and the planet&#8217;s climate systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ecologically, the loss of biodiversity leads to a deteriorating condition of the environment and an increased rate of species extinction. For instance, a decrease in the frog population, which is a secondary consumer in the ecological food chain consuming insects and pests, due to human activity causes a negative effect on our environment. This can result in increased damage of crops by pests and a frequent recurrence of malaria, as the natural control of these pests is diminished. The preservation of biological resources is essential for the well-being and the long-term survival of mankind, and when biodiversity is lost, the support systems built due to this diversity, which have been utilised by each civilisation for its growth and development, are weakened. Those who overuse or misuse this gift of nature may perish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Climatically, it is a globally known fact that the loss of biodiversity contributes to global climatic changes. The loss of forest cover, a significant aspect of biodiversity loss, coupled with the increasing release of carbon dioxide and other gases through industrialisation, contributes to the Greenhouse Effect. This, in turn, leads to global warming, which results in the melting of ice-caps. The melting of ice-caps causes a rise in the sea level, which will eventually submerge low-lying areas in the world. Other major atmospheric changes stemming from biodiversity loss include increased temperatures, serious droughts, and unexpected floods. Therefore, managing biodiversity as a precious resource and preventing the extinction of species is crucial not only for ecological stability but also for mitigating adverse climatic changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"MCQs\"><strong>MCQs<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Who coined the term biodiversity?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Charles Darwin<br>B. Aldo Leopold<br>C. E.O. Wilson<br>D. Rachel Carson<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. E.O. Wilson<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Around which year did the concept of biodiversity originate?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. 1970<br>B. 1980<br>C. 1990<br>D. 2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. 1980<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Biodiversity is a short form of which expression?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Biological diversity<br>B. Botanical diversity<br>C. Biofunctional diversity<br>D. Biogenetic diversity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Biological diversity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. According to the World Resources Institute, biodiversity includes genetic diversity and which of the following?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Population stability<br>B. Nutrient cycling<br>C. Assemblage<br>D. Habitat structure<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Assemblage<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. How long has science attempted to classify and categorise variability in nature?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. A decade<br>B. A century<br>C. A millennium<br>D. A year<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. A century<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. What has been built due to the diversity of living creatures and utilised by each civilisation for growth?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Support system<br>B. Trading network<br>C. Legal framework<br>D. Political alliance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Support system<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. Preservation of biological resources is essential for the ______ of mankind.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Expansion<br>B. Survival<br>C. Competition<br>D. Migration<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Survival<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8. Loss of forest cover and increasing release of carbon dioxide contribute to which effect?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Ozone depletion<br>B. Greenhouse effect<br>C. Acid rain<br>D. Eutrophication<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Greenhouse effect<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9. Global warming results in melting ice-caps and which of the following?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Soil erosion<br>B. Rising sea level<br>C. Desertification<br>D. Ozone depletion<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Rising sea level<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10. A decline in frog population leading to increased crop damage and malaria recurrence demonstrates which value of biodiversity?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Aesthetic value<br>B. Ethical value<br>C. Indirect value<br>D. Direct value<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Indirect value<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11. Which of the following is an example of consumptive use value?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Fuelwood gathering<br>B. Eco-tourism<br>C. Wastewater treatment<br>D. Drug research<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Fuelwood gathering<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>12. Developing new cultivars using genetic materials from wild relatives exemplifies which use value?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Consumptive use<br>B. Productive use<br>C. Non-consumptive use<br>D. Social value<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Productive use<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>13. Which of the following is an example of non-consumptive use value?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Timber harvesting<br>B. Eco-tourism<br>C. Fuelwood collection<br>D. Medicinal plant extraction<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Eco-tourism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>14. People who value biodiversity as part of their livelihood and through cultural and religious sentiments are known as what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Conservationists<br>B. Tourists<br>C. Ecosystem people<br>D. Industrialists<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Ecosystem people<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>15. Sacred groves preserved by tribal people act as gene banks and exemplify which value of biodiversity?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Aesthetic value<br>B. Ethical and moral value<br>C. Social value<br>D. Option value<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Ethical and moral value<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>16. Appreciation of nature&#8217;s beauty and its contribution to knowledge refers to which value of biodiversity?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Aesthetic value<br>B. Social value<br>C. Productive value<br>D. Consumptive value<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Aesthetic value<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>17. The simple idea of protecting a species because it exists is called which value?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Existence value<br>B. Option value<br>C. Ethical value<br>D. Social value<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Existence value<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>18. Potential future economic benefits provided by a species are referred to as what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Existence value<br>B. Social value<br>C. Option value<br>D. Aesthetic value<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Option value<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>19. Which of the following are the three levels at which biodiversity variety can be observed?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Genetic, habitat, cultural<br>B. Species, ecosystem, genetic<br>C. Taxonomic, ecological, behavioural<br>D. Functional, structural, species<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Species, ecosystem, genetic<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>20. Species diversity refers to the variety of different types of what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Minerals<br>B. Landscapes<br>C. Living things<br>D. Weather patterns<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Living things<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>21. Diversity in the number and types of genes within a species is called what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Ecosystem diversity<br>B. Genetic diversity<br>C. Species diversity<br>D. Population diversity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Genetic diversity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>22. Ecosystem diversity is also known as what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Functional diversity<br>B. Landscape diversity<br>C. Cultural diversity<br>D. Genetic diversity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Landscape diversity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>23. What describes the assemblage and interaction of species with their physical environment in a given area?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Species diversity<br>B. Genetic diversity<br>C. Ecosystem diversity<br>D. Cultural diversity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Ecosystem diversity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>24. Which of the following is a non-timber forest product?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Fruit<br>B. Timber<br>C. Coal<br>D. Stone<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Fruit<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>25. Approximately how many species have been identified and categorised on Earth?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. 180 000<br>B. 1.8 million<br>C. 18 million<br>D. 1.8 billion<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. 1.8 million<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>26. India is among the world&#8217;s 15 nations exceptionally rich in species what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Distribution<br>B. Diversity<br>C. Abundance<br>D. Migration<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Diversity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>27. A group of similar individuals that can breed among themselves and produce fertile offspring defines which unit?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Family<br>B. Genus<br>C. Order<br>D. Species<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> D. Species<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>28. Reduced breeding population size can lead to decreased genetic diversity and eventual what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Speciation<br>B. Migration<br>C. Extinction<br>D. Domestication<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Extinction<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>29. The wilderness is the ultimate result of which type of process?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Geological process<br>B. Evolutionary process<br>C. Industrial process<br>D. Chemical process<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Evolutionary process<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>30. Which of the following ecosystems are included in the scope of biodiversity?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Desert only<br>B. Urban only<br>C. Terrestrial and aquatic<br>D. Marine only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Terrestrial and aquatic<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>31. Who are completely dependent on fish and know where and how to catch aquatic animals?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Farmers<br>B. Shepherds<br>C. Fisher folk<br>D. Hunters<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Fisher folk<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>32. New crop varieties developed through biotechnology are known as what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Hybrids<br>B. Clones<br>C. Cultivars<br>D. Species<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Cultivars<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>33. To pharmacists, biodiversity serves as raw material for developing new what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Metals<br>B. Plastics<br>C. Drugs<br>D. Textiles<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Drugs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>34. To industrialists, biodiversity is a rich storehouse for developing new what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Products<br>B. Habitats<br>C. Cultures<br>D. Species<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Products<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>35. Government spending on coral reefs and vegetation for tourism exemplifies which value of biodiversity?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Aesthetic value<br>B. Social value<br>C. Ethical and moral value<br>D. Option value<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Social value<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>36. When natural ecosystems are overused, their productivity eventually decreases and they become what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Degraded<br>B. Stabilised<br>C. Protected<br>D. Expanded<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Degraded<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Get summaries, questions, answers, solutions, notes, extras, PDF and guides for Chapter 1 Biodiversity: NBSE Class 12 Environment (Environmental Education) textbook, which is part of the syllabus of students studying under the Nagaland Board. These solutions, however, should only be treated as references and can be modified\/changed. Summary Biodiversity means the variety of life on&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/biodiversity-nbse-class-12-environment\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Biodiversity: NBSE Class 12 Environment solutions, notes<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1044,"featured_media":25092,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,34],"tags":[28,1124,89,64,74,75,48,42,13,33,36,38],"class_list":["post-25005","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nagaland","category-notes","tag-answers","tag-biodiversity-nbse-class-12-environment-solutions","tag-chapter-1","tag-class-12","tag-environment","tag-environmental-education","tag-hsslc","tag-nagaland","tag-nbse","tag-notes","tag-questions","tag-summary","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25005","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1044"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25005"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25005\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30207,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25005\/revisions\/30207"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25092"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25005"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25005"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25005"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}