{"id":25594,"date":"2025-11-02T16:00:51","date_gmt":"2025-11-02T10:30:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/onlinefreenotes.com\/?p=25594"},"modified":"2026-01-03T15:45:08","modified_gmt":"2026-01-03T15:45:08","slug":"organic-chemistry-icse-class-10-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/organic-chemistry-icse-class-10-chemistry\/","title":{"rendered":"Organic Chemistry: ICSE Class 10 Chemistry answers, notes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Get notes, summary, questions and answers, MCQs, extras, competency-based questions and PDFs of Organic Chemistry: <a href=\"https:\/\/cisceboard.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ICSE <\/a>Class 10 Chemistry (Concise\/Selina). However, the notes should only be treated as references, and changes should be made according to the needs of the students.<\/p>\n\n\n  <style>\r\n    .notice {\r\n      background: yellow;       \/* simple yellow background *\/\r\n      text-align: center;       \/* centre alignment *\/\r\n      padding: 12px 16px;\r\n      margin: 20px auto;\r\n      width: fit-content;       \/* shrink to text and centre via auto margins *\/\r\n      font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\r\n    }\r\n  <\/style>\r\n  <div class=\"notice\">\r\n    If you notice any errors in the notes, please mention them in the comments\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<nav id=\"toc\" class=\"toc-box\"><\/nav>\r\n<style>\r\n.toc-box{\r\n  border:1px solid #e5e7eb;\r\n  border-radius:8px;\r\n  background:#fff;\r\n  margin:20px 0;\r\n  font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\r\n}\r\n.toc-header{\r\n  padding:10px 14px;\r\n  font-size:16px;\r\n  font-weight:600;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid #eef2f7;\r\n  background:#f8fafc\r\n}\r\n.toc-content{\r\n  padding:12px 18px\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Base list *\/\r\n.toc-content ul{\r\n  margin:0 25px;\r\n  padding-left:0;\r\n  list-style:none\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Level-based bullets *\/\r\n.toc-content li{\r\n  position:relative;\r\n  margin:6px 0;\r\n  margin-left:6px;\r\n  line-height:1.5;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* H2 bullet \u25cf *\/\r\n.toc-content li.level-2{\r\n  list-style:disc;\r\n\t\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* H3 bullet \u25cb *\/\r\n.toc-content li.level-3{\r\n  margin-left:26px;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n\/* H4+ bullet \u2013 *\/\r\n.toc-content li.level-4{\r\n  margin-left:46px;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n.toc-content li.level-5,\r\n.toc-content li.level-6{\r\n  margin-left:66px;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.toc-content a{\r\n  text-decoration:none;\r\n  color:#000\r\n}\r\n.toc-content a:hover{\r\n  text-decoration:underline\r\n}\r\n\r\nhtml{scroll-behavior:smooth}\r\nh1[id],h2[id],h3[id],h4[id],h5[id],h6[id]{\r\n  scroll-margin-top:110px\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\ndocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {\r\n\r\n  const toc = document.getElementById('toc');\r\n  if (!toc) return;\r\n\r\n  \/* MAIN CONTENT ONLY *\/\r\n  const content = document.querySelector('#pdf-content');\r\n\r\n  \/* EXCLUDE AREAS *\/\r\n  const excludeSelectors = `\r\n    .author, .byline, .entry-meta, .post-meta,\r\n    #comments, .comments-area, .comment-respond,\r\n    .comment-form, .comment-list,\r\n    .login, .login-required,\r\n    .sidebar, aside, footer, nav,\r\n    .widget, .widgets\r\n  `;\r\n\r\n  \/* TEXT TO IGNORE *\/\r\n  const ignoreText = [\r\n    'leave a comment',\r\n    'cancel reply',\r\n    'login required',\r\n    'get notes',\r\n    'ron\\'e dutta',\r\n    'comments'\r\n  ];\r\n\r\n  \r\nconst headings = [...content.querySelectorAll('h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6')]\r\n  .filter(h => !excludeSelectors || !h.closest(excludeSelectors))\r\n  .filter(h => {\r\n    const txt = h.textContent.trim().toLowerCase();\r\n    return txt.length > 0 && !ignoreText.some(t => txt.includes(t));\r\n  });\r\n\r\n\/\/alert(content);\r\n  if (!headings.length) {\r\n    toc.style.display = 'none';\r\n    return;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* UNIQUE IDs *\/\r\n  const used = {};\r\n  const slug = t => t.toLowerCase().trim()\r\n    .replace(\/[^a-z0-9\\s-]\/g, '')\r\n    .replace(\/\\s+\/g, '-');\r\n\r\n  headings.forEach(h => {\r\n    if (!h.id) {\r\n      let base = slug(h.textContent) || 'section';\r\n      used[base] = (used[base] || 0) + 1;\r\n      h.id = used[base] > 1 ? base + '-' + used[base] : base;\r\n    }\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  \/* BUILD TOC *\/\r\n  const ul = document.createElement('ul');\r\n\r\n  headings.forEach(h => {\r\n    const level = parseInt(h.tagName.substring(1));\r\n    if (level < 2) return; \/\/ skip H1 like your reference site\r\n\r\n    const li = document.createElement('li');\r\n    li.className = 'level-' + level;\r\n\r\n    const a = document.createElement('a');\r\n    a.href = '#' + h.id;\r\n    a.textContent = h.textContent.trim();\r\n\r\n    li.appendChild(a);\r\n    ul.appendChild(li);\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  toc.innerHTML = `\r\n    <div class=\"toc-header\">Table of Contents<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"toc-content\"><\/div>\r\n  `;\r\n  toc.querySelector('.toc-content').appendChild(ul);\r\n\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\r\n\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Summary\"><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Organic chemistry studies compounds containing carbon. Early ideas suggested a &#8220;vital force&#8221; was needed for organic compounds; this meant a special life energy was thought to be required to create them. This was disproved when urea, an organic compound, was lab-synthesized. Sources of organic compounds include plants, animals, coal, petroleum, and lab synthesis. Organic compounds always contain carbon, often do not dissolve in water, have lower melting points, and burn easily, unlike many inorganic compounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Carbon atoms are special. They show tetravalency, meaning each carbon atom can form four chemical bonds. They also show catenation, which is the ability of carbon atoms to link with each other to form long straight chains, branched chains, or even rings. Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds with other carbon atoms or different atoms. This unique nature allows for a vast number of organic compounds and also leads to isomerism, where compounds share a molecular formula but have different structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hydrocarbons are compounds made only of carbon and hydrogen. They are classified into alkanes (containing only single carbon-carbon bonds), alkenes (containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond), and alkynes (containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond). Alkanes are called saturated because they have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms carbon can bond with. Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated because they have double or triple bonds and can add more atoms. Compounds can also be open-chain (aliphatic) or closed-chain (cyclic). Benzene is an example of a cyclic aromatic compound.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Organic compounds are named using a system called IUPAC nomenclature. This system uses root words to indicate the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain, suffixes to show the type of bonds or functional groups, and prefixes for any attached groups or substituents. A functional group is an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that gives the compound its characteristic chemical properties. A homologous series is a group of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties, where each member differs from the next by a -CH2- unit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alkanes, like methane and ethane, can be prepared from sodium salts of carboxylic acids or by reducing alkyl halides. They undergo combustion (burning) and substitution reactions, such as reacting with chlorine in sunlight. Methane is a significant greenhouse gas.<br>Alkenes, like ethene, are prepared by dehydrating alcohols or by dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides. They characteristically undergo addition reactions where atoms add across the double bond, for example, with hydrogen (hydrogenation) or halogens. Ethene is used to make polythene and helps in ripening fruits.<br>Alkynes, like ethyne (commonly known as acetylene), are prepared from calcium carbide and water. They also undergo addition reactions due to their triple bond. Ethyne is widely used in welding torches.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alcohols contain the -OH (hydroxyl) functional group. Ethanol is commonly prepared by the fermentation of sugar or by the hydration of ethene. It burns, can be oxidized to form aldehydes and then carboxylic acids, reacts with active metals like sodium to release hydrogen, and forms esters when reacting with carboxylic acids. Ethanol is used in alcoholic beverages, as a solvent, and as a fuel. Denatured alcohol has substances added to it to make it unfit for drinking, often for industrial use.<br>Carboxylic acids contain the -COOH (carboxyl) group. Acetic acid (IUPAC name: ethanoic acid) is the main component of vinegar, giving it a sour taste. It is a weak acid, reacts with metals and bases, and forms esters with alcohols. Acetic acid that is pure and freezes to an ice-like solid at cool temperatures is called glacial acetic acid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Isomers are different compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms. Chain isomerism occurs when the carbon skeleton is arranged differently, for instance, as a straight chain versus a branched chain. Position isomerism occurs when a substituent or a functional group is located at a different position on the carbon chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Textbook_Total_History_solutions\"><strong>Workbook solutions<\/strong> (Concise\/Selina)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Intext_Questions_and_Answers_I\"><strong>Intext Questions and Answers I<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. (a) What are organic compounds?<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Organic compounds are the compounds of carbon, and organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, excluding oxides of carbon, metallic carbonates and related compounds like metal cyanides and metal carbides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) What is vital force theory? Why was it discarded?<\/strong><br><br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The vital force theory was a belief that organic compounds obtained straight from nature were the products of some &#8220;vital force&#8221; of nature, as there was no known method of preparing them in the laboratory.<br>This theory was soon discarded when, in 1828, a German chemist named Friedrich W\u00f6hler showed that it was possible to obtain an organic compound, urea, from a laboratory process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. (a) Name a few sources of organic compounds.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: A few sources of organic compounds are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Plants: Compounds like sugar, starch, and cellulose.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Animals: Urea, proteins, and fats.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coal: Destructive distillation produces benzene, toluene, and naphthalene.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Petroleum: Gasoline, fuel gases, and petrol.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fermentation: Ethyl alcohol and acetic acid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) Give the various applications of organic chemistry.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Organic compounds are extremely useful in our daily life. The soaps and shampoos we use, powders, perfumes, clothes we wear, food we eat (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, etc.), fuels we use (natural gas, petroleum products), medicines, explosives, dyes, and insecticides are all organic compounds. There is hardly any walk of life where we do not need organic compounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Organic chemistry plays a key role in all walks of life. Discuss.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Organic chemistry plays a key role in all walks of life as organic compounds are extremely useful to us in our daily life. The soaps and shampoos we use while taking bath, the powders, perfumes we apply on the body, the clothes we wear, food we eat (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, etc.), fuels we use (natural gas, petroleum products), medicines, explosives, dyes, and insecticides, are all organic compounds. There is hardly any walk of life where we do not need organic compounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Carbon shows some unique properties, name them.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Carbon shows unique properties of tetravalency and catenation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Explain the following:<\/strong><br><strong><br>(a) tetravalency,<br><\/strong><br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Tetravalency of the carbon atom means that carbon has four valence electrons. It forms covalent bonds by sharing its four electrons with other atoms. This characteristic of the carbon atom, by virtue of which it forms four covalent bonds, is called the tetravalency of carbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&nbsp;(b) catenation.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Catenation is the unique property of carbon atoms to link together (self-linking) to form very long chains. The property of self-linking of atoms of an element through covalent bonds in order to form straight chains, branched chains, and cyclic chains of different sizes is known as catenation. Carbon exhibits this property to the maximum extent due to the greater strength of the carbon-carbon bond and due to the tetra-covalency of carbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. Write any four properties of organic compounds that distinguish them from inorganic compounds.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Four properties of organic compounds that distinguish them from inorganic compounds are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Presence of carbon<\/strong>: Carbon is a necessary element in every organic compound, whereas carbon is not an essential element in inorganic compounds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Solubility in water<\/strong>: Organic compounds generally do not dissolve in water, while inorganic compounds generally dissolve in water.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Melting and boiling point<\/strong>: Organic compounds have low melting points (m.p.) and boiling points (b.p.) and easily decompose on heating. Inorganic compounds have high m.p. and b.p. and usually do not decompose on heating.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Combustibility<\/strong>: Organic compounds are inflammable, i.e., they catch fire easily, whereas inorganic compounds do not burn easily.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Why are organic compounds studied as a separate branch of chemistry?<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Organic compounds are studied as a separate branch of chemistry because the unique nature of the carbon atom (catenation, tetravalency, capability to form isomers) gives rise to the formation of a large number of compounds. More than 5 million organic compounds are known today, and thousands of new compounds are added every year to the existing lot. All this demands a separate branch of chemistry for carbon and its compounds, known as organic chemistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. What are hydrocarbons? Compare saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Hydrocarbons are compounds that are made up only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A comparison of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons is as follows:<br><br><strong>Saturated organic compounds:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>All the four valencies of each carbon atom are satisfied by forming single covalent bonds with carbon and with hydrogen atoms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Carbon atoms are joined only by a single covalent bond (-C-C-).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are less reactive due to the non-availability of electrons in the single covalent bond, and therefore they undergo substitution reaction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Unsaturated organic compounds:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The valencies of at least two carbon atoms are not fully satisfied by the hydrogen atoms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Carbon atoms are joined by double covalent bonds (&gt;C=C&lt;) or by triple covalent bonds (-C\u2261C-).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are more reactive due to the presence of electrons in the double or the triple bond, and therefore undergo addition reaction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. Give reason for the existence of the large number of organic compounds.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: The existence of a large number of organic compounds is due to the unique nature of the carbon atom, which includes catenation, tetravalency, and the capability to form isomers. This gives rise to the formation of a large number of compounds; more than 5 million organic compounds are known today, and thousands of new compounds are added every year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. Give at least one example in each case to show the structure of:<\/strong><br><strong><br>(a) single bond compound,<br><\/strong><br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: An example of a single bond compound is Ethane. Its structural formula is H\u2083C-CH\u2083.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) double bond compound,<br><\/strong><br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: An example of a double bond compound is Ethene. Its structural formula is H\u2082C=CH\u2082.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) triple bond compound.<br><\/strong><br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: An example of a triple bond compound is Ethyne. Its structural formula is HC\u2261CH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>11. Name a compound of each type and draw the figure.<\/strong><br><strong><br>(a) Cyclic compound with single bond.<br><\/strong><br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: An example of a cyclic compound with single bonds is Cyclopropane (C\u2083H\u2086).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEj8Wsy_NCLUodPZ1hut6kT0Wg_8BrWefzIJT6wzyo6HpVg5gH8akmE2xUV8GTvxZHVJSDzS8BQ32LxGiGqkyRTvv2YEKs2U_xIgQlvSUNCXOMLC2hPZDQF4QAm6KHYmkgzwqp34lPi0Hl6y-J0Z478_8cPHZjqyzA1e3A4OV2Ph85RNriWJ6NxM6SgRSgzn\/s1200\/38.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) Cyclic compound with triple bond.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgDrJ9dotc-L_xKIaxv_j7O_8HpAOAcPyNAjdWFY66wtxu0s-D5XVLw4UlcVt7BGkaQbZWUFtDm-PAVba33psH2LSFnnHRrlTqk2erqXgh5VkjFtFI02h5wSTscW-aROwehRi7sX9oiGGmWVMARE1IQQ49iO5p8lYiPHc5R4EI5aJx8BJzwP4D5MJE0lqjg\/s1200\/39.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>12. Give the name of one member of each of the following:<\/strong><br><strong><br>(a) saturated hydrocarbons,<br><\/strong><br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: One member of saturated hydrocarbons is Methane (CH\u2084).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) unsaturated hydrocarbons.<br><\/strong><br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: One member of unsaturated hydrocarbons is Ethene (C\u2082H\u2084) or Ethyne (C\u2082H\u2082).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>13. Define substitution and addition reactions. Give an example for each.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: <strong>Substitution reaction<\/strong>: A substitution reaction is a reaction in which one atom of a molecule is replaced by another atom (or group of atoms). For example: CH\u2084 + Cl\u2082 \u2192 CH\u2083Cl + HCl.<br><strong>Addition reaction<\/strong>: An addition reaction is a reaction involving the addition of atom(s) or molecule(s) to the double or the triple bond of an unsaturated compound so as to yield a saturated product. For example: C\u2082H\u2084 + Br\u2082 \u2192 C\u2082H\u2084Br\u2082.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Intext_Questions_and_Answers_II\"><strong>Intext Questions and Answers II<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Define a functional group and give the structural formula of the following functional groups: (a) ketone, (b) alcohols, (c) aldehydes.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The functional group is defined as an atom or group of atoms joined in a specific manner which is responsible for the characteristic chemical properties of the organic compounds.<br>The structural formulae are:<br>(a) Ketone: The functional group is Keto, &gt;C=O.<br>(b) Alcohols: The functional group is Hydroxyl, -OH.<br>(c) Aldehydes: The functional group is Aldehyde, -CH=O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. (a) What is a homologous series? (b) What is the difference in the molecular formula of any two adjacent homologues: (i) in terms of molecular mass, (ii) in terms of number and kind of atoms per molecule?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) A homologous series is a group of organic compounds represented by the same general formula and having a similar structure and similar chemical properties in which the successive compounds differ by a CH\u2082 group.<br>(b) The difference in the molecular formula of any two adjacent homologues is:<br>(i) In terms of molecular mass, they differ by a molecular mass of 14 a.m.u.<br>(ii) In terms of number and kind of atoms per molecule, they differ by one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms (a CH\u2082 group).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Write the name and formula of fourth member of the following homologous series: (a) Alkyne (b) Alcohol<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Alkyne: The fourth member is Pentyne, with the molecular formula C\u2085H\u2088.<br>(b) Alcohol: The fourth member is Butanol, with the molecular formula C\u2084H\u2089OH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Which part of an organic compound determines (i) physical properties (ii) chemical properties?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (i) In an organic compound, the alkyl group determines mainly the physical properties.<br>(ii) The functional group is responsible for the chemical properties or reactivity of the compounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. (a) What is an alkyl group? (b) Give the names of any three alkyl groups. How are they formed?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) An alkyl group is obtained by removing one atom of hydrogen from an alkane (Hydrocarbon with general formula CnH2n+2) molecule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Three alkyl groups are Methyl (-CH\u2083), Ethyl (-C\u2082H\u2085), and Propyl (-C\u2083H\u2087).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They are formed by removing one atom of hydrogen from an alkane. An alkyl group is named by replacing the suffix <em>ane<\/em> of the alkane with the suffix <em>-yl<\/em>. For example, Methane (CH\u2084) forms Methyl (-CH\u2083) upon removal of one hydrogen atom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. Give the names and the structural formula of the first three members of the homologous series of alkanes.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The names and structural formulae of the first three members of the homologous series of alkanes are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(i) Methane (CH\u2084):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhA77leOENffWhwXhRu_hx4m66ol298XiyZ_aC6IgfH_dzSiEQsCHyVMj_IEMp-LUpLyH6CodGILFQ0br8GQd3axF9fphaMBEKhxgNsgAx3Y7MlOzilLRnAVpJ6jPX34UMiDUPvoAn2Qo__4gvfvxeUWupwxF1TKeiB0tykj4ZVAthJgUArbbTnry6NRnc_\/s1200\/40.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(ii) Ethane (C\u2082H\u2086):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjAeJy57SC89JVvZkHzhZiuET6TEl0I8rb92-q4b_rbhrhiDePVSzL5-CY29AUsjDPi1WWynDte3YPmsPea6_nV8eMeiAa5YwO4V_EyhSiv6sq1L37vKRTIFklyzKtFMgKjesl3KzQbtb2hT5BZq1y0ApoWG5Vp5CTxjzprWQG3l02YKFPxM2Ra5APkddDp\/s1200\/41.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(iii) Propane (C\u2083H\u2088):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjHGxvzY32om7-CUmEtDBE3Ye9l4e0ABmNC8xmO1TQNxSfiCUSqLevJPwoHZSa291-uSKF9dnZ2jdx2FgS2_sY9CIEIPoAOvkFMryMV_66jdfWI1vugAXe0Xu1ONl7tYfcELirxSvlhnT2zbdwKzlqoXiC6tiLPkD1YFhIk13Z0-mOhVa1tZabZ8HdIg7Xu\/s1200\/42.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Name the alkyl radical and the functional group of the following organic compounds: (a) CH\u2083OH, (b) C\u2082H\u2085OH, (c) C\u2083H\u2087CHO, (d) CH\u2083COOH, (e) CH\u2083COOH, (f) C\u2082H\u2085Br.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) CH\u2083OH:<br>Alkyl radical: Methyl (-CH\u2083)<br>Functional group: Hydroxyl (-OH)<br><br>(b) C\u2082H\u2085OH:<br>Alkyl radical: Ethyl (-C\u2082H\u2085)<br>Functional group: Hydroxyl (-OH)<br><br>(c) C\u2083H\u2087CHO:<br>Alkyl radical: Propyl (-C\u2083H\u2087)<br>Functional group: Aldehyde (-CHO)<br><br>(d) CH\u2083COOH:<br>Alkyl radical: Methyl (-CH\u2083)<br>Functional group: Carboxyl (-COOH)<br><br>(e) CH\u2083COOH:<br>Alkyl radical: Methyl (-CH\u2083)<br>Functional group: Carboxyl (-COOH)<br><br>(f) C\u2082H\u2085Br:<br>Alkyl radical: Ethyl (-C\u2082H\u2085)<br>Functional group: Halide (-Br, specifically Bromo)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Intext_Questions_and_Answers_III\"><strong>Exercise A<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Write the IUPAC name of the following:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEi6BccQKSybU4GeSfMmzLrN4t7e8l1M782qj-Sbc3OKm6DViSxecSG_lcPZd78dmDxxdgW8r-QA_GV0HW3Wco4RSH1OOvDAVUPzzCQnx_5PFLqf1z2Rtpe5t2dX7WGr1jWA9ZKUpSD06YdcseZjSJOvlS8QEldhLgGrXAovqwNzOq10cNK2VXVflhyphenhyphenHbMxr\/s1200\/43.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is 2,2-dimethylpropane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEiiSl-XLRWELeyCB9vbuUnN5VfrDSO8LwVA5zO400IvVipHNPQOFVkczgdjW1fQJnhnNlQH9EvUIgVYvbpIffrGLf51IQTqRHHnizRQtGrBHTKRwSIfPgGT6qLdUGnZ9Kg1TA4hMVNwUlr4DpYMPdzU6ZWwdm6wWk_bK4ENVo-9b1cZNeTjETPM7UsPRnco\/s1200\/44.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is 2-methylbutane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgISPz492fD6p5TaBgjdVN_7N6sa9ajFu_b3ZbbnU40mZjMCdk9aXstDt62Qdaw6SBbozDlqIKClePmOjcku03yCkkqsNPfeuOP0GxwVAxAnHPbEI4vvzajAThyGxHDk5dMi7rt1fC8KdXIpA7tW7l3gngI_uZaswhldQmyYogQYrIFPkSQKeONXDyZbZx-\/s1200\/45.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is Propene.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(d)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjHS4G6M3YsHu-bhOjx9MF4UUZiZ6LmoiO62ZekXsl-wc6NtJuY3Vifn1GTEO76bOA4weBt-A19P7SJ0Y9JbycW-sNX8V7fX_Iq_wiXzBqBpVhra1cxCL_kjbqVyCFHdV8s-x-yT_h93M6b1W1JOPj5YOZxs8jzmC2ckLLgqSSnuP2taz34gbol0KmWpgic\/s1200\/46.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is 2,2-dimethylpentane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(e)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEiMVodIdXzMyRru5uwML8zqqDDrWfVqh28SdhC6VYJ-fmDJwMzWBQJiFB-T1mPwPvfcaBfwK5gBn5yAQoHrAAS5W6dcfjOtwSDhvH1xj5g5hC8WmC23ZDFO03dI2kXtQomT3ItP8Mn6TOHjkDh42-7chfQpm8qV_1xMWUsL9MZDxs5lmtWBu2VVxAE86TsH\/s1200\/47.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is Pent-2-yne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(f)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEiln9hQ9-SAKklL1MfEyN7FUcjdGu4PLTxVb9dBEcViJsFsEcBLj4wt7XFDZ4rW25iITJGSm-lH8lqs6d1on4OVIiJdtVwS37RryGOE0EG7eH3iAWojHX3bReVQEnRPypfBR1uNtI74ZJrNTUzW41j2e4QOC5vK2KyroZLc2YF9q6UISY2byjNjJEX_BGqG\/s1200\/48.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is 3-methylbut-1-yne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(g)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhfeNB-Ms0fkhr8B4_aV0uWrx_r01mTGQrQ91oXuy7d-Z924qt5UdS0exv76-zVp62KI4nuOZ6tXZ_aF8HD1U5yzHfDMsRkvs_0KRtfJXfxo1uIp8s-rXpLW_dKeeI0URvamxUeBxAbKCi6iQebhKhSeeA0Mmn9V63ZK3sgL96zIyOsG8NH35y0l9e2d4vU\/s1200\/49.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is 2,3-dichloropentane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(h)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEizfs7fxt_mTNpRDUmYuRt09TCaMLqX08_SFuUvZYfDBOWmLK54JGB2gJPiONYcB1i5a_5KJNNwMkydDnij2BQhw5yybKSBp0pLcQHb0xLAe7aXSxRZs0i2soTehHkHXSN_Xq_vvNOOvWez0G1gFrLVv5TJb6418M6wWE4j4gZOAIhUS0-o9_IeHvOGkbAP\/s1200\/50.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is 4,6-dimethylnonane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(i)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEg15uR9mESuw5JLCdGjjt-rHewz0SUj3ptLGM_-ghbdDetlVZzpRmz9jL3LT9aBs_kn_2fYS7GMM-mSEmlpyCkotlyEn6Fy-Ut7-9xYrHYFu7LZ99RC_NFQGVp43jNOtxcysvpQM_ptevb6h4flhsfsKv-MoN8svoZwEeN_hthndHgeCxoxNDHHt1Z_VCLx\/s1200\/51.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is But-2-ene.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(j)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEh8KPqCVBTDAqvlxDFzGahspnW-GTZU6xq_MhU9e9Ym_oyS9_Dluh3dt7Ch-40m4JsPh7rn3X4qaH9YuOkQr8oN_IkUfq2wPWU_8u63x-aL0LVHPlXUFFZzjrbnTUNMKCepsIydB7hehPEFyETDQgm13FLZoKRr8wumf3JgO00siYNHhwmiSgvZOXc6qftp\/s1200\/52.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is Hept-2-yne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(k)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhjqr1RlnzwFOEjIIUZ6VNQj7W6PqpuhMAqHi_X7TubhYO4l1zIhO-kKZGY3DDTD9rXl6_sspgCmP20o9w7N5_CAIhQHaMVfEbxF38weRP84VfnK7eowOUCBcKGzv63U0Aw4bfp07sJeLmddlSJVQ4LaXl-YydRyny3-9v_ZF27ndt-6ocnI9nGF6Yby_01\/s1200\/53.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is 5,5-dimethylhexanal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(l)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgnzlJEywFIeZBwALuAEdwWLhXbPO-9sqNg4FjuHT6m9xaABC79cx_3NJi2rutA64Bdau0oBmpJxyPDfHO1jfPzA4IDtcVh5avEkkTVt6wGbvw48bvEnfX_5EbD2t8GRAWmwsc2SCzhIrnn3qrV8XDAfnIlAztLNb-bH1PdteWWWaL8_kYEY7G3fNqV0iqE\/s1200\/54.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is 2-methylpentan-2-ol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(m)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhv_WS7jaOQnXCfLjp-Kt85PTaCs5HR8ndBZ8K9jubyrCu8r5xTqaI9xOw415F7HiMxBiLbd6Hyk_r8px-kodOlDr0iGf1PgT4ewfs8tF4GFfuN0WLiNq54fDTLOMh0i_HhkUbzTSbvTVyXViln2bstCkkUpIDWO2tNGbvyEuG5E9hCc-rFCvufjn4F0D0k\/s1200\/55.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is 4-methylpentanoic acid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(n)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEh9qyP6Px4R9Ex2YTpU05kZfbzZNRlxVPbg9YXBvikxyM1m93eizbPLzdDdcccNXRUUZabjvvFycyGQ20o6lIeFxY2ib6zr8Jlf04vYYSpkPnh6OU9mk9GPUlnGHUlhNK_ihX4i5Vg1DY-eXTqKnKcC47fq_tyQfgDUJXsCYlNjfydr5Uz-plmWk0Ir1iOl\/s1200\/56.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is 2-bromo-2-methylbutane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(o)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhIif9h38juuVc3im44Tw75kH62_65XJ7YZl3QF-WmwvUGFi8Ielnwxui48UTxxUXSt5O9CPjSPM7aNipVIOKa1NEn6rnsWbGWF_yUiS3cNilbYCLc2rcTFLN8CktYHlmCu5cWh1O2mXq02chCrS0ngFYx-ibKA0tWOjlkNzm8CgQ6yo-TVP0ZEHsgem2nh\/s1200\/57.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is 1-bromo-3-methylbutane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(p)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjV7MRbTD90E-Aul40tZOwLJfCI3tJndG3c7D6DEUHZJygANeE6mc_-YloMNmhG84AOXutew__xfVAG7KVN5tteauk1uC-nuJFQWtliTIhu9oaLkz20t4oHNpcW1nxrP_frsbjkiSDyQ3IqOp8eCYvRYLZBIuJfpJ9ouWQgrRKWe598q4tz4PQjJ7JtnFop\/s1200\/58.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is Propyne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(q)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhWC9HGy3q9i_2NWKQ9Z_fKiFVbVKS_epS5M7krPKTQneuSVRpuheQmUt4q6KLxXUEo-1B9-bTDS3Rm3sPV8iIcI_rsx3HZOzgHH1F4ZRJpXAElazZPB0csm-rsmvHiY7x_DBqBkJ-XWzaYdbwiFtsu8i2t19ADxMjObXaj4r2UlnxDAdntlexRGeBuAOqI\/s1200\/59.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is Methanal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(r)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEiTrNbmQ50XgkGTVBBwCKBGrsFMtzHpqxHy38sk_VH8TJIK-OeCiHTJzHAZM-MvT_8YUrYF5-cW-jaRCWVqpIfVGVHSK3N1PzHGpKLM8G8pZAg0dMpfoDajFh5GsHlOSUHn0xrcMAFMvvTUlqQDTysbkTf_n7sa_UXtWvM-ShwyOCoj5N0AdZcz8eTVJtf-\/s1200\/60.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is 2,4-dimethylheptane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(s)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEj2Oqn8YwrZeHNwJ3-KsV9DF8HgwWNAFwyROUfL2SYnUOc5CT7UQbsCrZQESSqeT494kTqIkBfWeajGxMfmf_9OMmQBJlfVN9gvu-237P_HlRezUjKmqww5pQTBrpEUDJgFUx2TZhDPlBzvnpxT44Bn37YlG6fkH00vgjZs2rpW4zcxJpsmePwhTHvUEKgj\/s1200\/61.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is Propan-1-ol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(t)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEiRcs-zXE8emBmmMvLmfkt576vHsTG27_KhBMGD6yIxIZ5254sOi33CQQ3FS8RAJ1HBZEwVIREDtU0kKjDLclFKNY4pLwNEFW5a_SEnOXIHVxMlbYk3J1PsuLd9yz4rePVh3I8tVwU5Kt_8dM6P-ebzDgS_4adH897CVYOYJnQdfoW5dpKWnqEF8R3gbipv\/s1200\/62.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is Ethanoic acid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(u)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgvvSdYjGYkGvm6hY8XDhWsrq6UiIIsSJaJ4KJO73tMsfmZkg9vTW474irNgiFphCaDY-JBk3aRv2f0pq9WaZUqjz7QZaZ9qK36szvD5sbwab_uvPevMPLnsf_jSXIcd3wYiRgvDuaO22xTH08vCD1Dz8nBPIZoWV1FRPPEfABHg_vlkht2ZW4fif6HyQwi\/s1200\/63.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is Ethanal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(v)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhHoM2iOJbIgyiH15T57h6yYLsd9yEIX6nZxImAaRfweeWUfDl28Fd3L_pvsa4L4lnD-eYndmH6kog5tBacgM3L8Q99aTbj_9otUmjmBjc70_tKC0TNpRlRxw3Rj4RZeyZ9vHIdIZNXIQsCIIiZjG1dHp3LX7O_GxW0g0soHQ9Pn1ZFS56yFYaYMk8gAj-0\/s1200\/64.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name is 1,2-Dichloroethane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Draw the structures of the following compounds:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) Prop-1-ene<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEh1COJ-uFGzfiydfG0qJJYMe_ebB_tKawlmjj9nDk4TR7k9XPavpfOzIC95Bx3F06YWWL0Wvht4nTYH2OHPswmKCD1ic9jCdUA6osDWvXQKDBzAcLSn63YeNQ2Q9-6j9dKIcLTLYrRILzXe8TLjMjz21qrEgrYoY27RCU_Lo_s7O1orTGYAH2s3mJhWj1Jy\/s1200\/65.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) 2, 3-dimethyl butane<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEiOKW7o2JoJq5ybhT25Mg94IS8dFpu3I1GZkTcGQ1RMfMscYHXQBf2YAiXODrqlcQTTZA1EURb80E8UvdguYCYJjLu3C-81zlEUVu79wfI68P4p7h8tZba1xwoCtCO5XC5rBN26BGs8WzX2Zpi3lVCO-UiLbdQAB429iZn76ExUocF579Lc9HoJ6WMoH3Lu\/s1200\/66.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) 2-methyl propane<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjqbrgsKMSMEI6330NRx-yKa0mNVkTVfo76TmVKhjq1RGBPQ-66ejolvOd-FnrEDSP22xUuUT6KL7WVIy_omZGYiWaZEgaF7Z_17kWZaS-FLm9n4ovc6GekkKbWpG5qkw0dxGkCH9Hg5Kg1GZeB3ddZZQNm2pwpAZPlJXwdDOzNA_zIx7Bl5ZokGRLLqPId\/s1200\/67.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(d) 3-hexene<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgpTskjtlfJW6XwkkKV0p5u8SSu_iQZkG0A67SNMdJT5dJSjej98P0FhMxOvmhre6QS3TIUnWGbhWrFe3_gY4xUSP_3YcklMWODzzYtvi6Z_WjzF-XAu6bjygoEHQFih48Vz8b3f-vg9ifnqYnQacpMwB2OoP87wyB-CnXfF9-9TY-pVFrafLnAzQzSASCG\/s1200\/68.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(e) Prop-1-yne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhgnD_pbV5sAx306hGhKQEN2fw6As-AkQTeTK0sSL72cVUPJtvNL3y24w0u3xJAL022lMPLV0d1gv6OrhTewRtvhCEkcOiZ02M7SZ8rGtX-pHYG3UZ-ths4BpDC7J0CiEakd-TwZn8x3x2i2cxLCDSesbUBiTnnqvtQFRPmMvnsB7vZ5SpDQae-mn4zJ-yO\/s1200\/69.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(f) 2-methyl prop-1-ene<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhTx8aoYclkgVwdT9BZJGnhK8EqrZ6oMdAl60ec1aIkMX8D5sAhiFQzY91Co-Zs8lN10hdsGavA3B4jMPRbbiglkw40Kjcxfo6wrbEPQLe8T4Qgi6qGqYF_9K0q3ZgibO21NH1sM7KMVN67n4be1KijyTuxvGU3wP9uq-RYgK0q81mOvWKu13iH-v8G4SC5\/s1200\/70.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(g) Alcohol with molecular formula C\u2084H\u2081\u2080O.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEiys6BFhWcdrn5ReGuQjZvhpWHohl1SV9e3rbgH9VZAxIU_D8YT2HF-EWDyfIa8kqDv_umNC3p5LoW32aak2IXevVyXN_etRKxhhjtZcbQfkRfsETe9BusctT5hHG52k9jWNWLAiNtaO5LHOv1tGGEWsMHcOaSADWP_eXILNUD5b4owVP5sfMJboQQKrh1n\/s1200\/71.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Choose the correct answer:<\/strong><br><strong><br>(a) C\u2085H\u2081\u2081 is an<\/strong><br><strong><br>(i) alkane <\/strong><br><strong>(ii) alkene <\/strong><br><strong>(iii) alkyne <\/strong><br><strong>(iv) alkyl group<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (iv) alkyl group<br><strong><br>(b) A hydrocarbon of the general formula CnH\u2082n is<\/strong><br><strong><br>(i) C\u2081\u2085H\u2083\u2080 <\/strong><br><strong>(ii) C\u2081\u2082H\u2082\u2086 <\/strong><br><strong>(iii) C\u2088H\u2082\u2080 <\/strong><br><strong>(iv) C\u2086H\u2081\u2084<\/strong><br><br> <strong>Answer:<\/strong>  (i) C\u2081\u2085H\u2083\u2080<br><strong><br>(c) The total number of different carbon chains that four carbon atoms form in alkane is<br><\/strong><br><strong>(i) 5<\/strong><br><strong>(ii) 4 <\/strong><br><strong>(iii) 3 <\/strong><br><strong>(iv) 2<\/strong><br><br><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (iv) 2<br><strong><br>(d) CH\u2083-CH\u2082-OH and CH\u2083-O-CH\u2083 are<\/strong><br><strong><br>(i) position isomers <\/strong><br><strong>(ii) chain isomers <\/strong><br><strong>(iii) homologous <\/strong><br><strong>(iv) functional-isomers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (iv) functional-isomers<br><strong><br>(e) The IUPAC name of the compound is<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgYkwFA0k2DpMKbyECikp9wyC747QYFtIKTo2z1wmYKPyvychxQvPJqZeV9ISqkaE0iQk979HG2w-wyU5Urk9FNbUppYIo4yQmyLRLV-jjHJVGO68ZTY8uuWm683MSy7Bf50kVnapKec-6DtL4d13GbnKXeeuhloyJyOJ2iuPKAWpE6ScrSLHb1FIQb49U-\/s1200\/73.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(i) 3-trimethylhexane <\/strong><br><strong>(ii) 3-methyl hexane <\/strong><br><strong>(iii) 4-methyl hexane<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>(ii) 3-methyl hexane<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Fill in the blanks. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) Propane and ethane are &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; (homologous, isomers)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Propane and ethane are homologous<br><strong><br>(b) A saturated hydrocarbon does not participate in a\/an &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; reaction (substitution, addition)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>A saturated hydrocarbon does not participate in a\/an addition reaction<br><br><strong>(c) Succeeding members of a homologous series differ by &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; (CH, CH\u2082, CH\u2083)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong>  Succeeding members of a homologous series differ by <strong>CH\u2082<br><\/strong><br><strong>(d) As the molecular masses of hydrocarbons increase, their boiling points &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; and melting points &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; (increase, decrease)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> As the molecular masses of hydrocarbons increase, their boiling points increase and melting points increase<strong><br><br>(e) C\u2082\u2085H\u2085\u2082 and C\u2085\u2080H\u2081\u2080\u2082 belong to &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; homologous series (the same, different)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong>C\u2082\u2085H\u2085\u2082 and C\u2085\u2080H\u2081\u2080\u2082 belong to the same homologous series<br><strong><br>(f) CO is an &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; compound. (organic, inorganic)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> CO is an inorganic compound.<br><strong><br>(g) The chemical properties of an organic compound are largely decided by the &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; and the physical properties of an organic compound are largely decided by the &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; (functional group, number of carbon atoms)<\/strong><br><br><strong>Answer:<\/strong>The chemical properties of an organic compound are largely decided by the functional group and the physical properties of an organic compound are largely decided by the number of carbon atoms<br><strong><br>(h) CHO is the functional group of an &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; (alcohol, aldehyde)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> CHO is the functional group of an aldehyde<strong><br><br>(i) The root word in the IUPAC name of an organic compound depends upon the number of carbon atoms in &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; (any chain, principal chain)<\/strong><br><br><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The root word in the IUPAC name of an organic compound depends upon the number of carbon atoms in principal chain<strong><br><br>(j) But-1-ene and but-2-ene are examples of &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; isomerism. (chain, position, functional)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong>But-1-ene and but-2-ene are examples of position isomerism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Define or explain chain isomerism and position isomerism with examples in each case.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>Chain Isomerism: When two or more compounds have a similar molecular formula but are different in the arrangement of carbon atoms in straight or branched chains the compounds are referred to as chain isomers and the phenomenon is termed as chain isomerism. For example: Pentane C\u2085H\u2081\u2082 has chain isomers like pentane (straight chain), iso-pentane (2-methyl butane, branched chain), and neo-pentane (2, 2-dimethyl propane, branched chain).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Position isomerism: When two or more compounds with the same molecular formula differ in the position of substituent atom or functional group on the carbon atom, they are called position isomers and this phenomenon is termed as position isomerism. For example: C\u2084H\u2086 (Butyne) has two isomers: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">but-1-yne<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhYSl2_L1JmpLtBn7pateYHr18GDJTb6MWQ1rHJ9zDaDOg6UzAt32oLd5Q3yl8hcC3usQPGNAlwMIuFrdKpIInQfJ8QTI5rl6Jkj8p_ZXZRcRQ160hHQz2Vm1mYt8ak8V_JIf00f89zdSfbylXvQWmxvygn8Jj17htMidcXOlI4G2ZylgfGXM30Qzu4VgwW\/s1200\/77.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">but-2-yne<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEitT1GUQ_f832WxrXLXFIxZ5ErXTiMagJUFZDzEqqkACDXx0b8JIKfdggvfnQ1QU7GGALtdWtxLAt-FahKhCqXTM-COPYsgQiJy_5-5GceNlLl1NiYHLfG4TM5_PgAcCaDVzH3BqcRzI0BrULdnsoDQVW6YIpgaCdtTXAs0DVEZ9vs-QiHP70n4y-InJKbN\/s1200\/78.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. (a) Define the term isomerism. State the main cause of isomerism.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>(b) Draw the chain isomers of hexane (C\u2086H\u2081\u2084).<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>(c) Draw position isomers of butene (C\u2084H\u2088).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>(a) Compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formula are known as ISOMERS and the phenomenon is known as ISOMERISM. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The main cause of structural isomerism is difference in the mode of linking of atoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Chain isomers of hexane (C\u2086H\u2081\u2084):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">n-hexane<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjSXTRf9KpSOapRjZyRUL0SpessWP01MGTbU5yIUamR3NPqTMjVfEUokGFeEdYg796p53AB8-XXSCbcz8RTjzeoyzogINa6HFutTlz8mf8Tp7E15OSeQDhjOAUKEFQz2wUAMKFX1Mcjmp8uquTQO24btU-3hXs76Azu1Wedfb074vXrnlZXxpnug_6BBjQN\/s1200\/79.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2 Methylpentane<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgq6A0LXSXXqU1grEzOPbg_600twR86X1-qG6fZDPgS9YydMiU0V_0ArVuhfwDRgJoH_rKqlK8IlH3TrWu51e3A45b5FajgcJ84goSHEpjXDVuAljyYIxo1SD1DtDnWSzsMayIEtrXI3AjLL64gcmgZ7SouP4OA6Vt9wq9aA908g4TzqHgX_XiYwjGtknmE\/s1200\/80.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3 Methylpentane<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEiS9FyJyYpmg5KH1pEeGKdru-PtBNTTNZz906gbPYgNdnzkITOp6bAbKR66MQ81it8i9Pd6alh99pC25FBUAeRTrsIVoZb-HnRh7eFUpI7KSyJFGyaWvalPljNm-SfUhxuR1XdeHY9xDX9kTxAq9eNYQfXpN3KUJQAi0b-bNStGz8fgkN8V7lmKMYJ550Ey\/s1200\/81.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2,3 Dimethylbutane<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEiZc2foVicpsOUEYi_EEGnIdS6z6mxpkQwzF7h03RnQQBMt-8i5MYGbPV3vdEq1SB1LroqeLHQuKNkOFLA3w6vspsBQhygSNWy-qFYFlrJcGafcKtCpzcDm5SuS42M51LrJsq11XEwc7JcYtN0QFdaX27CcBulPJldQGSxW6aFv9N8AbtHRQ2l9Ytvf7cr6\/s1200\/82.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2,2 Dimethylbutane<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhzffCqACJNxRkJPBAayvT-TsRq-dxbsOZhG-Wudc-As_WJYNy6PiO-Z4Ld8wfDYXwCOGNekFKgcuwa9YgOzigJpl5_CLTcBd5Bt2vsVvQ-0xjBMKGnCdGZCNwdffaLClokbnSn5snx3fsnbCoT6q-XbHvNzagMtnNTJg1Byz_q7xPP8Wojxr5lBJIVKF02\/s1200\/178.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Position isomers of butene (C\u2084H\u2088):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1-butene<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjrCP7Y6m-iM2x-OIgw3lxfAJXQnUYWK-EyLuLv34FseNKUdnreqj_c0UyvIUJ7msQUw4vfANqrZwqZL0Nyc5g1fqo-eyqCtNFMWrbKGl2DMMvQKLFROMW7OCN8KYZ_amjJCwkKsCCpLQxLaPumDDbn_Us-Q9TWMOiUF70T9Yh0JiPaeezteljoJk-PFuKL\/s1200\/83.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2-butene<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhf7gnrsHN7uO-RVVLoN9ZewzfPJpgvT6QBgZvZthCdYfD0eWWXSmF4ddzps6OJfZK41NwwqXht-8OgwQ8ym6aGx1IdH0iTOqdLAdbYifDHE0hg7K5ZJGWPwwO2ZBLnCJz-VAIllEqpdGv35SyTyuUQzsccYVUVaXLCbt9Cy8mOJwRUOw_XXSRf-gjD79DD\/s1200\/84.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Draw structural formula for each of the following compounds :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) isomer of n-butane<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjEG1JTpkDhQtKyGv-gu6wbPXmeE27Qp3FBNpTbA9RhGPObCNxXqpIteMdV4QlM25oipt1ph05SzMwnHtlBIMJ-XPeBJXwktVjyzD-7nRY-dZ8y0oP_mHPM1yfG2WnxfE3wE2axKXBB9aPrs5fePX2fplbUifZe2y5RRvmw4CcKovacAaKVkBwmDKmnOACR\/s1200\/85.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) vinegar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEi6jAMXY64gErwPSh_6nLj4mXKlUBMuapXAGGfU9W8JJkx1YBdYvmj07uhDU2c-GifSpLfcuvq6j-RozKCrGmcOJmcXIGXXQIWdr7iTlFGUHWupxFvD_qQ9MiDQjgFLFOFZt0HIsOM7ZaKe1flaWqxjzCHjDmjOrEcX4Eaam_iuJQdQD4DgTc_5ZoKVyaiW\/s1200\/86.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) 2-propanol<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhECnd6rtFjDUZEB8lJXuDGMpmK4PbI5aU9zZaIYbQQlu-4rJivHqNCEBOr57wPeCHlH-MeBz_uL5QLB6iouFN7lS107Ojo5O0dFVuuCT9rcQHex9WvvWXrUo_J_07iJbo87-kGZtCwY8mgGvdcTbNvy2IaVOqq5AwswfumoX_gyNIrHsH2TGtAMysWCq3e\/s1200\/87.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(d) ethanal<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgwjl1_MkHLiNFRsfIxMl-aGc9aWq-s5Wz0lhlu9GwKXnFcll6nFI9-Y4mJCZphMDvaXd4yAvoTO-d6-a8UJmHD8mkW92xa0YaxoKrYXbDhm3lEKXC0Jfi39HUCjP7AqHJFRJ1rxg-rz3mK4FVG2f1r7OdJ8lPXw4h77sqODYwRA8jTLlLHNeau0B8qT7bl\/s1200\/88.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(e) acetone<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhq2NwcVcgKseMTvLuuwXezR_HrE_lL7IiCMnkC04ofAGFpoEpAZNy7UJZmBeUWWepuaJgG92PT9ZJ4HYW4s_Lm9rWohj2vRdoJWldwjTDcF7Fs34LzAlz-ihaG8rZAFNxyw7dzv0yWIICrZeYSzoJCu_5j1hpsLUoR0wa7nEBiikI-M9yNAMihSki_M79_\/s1200\/89.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(f) diethyl ether<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhGDGOV7PCwcGfb9OAP432r5KCOUKFULSKfaODgq-0Hvcnle5AwgRLBWxjhMPyOes-OeqON3ChojAeZ7Pih1P2LCf0RucgJK1qUFTweyd7z8r-Tj_ZFzP-YhuYRAWqia0K1jhlaEj2DEO5FHHMbLBKwaIeR4v1UKXPjMTtsAFm0gRzdsCVdG-e1nBYX7iHV\/s1200\/90.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(g) propanoic acid<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEiyln02umnRCkvyk2YLkruYnzLompwQBw4D-0WFvnMsfHbuBHC1wVUIlJUzCe7_wj9Md058yqwjjXXz8RnMeP_EBgRivKTW5_KSGm0vc4y5emIBRHPiO5TecUW1HJjpPSfnJ9M4knSGDUrSbDiBrt10m8RNqSsGO82BJvp8L-gxHdHXVYS5F_pi3yiSv20x\/s1200\/91.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(h) pentan-2-ol<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjdZ3IzW2r-rmbgd4F5Lan9uEoqgd0nU17yLmgYXvrKDQtrshIjqlTuQnjB1f3qeDq0OgxESA_52yE1IJZnbdvfLtyY1ZrGPinFv4_M0IoPAPy58PAik92eiXsynWND2g1vLAThUf5-aXFTMRD_w3OF5p3C1lqSLOQtETPS2U0LssTTnJCd_ppgOuGKG1bK\/s1200\/92.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(i) 2, 2-dibromobutane<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjGseVucPaXMTwyqyozaTPkwb4fHx0fHFMs5QIVXG1OfgnhWEVo2EkgGmdF1FWa76P7EOm5S6_T0qp8afj6bgrrh7S40JuusKVZu0PWTlH7J_FBN9wFLuX4QQb4Tsm8dOhlHbdsfYA5Zy_IwaHfghuoyMuNcukLbFHmlMN0btaiViil5uFi9BBOcqhJPDjV\/s1200\/93.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What is used to describe these compounds taken together?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>These compounds taken together are described by their respective IUPAC names or common names, and they represent different classes of organic compounds or isomers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. (a) What is the special feature of the structure of : (i) ethene, (ii) ethyne ?<br>(b) What type of reaction is common to both the above compounds ? Why methane does not undergo this type of reaction.<br>(c) What is the IUPAC, name of dimethyl ether. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>(a) (i) The special feature of the structure of ethene is the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C).<br>(ii) The special feature of the structure of ethyne is the presence of a carbon-carbon triple bond (C\u2261C).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) The type of reaction common to both ethene and ethyne is addition reaction. Methane does not undergo this type of reaction because it is a saturated hydrocarbon, meaning all the four valencies of carbon are satisfied by single covalent bonds, and there are no double or triple bonds where atoms can be added. Methane undergoes substitution reaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) The IUPAC name of dimethyl ether is Methoxy methane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. Which type of reaction will (i) ethane and (ii) ethene undergo ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:  <\/strong>(i) Ethane will undergo substitution reaction.<br>(ii) Ethene will undergo addition reaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. Choosing only words from the following list, write down appropriate words to fill in the blanks from (a) to (e) given below. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>[Addition, carbohydrates, CnH\u2082n-\u2082, CnH\u2082n, CnH\u2082n+\u2082, electrochemical, homologous, hydrocarbon, saturated, substitution, unsaturated]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The alkanes form an (a) &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; series with the general formula (b) &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; . The alkanes are (c) &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; (d) &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; which generally undergo (e) &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; reactions.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>The alkanes form an (a) <strong>homologous<\/strong> series with the general formula (b) <strong>CnH\u2082n+\u2082<\/strong>. The alkanes are (c) <strong>saturated<\/strong> (d) <strong>hydrocarbon<\/strong> which generally undergo (e) <strong>substitution<\/strong> reactions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>11. Draw the structural formula of a compound with two carbon atoms in each of the following cases.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) An alkane with a carbon to carbon single bond<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEit9uT9DjpwRVjoIypeLlJwfYgaTPGAz2QYqVzRMdprDXNlx3am6lwMxEpbus0Q32T0JwtZvty209zd1QaV0xtC6DtAg6acQp1BxXF1kIvrvOLcO0VutqXgdROxckM8GWu-g9ymiUja4TnHi4gxha6uKVrMFNWTuOmKp5aUhYUiVdR9wEb0sHmhXRlL63jB\/s1200\/94.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) An alcohol containing two carbon atoms<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEiGg0bpA4uTi4cvg-5_utbAY72CExglyfLU7UOIuY2tjojMmYWmKKTV_Q6x38JCAOW0ip45CQKPLTJcuH4758NF2RSUyUQyeaOm9fO6ZWmypfzqkREEi3bFzuuyjWwEFx8TGGcSgIUjBTi_t8vst-EW-zZAIcQk798LIchwGiGW6Fq2sWjceZS4qW7t6DiT\/s1200\/95.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) An unsaturated hydrocarbon with a carbon to carbon triple bond<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEiEsKsf_b8bAGhcLajhrZd1ix-92HB1ZkN2273XciEm7nSC-1BGXvqPkoROGWPkl0aOzZkznC4fnfiiic1cGcoDDviAcuWk_VRDSCG88A9qSBEZubMh1sMiH7My3emiondn4HNiwFYoi-autCgsD1jCiybeK-TjmKzCJPdk6VUaKyF0lGEycejmOqHIbPj2\/s1200\/96.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>12. [Ethane, Ethene, Ethanoic acid, Ethyne, Ethanol]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>From the above list name<br>(a) The compound with -OH as the part of its structure.<br>(b) The compound with -COOH as the part of its structure.<br>(c) Homologue of Homologous series with general formula CnH\u2082n.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>(a) The compound with -OH as the part of its structure is <strong>Ethanol<\/strong>.<br>(b) The compound with -COOH as the part of its structure is <strong>Ethanoic acid<\/strong>.<br>(c) Homologue of Homologous series with general formula CnH\u2082n is <strong>Ethene<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>13. Give the correct IUPAC name and the functional group for each of the compounds whose structural formulae are given below:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhcjLRMTlP6mfyRXPazfcG8cAuVSLv5L0TIKXrMgKu6O1-4ekvv59MWmn4iVyg7nqQDJw9hoJF5psrIgiRIQozWXWXcSphvCG6z28txdRX90oh4cExyHN6PekFeWumy0XZVwCEMy5wlCsk510Y_5XuH__rBEmowUVOuR5y7hS8bqnr_uWaCu1PzVF2LpXnk\/s1200\/97.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>(a) IUPAC name: Propanal<br>Functional group: Aldehydic (-CHO)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) IUPAC name: Propan-1-ol (or 1-Propanol)<br>Functional group: Alcoholic\/Hydroxyl (-OH)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>14. Copy and complete the following table which relates to three homologous series of hydrocarbons<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"display: grid;grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);border: 1px solid #000;margin-bottom: 30px;font-family: Arial, sans-serif\">\n  <!-- Header Row -->\n  <div style=\"font-weight: bold;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000;padding: 10px\">General Formula<\/div>\n  <div style=\"font-weight: bold;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000;padding: 10px\">IUPAC name of the homologous series<\/div>\n  <div style=\"font-weight: bold;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000;padding: 10px\">Characteristic bond type<\/div>\n  <div style=\"font-weight: bold;border-bottom: 1px solid #000;padding: 10px\">IUPAC name of the first member of the series<\/div>\n\n  <!-- Data Row 1 -->\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\">C\u2099H\u2082\u2099<\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\"><\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\"><\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\"><\/div>\n\n  <!-- Data Row 2 -->\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\">C\u2099H\u2082\u2099\u208b\u2082<\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\"><\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\"><\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\"><\/div>\n\n  <!-- Data Row 3 -->\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\">C\u2099H\u2082\u2099\u208a\u2082<\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\"><\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\">Single bonds<\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\"><\/div>\n\n  <!-- Footer Row (Type of reaction with chlorine) -->\n  <div style=\"font-weight: bold;border-right: 1px solid #000;padding: 10px\">Type of reaction with chlorine<\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000\"><\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000\"><\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px\">Addition<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"display: grid;grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);border: 1px solid #000;margin-bottom: 30px;font-family: Arial, sans-serif\">\n  <!-- Header Row -->\n  <div style=\"font-weight: bold;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000;padding: 10px\">General Formula<\/div>\n  <div style=\"font-weight: bold;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000;padding: 10px\">IUPAC name of the homologous series<\/div>\n  <div style=\"font-weight: bold;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000;padding: 10px\">Characteristic bond type<\/div>\n  <div style=\"font-weight: bold;border-bottom: 1px solid #000;padding: 10px\">IUPAC name of the first member of the series<\/div>\n\n  <!-- Data Row 1 -->\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\">C\u2099H\u2082\u2099<\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\">Alkene<\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\">Double bond<\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\">Ethene<\/div>\n\n  <!-- Data Row 2 -->\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\">C\u2099H\u2082\u2099\u208b\u2082<\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\">Alkyne<\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\">Triple bond<\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\">Ethyne<\/div>\n\n  <!-- Data Row 3 -->\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\">C\u2099H\u2082\u2099\u208a\u2082<\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\">Alkane<\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\">Single bonds<\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-bottom: 1px solid #000\">Methane<\/div>\n\n  <!-- Footer Row (Type of reaction with chlorine) -->\n  <div style=\"font-weight: bold;border-right: 1px solid #000;padding: 10px\">Type of reaction with chlorine<\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000\">Addition<\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px;border-right: 1px solid #000\">Addition<\/div>\n  <div style=\"padding: 10px\">Substitution<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>15. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the brackets:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) Alkenes are the (i) &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; (analogous\/homologous) series of (ii) &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; (saturated\/unsaturated) hydrocarbons. They differ from alkanes due to the presence of (iii) &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; (double\/single) bonds. Alkenes mainly undergo (iv) &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; (addition\/substitution) reactions.<br>(b) The organic compound which undergoes substitution reaction is (v) &#8230;&#8230;&#8230; (C\u2082H\u2082, C\u2082H\u2084, C\u2081\u2080H\u2081\u2088, C\u2082H\u2086) (2018)<br>(c) Draw the structural formulae of the two isomers of Butane. Give the correct IUPAC name of each isomer.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>(a) Alkenes are the (i) <strong>homologous<\/strong> series of (ii) <strong>unsaturated<\/strong> hydrocarbons. They differ from alkanes due to the presence of (iii) <strong>double<\/strong> bonds. Alkenes mainly undergo (iv) <strong>addition<\/strong> reactions.<br>(b) The organic compound which undergoes substitution reaction is (v) <strong>C\u2082H\u2086<\/strong>.<br>(c) The structural formulae of the two isomers of Butane (C\u2084H\u2081\u2080) are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">n-Butane (IUPAC name: Butane)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEh4P7EDGi9pvWUXY1v-1TbAHJ-KCyRMw9BvTWxiTGWnyJGshaI8aoQDVocwuPsPa3V0G-7XLPm19BiIH0BQr1VlS7P1vgR_ybZ7P_9lqdI2sxe9xHeMTOdox39jtnLUe6Op3opKl_L79Ne1uA2abUiFlYHHB7WPmppACmARaWiQriDE8gR0hdkMy_vIFdqV\/s1200\/98.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Isobutane (IUPAC name: 2-Methylpropane)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEj64rfutkj9oMhv1dOJxK1FHb1eRr7AAa5FZ8HS74KqGwf16KRgVjRxAoFaesCllrLCk9JQberajoLVL30h4qDVwDIHnQpxt2xsv0NnBaEdWY6FOXzSiEyQaiPpz-j1b73PKpQp3EKrnwvJLSbaVWAotnKqyb7lxEjcQmqpPgDitNEQHxQOQz9Jihz11ilv\/s1200\/99.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>16. Name:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) The saturated hydrocarbon containing two carbon atoms.<br>(b) An alcohol with three carbon atom.<br>(c) A triple bond hydrocarbon with two carbon atoms.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>(a) The saturated hydrocarbon containing two carbon atoms is <strong>Ethane<\/strong>.<br>(b) An alcohol with three carbon atom is <strong>Propanol<\/strong> (or Propan-1-ol \/ Propan-2-ol).<br>(c) A triple bond hydrocarbon with two carbon atoms is <strong>Ethyne<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exercise B<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. State the sources of Alkanes.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The principal sources of alkanes are natural gas and petroleum. Natural gas contains mainly methane, with smaller amounts of ethane, propane and butane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Methane is a green house gas. Comment.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Methane is a primary constituent of natural gas. It absorbs outgoing heat radiation from the earth, and thus contributes to the green house effect and so is considered a greenhouse gas. Methane remains in the atmosphere for approximately 10 years. It is twenty times more effective in trapping heat in comparison to carbon dioxide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Give the general formula of alkanes.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The general formula for alkane is CnH2n+2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Draw the structures of isomers of :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) butane<\/strong><br><strong>(b) pentane<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Write the IUPAC and common names of these isomers.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Isomers of butane (C<sub>4<\/sub>H<sub>10<\/sub>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">n-butane. IUPAC Name: Butane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjTGftwHUzT4OaEozOmVfi-RXPcCEH14saMr9gVpNE7VaQedr6hZI9yXsK8xR3ZeVybe-45zuJOZgoVDSV2NyBe2NMFF1UO9K0gdOymbSGolW1ePC0syOuCtA1xevlcEGbZ7N8ZxkSgtkYK7KkMKKQ1641P4MExmFwELFb8ueEYaHuQ4dTGp0eTLfe5p5eG\/s1200\/32.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iso-butane. IUPAC Name: 2 Methylpropane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEi2cQElbqWpixXKFPexkkFuuHVdewmGm1EGg_1pQIINo9LmJ9Laii1GJ0qK64qwGv_yFpB8v0oavjracQLATDQlawEau-cFBqQqnkNjVrbIuTzfofHfeam3qvcz9UTYHOd9ZYewOVnA3NXUvBBzj_QZnJBpCGNhaMmsAPFUCWYtvqRjLIETbaiVFu5NUZ63\/s1200\/33.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Isomers of pentane (C<sub>5<\/sub>H<sub>12<\/sub>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">n-pentane. IUPAC Name: Pentane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhkmoPu9NOJUuQjMsPQ9SZ0im4UivmJ6Zh6Edp-2u3Hk7PKZDia1khffTuuhT5ghH38Uuc0h9wcsUMVB-U55j_K4ySMS7ayN4l8uKtho0faT9RSFqOF-0A3DaRGeOXyDyNBIfyuxrVwze1UzTZ7YJqugPEKWkPphqJ111dRQStJ1h-rGPW7T5CVJJZ00osU\/s1200\/102.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">iso-pentane. IUPAC Name: 2-methyl butane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjr_qM79o_Ax8r9Nut4wj1CP4gSnAN8xWSj_DdiHNOMnyH2Nlvs1fyAdcn20n9i9gLFrpvBMR1OS8sb2mj6ok_L4J_jWD2Hxk3kAIsw1rllC_GdUcbzx9hUwr9ExiMzcmd8XPLZHk1UnSStV9k0kRRN0z5Y4SIiBooUoSXKqu8W8okf69itVi_5Kk4YwWGI\/s1200\/103.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">neo-pentane. IUPAC Name: 2, 2-dimethyl propane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgr7IsEX6oGb56d0VvYsp-9UV9m52_k47b1p1bpkeLuH-UjlBbRARtHFmhBXpYaXRwPRhJqmx1G1TtPCBTk8jwPJi0iK6qwohYLABrA94_Lm7092tjqvD2vwHG50BmyvORNoWjEj-yEdZ8CNK7JxXAbpd9QkmSAY_EoKEjGoEGSFd4_dV9gAjjie-iFjkKn\/s1200\/104.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Write the:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) molecular formula<\/strong><br><strong>(b) electron dot formula and<br>(c) structural formula of methane and ethane.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Molecular formula:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Methane: CH<sub>4<\/sub><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ethane: C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>6<\/sub><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Electron dot formula:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Methane:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEh-y7Cqm_6hGHm7YBl3lMnjivACP2oTaOj5pUJC3ceHT7rjwME_T4O_Vhs4F-6glK2Vp7MvQVPuVtw2DMJk_wqiFINcdHER-l0QWrJDW2BgwPph6NgDUSwJUz3x5isCo8pdXQJBeE7MFavGGx5sHQ5BO9TOVOpU6pKAl4zPqjcv9Z2-0-YkJYP_FhAUAtSF\/s1200\/105.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ethane:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEg9-_LaeH_Vez6XLp5BchUNrJ3K6ZxHyp3u2zF6SgaWk_bKCydHD_btzYChokysCA_Gjsry-z-av371D1RkyVOq7puKUZPN5PCL88PKhNWWoTCZu9KTfq679w7YI2Dg4RvLhIerWj-0lqOPI-TsODuJJeq-eEAnub5CaQPVMbm6TNooYZX9UQfibTz_O7U1\/s1200\/106.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Structural formula:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Methane:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhA77leOENffWhwXhRu_hx4m66ol298XiyZ_aC6IgfH_dzSiEQsCHyVMj_IEMp-LUpLyH6CodGILFQ0br8GQd3axF9fphaMBEKhxgNsgAx3Y7MlOzilLRnAVpJ6jPX34UMiDUPvoAn2Qo__4gvfvxeUWupwxF1TKeiB0tykj4ZVAthJgUArbbTnry6NRnc_\/s1200\/40.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ethane:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjAeJy57SC89JVvZkHzhZiuET6TEl0I8rb92-q4b_rbhrhiDePVSzL5-CY29AUsjDPi1WWynDte3YPmsPea6_nV8eMeiAa5YwO4V_EyhSiv6sq1L37vKRTIFklyzKtFMgKjesl3KzQbtb2hT5BZq1y0ApoWG5Vp5CTxjzprWQG3l02YKFPxM2Ra5APkddDp\/s1200\/41.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. How is<\/strong> <strong>(a) methane and (b) ethane prepared in the laboratory ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Methane is prepared in the laboratory using sodium ethanoate (sodium acetate) and soda lime. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjWgR6HeunZier6vzF2-XLG5Mbs36YwIuCLPvvbV1FYE8RTjiHkrkIRyb3OZeNaex9OjFNlQx_rBGcrLXBi_RKJP3ZZedBNvqubIK1dzvAuFrj0oRE07ARCFqXWHDu66aNKWm84L2HlViDoFZ3-96WDlonte514GtKZiqJ-FTQZcUGYyCucN3VzsEmaOYqr\/s1200\/107.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A mixture of sodium ethanoate (sodium acetate) and soda lime is taken in a hard glass test tube and heated over a bunsen burner. The reaction is:<br>CH3COONa + NaOH \u2192 (CaO, 300\u00b0C) \u2192 Na2CO3 + CH4\u2191<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The gas evolved is collected by downward displacement of water since it is slightly soluble in water and is lighter than air.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Ethane is prepared in the laboratory using sodium propanoate (sodium propionate) and soda lime. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgZsjdNi86B5XrNSHbnEmvJJjSpCpj6JEOdwMk8WHdzUnEXzrkBuQ00JPi3YpN8zG_npbowmldhIabN-_C_XSccNXZN2-uLww-KZb9S98q14UBcJQ7q1Idx4RivKs5pMkFVZz29PcG-2siVPkxb8-x_DoWq12lMgQxkEdq9SWLpYkKrot0EpMefu2NnBtAX\/s1200\/108.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A mixture of sodium propionate and soda lime is taken in a boiling tube and heated over a bunsen burner. The reaction is: CH\u2083CH\u2082COONa + NaOH \u2192(CaO, 300\u00b0C)\u2192 Na\u2082CO\u2083 + C\u2082H\u2086\u2191<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The gas evolved is collected by downward displacement of water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. How are methane and ethane prepared from methyl iodide and ethyl bromide ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Methane is prepared from iodomethane (methyl iodide) when it is reduced by nascent hydrogen at ordinary room temperature.<br>CH\u2083I + 2[H] \u2192 CH\u2084 + HI (Iodomethane to Methane)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ethane is prepared from bromoethane (ethyl bromide) when it is reduced by nascent hydrogen at ordinary room temperature.<br>C\u2082H\u2085Br + 2[H] \u2192 C\u2082H\u2086 + HBr (Bromoethane to Ethane)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nascent hydrogen is produced by the action of Zn powder and dil. HCl or Zn\/Cu couple in alcohol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ethane can also be prepared from methyl iodide. When methyl iodide is warmed with sodium metal in the presence of dry ether, ethane is produced.<br>2CH\u2083I + 2Na \u2192(dry ether)\u2192 CH\u2083\u2013CH\u2083 + 2NaI<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This reaction is referred to as Wurtz reaction. Methane cannot be prepared by this method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. What is a substitution reaction? Give the reaction of chlorine with ethane and name the product formed.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: A substitution reaction is one in which one atom of a methane molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.<br>Ethane also reacts with chlorine in the same way as methane, producing successively chloroethane, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, pentachloroethane and hexachloroethane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first product formed when ethane reacts with chlorine is chloroethane (monochloroethane).<br>C2H6 (ethane) + Cl2 \u2192 C2H5Cl (monochloroethane) + HCl<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. Name the compounds formed when methane burns in :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) sufficient air,<br>(b) insufficient air.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Give a balanced equation.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) When methane burns in sufficient air (complete combustion), it forms carbon dioxide and water vapour.<br>CH\u2084 + 2O\u2082 \u2192 CO\u2082 + 2H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) When methane burns in an insufficient supply of air (oxygen), it forms carbon monoxide and water.<br>2CH\u2084 + 3O\u2082 \u2192 2CO + 4H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With still less oxygen, it forms carbon (soot) and water.<br>CH\u2084 + O\u2082 \u2192 C + 2H\u2082O (soot)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. Write the names and the formula of the products formed when:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) methane,<br>(b) ethane,<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>reacts with: (i) chlorine <\/strong><br><strong>(ii) bromine<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Write the chemical equations.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Methane<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(i) Reaction with chlorine:<br>Chloromethane [CH\u2083Cl] and Hydrochloric acid [HCl] are formed when methane reacts with chlorine.<br>CH\u2084 + Cl\u2082 \u2192 (diffused sunlight or 600 K) \u2192 CH\u2083Cl + HCl<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(ii) Reaction with bromine:<br>Bromomethane [CH\u2083Br] and Hydrogen bromide [HBr] are formed when methane reacts with bromine.<br>CH\u2084 + Br\u2082 \u2192 CH\u2083Br + HBr<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Ethane<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(i) Reaction with chlorine:<br>Chloroethane [C\u2082H\u2085Cl] and Hydrochloric acid [HCl] are formed when ethane reacts with chlorine.<br>C\u2082H\u2086 + Cl\u2082 \u2192 C\u2082H\u2085Cl + HCl<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(ii) Reaction with bromine:<br>Bromoethane [C\u2082H\u2085Br] and Hydrogen bromide [HBr] are formed when ethane reacts with bromine.<br>C\u2082H\u2086 + Br\u2082 \u2192 C\u2082H\u2085Br + HBr<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>11. Name the compound prepared from :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) sodium propionate, <\/strong><br><strong>(b) methyl iodide and<br>(c) ethyl bromide.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Write a balanced equation for the same.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) From sodium propionate:<br>Ethane is prepared.<br>CH\u2083CH\u2082COONa + NaOH \u2192 (CaO, 300\u00b0C) \u2192 Na\u2082CO\u2083 + C\u2082H\u2086\u2191 (Ethane)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) From methyl iodide:<br>Methane can be prepared by reduction.<br>CH\u2083I + 2[H] \u2192 CH\u2084 (Methane) + HI<br>Ethane can be prepared by the Wurtz reaction.<br>2CH\u2083I + 2Na \u2192 (dry ether) \u2192 CH\u2083\u2013CH\u2083 (Ethane) + 2NaI<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) From ethyl bromide:<br>Ethane can be prepared by reduction.<br>C\u2082H\u2085Br + 2[H] \u2192 C\u2082H\u2086 (Ethane) + HBr<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>12. Write the equation for the complete combustion of<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(i) methane <\/strong><br><strong>(ii) ethane.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (i) Methane:<br>CH\u2084 + 2O\u2082 \u2192 CO\u2082 + 2H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(ii) Ethane:<br>2C\u2082H\u2086 + 7O\u2082 \u2192 4CO\u2082 + 6H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>13. Convert:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) Methane into chloroform,<br>(b) Sodium acetate into methane,<br>(c) Methyl iodide into ethane,<br>(d) Methane to methyl alcohol<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Methane into chloroform (Trichloromethane):<br>CH\u2084 + Cl\u2082 \u2192 CH\u2083Cl + HCl<br>CH\u2083Cl + Cl\u2082 \u2192 CH\u2082Cl\u2082 + HCl<br>CH\u2082Cl\u2082 + Cl\u2082 \u2192 CHCl\u2083 (Chloroform) + HCl<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Sodium acetate (Sodium ethanoate) into methane:<br>CH\u2083COONa + NaOH \u2192 (CaO, 300\u00b0C) \u2192 Na\u2082CO\u2083 + CH\u2084\u2191 (Methane)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Methyl iodide into ethane:<br>2CH\u2083I + 2Na \u2192 (dry ether) \u2192 CH\u2083\u2013CH\u2083 (Ethane) + 2NaI<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Methane to methyl alcohol:<br>When a mixture of methane and oxygen in the ratio 9:1 by volume is compressed to about 120 atm pressure and passed over copper tubes at 475 K, methyl alcohol is formed.<br>2CH\u2084 + O\u2082 \u2192 (475 K, Cu tube, 120 atm) \u2192 2CH\u2083OH (Methyl alcohol)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>14. Give three uses of :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) methane,<br>(b) ethane.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Methane:<br>(i) Methane is a source of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.<br>(ii) It is used in the preparation of useful compounds like ethyne (acetylene), methanal (formal-dehyde), methanol, chloro-methane and tetrachloro-methane (carbon tetrachloride).<br>(iii) It is employed as a domestic fuel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Ethane:<br>(i) Ethane is used in the preparation of ethene, ethanol, ethanal (acetaldehyde) and ethanoic acid (acetic acid).<br>(ii) It forms ethyl chloride, which is used to make tetraethyllead. 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane is one solvent that is used a lot, in dry cleaning.<br>(iii) Ethane is also a good fuel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>15. Under what conditions does ethane get converted to :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) ethyl alcohol<\/strong><br><strong>(b) acetaldehyde,<br>(c) acetic acid.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Ethyl alcohol is obtained when ethane reacts with oxygen under a pressure of 120 atm and a temperature of 475 K, while being passed through copper tubes.<br>2C\u2082H\u2086 + O\u2082 \u2192 (Cu tube, 475 K, 120 atm) \u2192 2C\u2082H\u2085OH (Ethyl alcohol)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Acetaldehyde is formed when ethane reacts with oxygen in the presence of molybdenum oxide (MoO) as a catalyst.<br>C\u2082H\u2086 + O\u2082 \u2192 (MoO) \u2192 CH\u2083CHO (Acetaldehyde) + H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Acetic acid is produced in two steps. First, ethane reacts with oxygen under high pressure and temperature to form ethyl alcohol. Then, ethyl alcohol is oxidized in the presence of platinum at 300\u00b0C to form acetic acid.<br>2C\u2082H\u2086 + O\u2082 \u2192 (Cu tube, 475 K, 120 atm) \u2192 2C\u2082H\u2085OH (Ethyl alcohol)<br>C\u2082H\u2085OH + O\u2082 \u2192 (Pt, 300\u00b0C) \u2192 CH\u2083COOH (Acetic acid) + H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>16. Using appropriate catalysts, ethane can be oxidized to an alcohol, an aldehyde and an acid. Name the alcohol, aldehyde and acid formed when ethane is oxidized.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: When ethane is oxidized using appropriate catalysts:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The alcohol formed is ethyl alcohol (C\u2082H\u2085OH).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The aldehyde formed is ethanal (acetaldehyde, CH\u2083CHO).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The acid formed is ethanoic acid (acetic acid, CH\u2083COOH).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exercise C<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Write: (a) molecular formula, (b) electron dot formula and (c) structural formula of ethene (ethylene).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>(a) The molecular formula of ethene (ethylene) is C\u2082H\u2084.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) The electron dot formula of ethene is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjwnrsRcUXFNnwNBNHmhjFrwus9ZSk1XG6OF9iZQdE3V8SFdvrELev_APOYKFWVseHG2c6KC5Iy2it8R9hEyjRja_E_SbwrP1Ge7HybM0kPmxx0PhhVL5MyQg_B1sAX0PnFoAUVJONYyh_xCa4vIBsZFz39x7a3APiA2orVCWj7PMKjpRawOIhee9dKdMBj\/s1200\/109.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) The structural formula of ethene is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjcPMeF7evNyEFigt_5ZLnki2emI-OjCRD-wj_XEz0biOWLXyW5ACu1-vLwLbmAql4jYrsCVr54GtDYXG-JReS1bbrbbxPx7qz25gpUzCRpWzKSCTG9y_pgphwJkbHxsOzkM6StZUGYrRY3LSG7Hn4iQIsTM_3d9vK4Pj0mbrg_KLw-kfLlq2fOJ4a3YUzL\/s1200\/110.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. The molecules of alkene family are represented by a general formula CnH2n. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer the following:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) What do n and 2n signify ?<br>(b) What is the name of alkene when n = 4?<br>(c) What is the molecular formula of alkene when n = 4 ?<br>(d) What is the molecular formula of the alkene if there are ten H atoms in it ?<br>(e) What is the structural formula of the third member of the alkene family ?<br>(f) Write the molecular formula of lower and higher homologous of an alkene which contains four carbon atoms.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer:<\/strong> (a) In the general formula CnH2n for alkenes, &#8216;n&#8217; signifies the number of carbon atoms, and &#8216;2n&#8217; signifies the number of hydrogen atoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) When n = 4, the alkene is Butene.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) The molecular formula of alkene when n = 4 is C\u2084H\u2088.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(d) If an alkene has ten H atoms, then 2n = 10, so n = 5. The molecular formula is C\u2085H\u2081\u2080.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(e) The first member of the alkene family is Ethene (C\u2082H\u2084, n=2). The second member is Propene (C\u2083H\u2086, n=3). The third member is Butene (C\u2084H\u2088, n=4). A structural formula for Butene is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhPEpeQtHFBgclUZPRb2RTgD98TLBM2xCiu2QwUNTCs-yo2eRAuoV938L7-jVeMZJxgi_EnYA3lDDnOAHICoMquNjd2rHQrtxtPCHEzyOfxj8_TCOlQjgVUuHNmMa8RPcipQDPBJvSnMZoqoK1eKwqJLBi3tcktnvGhNJNn_88bh5dvUmQ3-vTUgKOMSwiZ\/s1200\/111.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(f) An alkene which contains four carbon atoms is Butene (C\u2084H\u2088).<br>The lower homologous (with three carbon atoms) is Propene (C\u2083H\u2086).<br>The higher homologous (with five carbon atoms) is Pentene (C\u2085H\u2081\u2080).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. (a) Distinguish between the saturated hydrocarbon ethane and the unsaturated hydrocarbon ethene by drawing their structural formulae.<br>(b) Draw the structures of isomers of butene and write their IUPAC names.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (a) Ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon, meaning all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds. Ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon, meaning it contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Structural formula of Ethane (C\u2082H\u2086):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEi5d54Nw2OgQafb05Q8JL2t0jSGfeq2rjlE2HCjc8YL80wcsFTPcR9qxfv0SG6hRsVESOyef5RmZVPpdWh48JzOtSfGOSfEyhO8DITAbuUJQozKIrV-yMqZ91VHlx-OiLSoQW4w5uws-tXKnPRbrYE_4ru-O0gEhVdla6KGzsLIDggu2Pm7f86n6AoKHYWQ\/s1200\/112.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Structural formula of Ethene (C\u2082H\u2084):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhGgGLILVpoABKr36HtkxF_s9HvgrNJPIcPgtzzTlFuEl0l3xTfKYPSiZ7o1pmwtr6KD1dyYIFFtYhq5AJzeDn8YWKzYcsa1mFu9W0QuEOgvi26fKinrs3tnopz5gJvhkyeCTp53xuTAtq_HkdW1LqYgmkQ0IzsDHYA1a5u0aaEIYDxCVhFqzBHjB-CI4kZ\/s1200\/113.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Butene (C\u2084H\u2088) has three isomers:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(i) CH\u2083CH\u2082CH = CH\u2082<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjrCP7Y6m-iM2x-OIgw3lxfAJXQnUYWK-EyLuLv34FseNKUdnreqj_c0UyvIUJ7msQUw4vfANqrZwqZL0Nyc5g1fqo-eyqCtNFMWrbKGl2DMMvQKLFROMW7OCN8KYZ_amjJCwkKsCCpLQxLaPumDDbn_Us-Q9TWMOiUF70T9Yh0JiPaeezteljoJk-PFuKL\/s1200\/83.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(ii) CH\u2083CH = CHCH\u2083<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhf7gnrsHN7uO-RVVLoN9ZewzfPJpgvT6QBgZvZthCdYfD0eWWXSmF4ddzps6OJfZK41NwwqXht-8OgwQ8ym6aGx1IdH0iTOqdLAdbYifDHE0hg7K5ZJGWPwwO2ZBLnCJz-VAIllEqpdGv35SyTyuUQzsccYVUVaXLCbt9Cy8mOJwRUOw_XXSRf-gjD79DD\/s1200\/84.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(iii) CH\u2082 = C \u2013 CH\u2083<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhTx8aoYclkgVwdT9BZJGnhK8EqrZ6oMdAl60ec1aIkMX8D5sAhiFQzY91Co-Zs8lN10hdsGavA3B4jMPRbbiglkw40Kjcxfo6wrbEPQLe8T4Qgi6qGqYF_9K0q3ZgibO21NH1sM7KMVN67n4be1KijyTuxvGU3wP9uq-RYgK0q81mOvWKu13iH-v8G4SC5\/s1200\/70.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Give a balanced equation for the lab. preparation of ethylene. How is the gas collected ?<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: The lab preparation of ethylene (ethene) can be done by the dehydration of ethyl alcohol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Balanced equation:<br>C\u2082H\u2085OH \u2192(Conc. H\u2082SO\u2084 (excess), 170\u00b0C)\u2192 C\u2082H\u2084 + H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The gas is collected by downward displacement of water because it is an inflammable gas and it is insoluble in water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. How is ethene prepared by:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) dehydrohalogenation reaction ?<br>(b) dehydration reaction ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Give equations and name the products formed.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer:<\/strong> (a) Dehydrohalogenation is the process in which a hydrogen halide is eliminated from an alkyl halide.<br>C\u2082H\u2085Br + KOH (alcoholic, hot, and concentrated) \u2192 C\u2082H\u2084 + KBr + H\u2082O<br>The products obtained are ethene, potassium bromide, and water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Dehydration is the process in which elements of water are eliminated from an alcohol. Concentrated sulphuric acid acts as the dehydrating agent.<br>C\u2082H\u2085OH \u2192(Conc. H\u2082SO\u2084 (excess), 170\u00b0C)\u2192 C\u2082H\u2084 + H\u2082O<br>The products formed are ethene and water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. (a) Ethene when reacts with halogens (chlorine and bromine) form saturated products. Name them and write balanced equations.<br>(b) Give the conditions and the main product formed by hydrogenation of ethene.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer:<\/strong> (a) When ethene reacts with halogens, addition occurs across the double bond, forming saturated dihaloalkanes.<br>Reaction with chlorine:<br>CH\u2082 = CH\u2082 + Cl\u2082 \u2192 CH\u2082Cl\u2013CH\u2082Cl<br>Product name: 1, 2-dichloroethane<br>Reaction with bromine:<br>CH\u2082 = CH\u2082 + Br\u2082 \u2192 CH\u2082Br\u2013CH\u2082Br<br>Product name: 1, 2-dibromoethane<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) For hydrogenation of ethene, ethene and hydrogen are passed over finely divided catalysts such as platinum or palladium at ordinary temperature or nickel at 200\u00b0C.<br>The main product formed is ethane (C\u2082H\u2086).<br>Equation: C\u2082H\u2084 + H\u2082 \u2192Ni, 200\u00b0C\u2192 C\u2082H\u2086<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Convert ethanol into ethene using<br>(a) solid dehydrating agent<br>(b) hot conc. H\u2082SO\u2084<br>Give only balanced equations.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer:<\/strong> (a) Using a solid dehydrating agent like alumina (Al\u2082O\u2083) at 350\u00b0C:<br>C\u2082H\u2085OH\u2192Al\u2082O\u2083, 350\u00b0C\u2192C\u2082H\u2084 + H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Using hot conc. H\u2082SO\u2084 at 170\u00b0C:<br>C\u2082H\u2085OH\u2192Conc. H\u2082SO\u2084, 170\u00b0C\u2192C\u2082H\u2084 + H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. Write the following properties of ethene :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) Physical state,<br>(b) Odour,<br>(c) Density as compared to air,<br>(d) Solubility.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer:<\/strong> (a) Physical state: Ethene is a colourless and inflammable gas.<br>(b) Odour: Ethene has a peculiar odour (faint sweetish smell).<br>(c) Density as compared to air: Ethene has a vapour density of 14.<br>(d) Solubility: It is sparingly soluble in water but highly soluble in organic solvents like alcohol, ether and chloroform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. How would you convert :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) ethyl bromide into ethene ?<br>(b) ethene into 1, 2-dibromoethane ?<br>(c) ethene into ethane ?<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer:<\/strong> (a) Ethyl bromide into ethene: By dehydrohalogenation using alcoholic hot conc. potassium hydroxide.<br>C\u2082H\u2085Br + KOH\u2192(alcoholic, hot and conc.)\u2192C\u2082H\u2084 + KBr + H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Ethene into 1, 2-dibromoethane: By addition of bromine to ethene.<br>CH\u2082 = CH\u2082 + Br\u2082 \u2192 CH\u2082Br\u2013CH\u2082Br<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Ethene into ethane: By hydrogenation of ethene using hydrogen gas with a nickel catalyst at 200\u00b0C.<br>C\u2082H\u2084 + H\u2082\u2192Ni, 200\u00b0C\u2192C\u2082H\u2086<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. Give balanced equations when :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) ethene is burnt in excess of oxygen.<br>(b) ethene reacts with chlorine gas. (2019)<br>(c) ethene combines with hydrogen chloride.<br>(d) a mixture of ethene and hydrogen is passed over nickel at 200\u00b0C.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer:<\/strong> (a) When ethene is burnt in excess of oxygen:<br>C\u2082H\u2084 + 3O\u2082 \u2192 2CO\u2082 + 2H\u2082O + Heat<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) When ethene reacts with chlorine gas:<br>CH\u2082 = CH\u2082 + Cl\u2082 \u2192 CH\u2082Cl\u2013CH\u2082Cl<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) When ethene combines with hydrogen chloride:<br>CH\u2082 = CH\u2082 + HCl (aq) \u2192 CH\u2083\u2013CH\u2082Cl<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(d) When a mixture of ethene and hydrogen is passed over nickel at 200\u00b0C:<br>C\u2082H\u2084 + H\u2082 \u2192Ni, 200\u00b0C\u2192C\u2082H\u2086<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>11. Give the formula and names of A, B, C and D in the following equations :<\/strong><br><strong><br>(a) CH\u2084\u2192Cl\u2082,-HCl\u2192A\u2192Cl\u2082,-HCl\u2192B\u2192Cl\u2082,-HCl\u2192C\u2192Cl\u2082,-HCl\u2192D<br>(b) C\u2082H\u2082\u2192H\u2082\u2192A\u2192H\u2082\u2192B\u2192Br\u2082,-HBr\u2192C\u2192Br\u2082,-HBr\u2192D<br>(c) C\u2082H\u2084 + B\u2192200\u00b0C, Ni\u2192C\u2082H\u2086<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer:<\/strong> (a) This reaction sequence describes the chlorination of methane.<br>A is CH\u2083Cl (Chloromethane or Methyl chloride)<br>B is CH\u2082Cl\u2082 (Dichloromethane)<br>C is CHCl\u2083 (Trichloromethane or Chloroform)<br>D is CCl\u2084 (Tetrachloromethane or Carbon tetrachloride)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Assuming the question intends sequential addition reactions:<br>C\u2082H\u2082 (Ethyne) H\u2082 A<br>A is C\u2082H\u2084 (Ethene)<br>A (C\u2082H\u2084) H\u2082 B<br>B is C\u2082H\u2086 (Ethane)<br>B (C\u2082H\u2086) HBr C (This step is substitution for an alkane)<br>C is C\u2082H\u2085Br (Bromoethane)<br>C (C\u2082H\u2085Br) Br\u2082,-HBr&gt; D<br>D is C\u2082H\u2084Br\u2082 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) C\u2082H\u2084 + B &gt;200\u00b0C, Ni&gt; C\u2082H\u2086<br>For this reaction to yield C\u2082H\u2086 (Ethane) from C\u2082H\u2084 (Ethene) by hydrogenation, B must be H\u2082 (Hydrogen gas).<br>So, B is H\u2082 (Hydrogen).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>12. Write the name and formula of the product formed in each case below:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) C\u2082H\u2084 + Cl\u2082 \u2192<br>(b) C\u2082H\u2085I + KOH (alc.) \u2192<br>(c) H\u2082C = CH\u2082 <strong>\u2192<\/strong>alk.KMnO\u2084<strong>\u2192<\/strong><br>(d) H\u2082C = CH\u2082 + HBr \u2192<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) C\u2082H\u2084 + Cl\u2082 \u2192<br>Product name: 1, 2-dichloroethane<br>Formula: CH\u2082Cl\u2013CH\u2082Cl<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) C\u2082H\u2085I + KOH (alc.) \u2192<br>Product name: Ethene (and KI, H\u2082O)<br>Formula: C\u2082H\u2084 (or H\u2082C = CH\u2082)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) H\u2082C = CH\u2082 alk.KMnO\u2084<br>Product name: 1, 2-Ethanediol (Ethylene glycol)<br>Formula: HO\u2013CH\u2082\u2013CH\u2082\u2013OH<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(d) H\u2082C = CH\u2082 + HBr \u2192<br>Product name: Bromoethane (Ethyl bromide)<br>Formula: CH\u2083\u2013CH\u2082Br<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>13. What do you observe when ethene is passed through alkaline KMnO\u2084 solution ?<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: When ethene is passed through alkaline KMnO\u2084 solution, the purple colour of KMnO\u2084 decolourises. This is because ethene is oxidised to 1, 2-Ethanediol (Ethylene glycol).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>14. Name three compounds formed by ethene and give one use of each compound.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Three compounds formed by ethene are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Polythene<\/strong>: <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use: Ethene is used in making polythene.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ethanol<\/strong>: <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use: Ethanol is used as a starting material for other products, mainly cosmetics and toiletry preparations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Epoxyethane<\/strong>:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use: It is used in making epoxyethane (used in the manufacture of detergents).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exercise D<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. What are the sources for alkynes? Give the general formula of alkynes.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The sources of alkynes are natural gas and petroleum. The general formula of alkynes is CnH2n-2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Give an example of isomers shown by triple bond hydrocarbons (alkynes) and write their IUPAC names.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: An example of isomerism shown by triple-bonded hydrocarbons (alkynes) is butyne, which exhibits position isomerism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(i) CH\u2083\u2013CH\u2082\u2013C\u2261CH<br>IUPAC Name: But-1-yne<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhYSl2_L1JmpLtBn7pateYHr18GDJTb6MWQ1rHJ9zDaDOg6UzAt32oLd5Q3yl8hcC3usQPGNAlwMIuFrdKpIInQfJ8QTI5rl6Jkj8p_ZXZRcRQ160hHQz2Vm1mYt8ak8V_JIf00f89zdSfbylXvQWmxvygn8Jj17htMidcXOlI4G2ZylgfGXM30Qzu4VgwW\/s1200\/77.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(ii) CH\u2083\u2013C\u2261C\u2013CH\u2083<br>IUPAC Name: But-2-yne<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEitT1GUQ_f832WxrXLXFIxZ5ErXTiMagJUFZDzEqqkACDXx0b8JIKfdggvfnQ1QU7GGALtdWtxLAt-FahKhCqXTM-COPYsgQiJy_5-5GceNlLl1NiYHLfG4TM5_PgAcCaDVzH3BqcRzI0BrULdnsoDQVW6YIpgaCdtTXAs0DVEZ9vs-QiHP70n4y-InJKbN\/s1200\/78.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. How is ethyne prepared in the laboratory?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) Draw a diagram.<br>(b) Give an equation.<br>(c) How is pure dry gas collected?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Ethyne is prepared in the laboratory using water and calcium carbide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a)<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEj0khyphenhyphentk_IfXttWo2UCNtW-J67qPgE-WNeMez3PYjHNFC5lgKj5Df78UHVBeBimvvyv6HW67yhhuYQn5EZSJyK3WDl5ZaX_DIHT-8qpw6gT2HH-KaibHIcpn-gprOt1kjK9hoSMgxNE8Mybud1Lqet0gsy75BJVolFdN88GaS8bD08cfDdJENREpTTAJqKG\/s1200\/116.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b)<\/strong> The equation for the laboratory preparation of ethyne is:<br>CaC2 + 2H2O \u2192 Ca(OH)2 + C2H2\u2191<br>Calcium carbide + Water \u2192 Calcium hydroxide + acetylene (ethyne)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c)<\/strong> The gas is collected by the downward displacement of water, since it is insoluble in water. Impurities like phosphine, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia and arsine are formed along with ethyne due to the contamination of calcium sulphide and calcium phosphide in calcium carbide. On passing through water, all impurities except phosphine are absorbed. Phosphine is absorbed by passing through acidified copper sulphate or acidified potassium dichromate solution. Flask should not contain air as ethyne forms explosive mixture with air. The air of the flask is displaced with oil or some inert gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Give the method of preparation of ethyne by: 1, 2-dibromoethane.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Ethyne is prepared from 1, 2-dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide). When 1, 2-dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide) is boiled with alcoholic potassium hydroxide, ethyne is formed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u2082H\u2084Br\u2082 + 2KOH \u2192(alcoholic, boiling, 200\u00b0C)\u2192 C\u2082H\u2082 + 2KBr + 2H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Name the organic compound which:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) is a tetrahedral molecule,<br>(b) is a planar molecule,<br>(c) is a linear molecule,<br>(d) forms a red precipitate with ammoniacal solution of copper (I) chloride,<br>(e) is known as paraffin,<br>(f) is known as olefin.<br>(g) will give ethyne (acetylene) gas when treated with water.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Methane (CH<sub>4<\/sub>) is a tetrahedral molecule.<br>(b) Ethene (C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub>) is a planar molecule.<br>(c) Ethyne (C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>2<\/sub>) is a linear molecule.<br>(d) Ethyne (acetylene) forms a red precipitate of copper acetylide with ammoniacal cuprous chloride.<br>(e) Alkanes are known as paraffins. For example, Methane.<br>(f) Alkenes are also called olefins. For example, Ethene.<br>(g) Calcium carbide (CaC<sub>2<\/sub>) will give ethyne (acetylene) gas when treated with water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. Classify the following compounds as alkanes, alkenes and alkynes: C<sub>3<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub>, C<sub>3<\/sub>H<sub>8<\/sub>, C<sub>5<\/sub>H<sub>8<\/sub>, C<sub>3<\/sub>H<sub>6<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C<sub>3<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub>: Alkyne (Propyne)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C<sub>3<\/sub>H<sub>8<\/sub>: Alkane (Propane)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C<sub>5<\/sub>H<sub>8<\/sub>: Alkyne (Pentyne)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C<sub>3<\/sub>H<sub>6<\/sub>: Alkene (Propene)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Give a chemical test to distinguish between<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) saturated and unsaturated compounds.<br>(b) ethane and ethene,<br>(c) ethene (ethylene) and ethyne (acetylene).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: <strong>(a) To distinguish between saturated and unsaturated compounds: <\/strong>Add a few drops of bromine solution in carbon tetrachloride to the hydrocarbon. If it is an unsaturated compound (like alkenes or alkynes), the reddish brown colour of bromine solution gets decolorised. If it is a saturated compound (like alkanes), no change is observed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alternatively, add a few drops of alkaline potassium permanganate (purple colour) to the hydrocarbon. If it is an unsaturated compound, the purple colour fades. If it is a saturated compound, no change is observed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) To distinguish between ethane and ethene: <\/strong>Add a few drops of bromine solution in carbon tetrachloride. With ethene (unsaturated), the reddish brown colour of bromine solution gets decolorised. With ethane (saturated), no change is observed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alternatively, add a few drops of alkaline potassium permanganate. With ethene, the purple colour fades. With ethane, no change is observed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) To distinguish between ethene (ethylene) and ethyne (acetylene): <\/strong>Add a few drops of ammoniacal cuprous chloride to the hydrocarbon. With ethyne, a red precipitate of copper acetylide is formed. With ethene, no change is observed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alternatively, add ammoniacal silver nitrate. With ethyne, a white precipitate of silver acetylide is formed. With ethene, no change is observed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. Compound X is bubbled through bromine dissolved in carbon tetrachloride;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhUSiYC0wBwfn3EscT3n0G-x3DD_SSNno3gkCde5BoMJseSDAFQTuAW6MCca9u1hZiXi3FfLHJQ7FmLlS2k9GOC3V3ATOrwzhosuUFq5cehVFrPsYVNB00AdXvhWrJnGgEkRt1meYFa3Pu8DLblcqCjqgckBtW2RYHX1Mx5Aqv4WPjRLzBeASG1i9wEamuG\/s1200\/118.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) Draw the structure of X.<br>(b) State your observation during the reaction.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: <strong>(a)<\/strong> The compound X is ethene. The structure of X (ethene) is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhGgGLILVpoABKr36HtkxF_s9HvgrNJPIcPgtzzTlFuEl0l3xTfKYPSiZ7o1pmwtr6KD1dyYIFFtYhq5AJzeDn8YWKzYcsa1mFu9W0QuEOgvi26fKinrs3tnopz5gJvhkyeCTp53xuTAtq_HkdW1LqYgmkQ0IzsDHYA1a5u0aaEIYDxCVhFqzBHjB-CI4kZ\/s1200\/113.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b)<\/strong> When compound X (ethene) is bubbled through bromine dissolved in carbon tetrachloride, the reddish brown colour of bromine disappears due to the formation of the colourless dibromo ethane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. Give balanced equations for the following conversions.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) An alkene to an alkane.<br>(b) An alkene to an alcohol.<br>(c) An alkyne to an alkene.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Conversion of an alkene to an alkane:<br>C\u2082H\u2084 + H\u2082 \u2192(Nickel, 300\u00b0C)\u2192 C\u2082H\u2086<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Conversion of an alkene to an alcohol:<br>C\u2082H\u2084 + H\u2082O \u2192(H\u2083PO\u2084, 300\u00b0C, 60 atm)\u2192 C\u2082H\u2085OH<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Conversion of an alkyne to an alkene:<br>C\u2082H\u2082 + H\u2082 \u2192(Nickel, 300\u00b0C)\u2192 C\u2082H\u2084<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. Name the products formed and write an equation when ethyne is added to the following in an inert solvent:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) chlorine,<br>(b) bromine,<br>(c) iodine,<br>(d) hydrogen.<br>(e) excess of hydrochloric acid.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Ethyne with chlorine:<br>Initially, 1,2-dichloroethene is produced, followed by the formation of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane.<br>CH\u2261CH + Cl\u2082 (in CCl\u2084) \u2192 CHCl=CHCl (1,2-dichloroethene)<br>CHCl=CHCl + Cl\u2082 (in CCl\u2084) \u2192 CHCl\u2082\u2013CHCl\u2082 (1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Ethyne with bromine:<br>First, 1,2-dibromoethene is formed, and then 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is obtained.<br>C\u2082H\u2082 + Br\u2082 (in CBr\u2084) \u2192 C\u2082H\u2082Br\u2082 (1,2-dibromoethene)<br>C\u2082H\u2082Br\u2082 + Br\u2082 (in CBr\u2084) \u2192 C\u2082H\u2082Br\u2084 (1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Ethyne with iodine:<br>This reaction forms 1,2-diiodoethene.<br>CH\u2261CH + I\u2082 \u2192 ICH=CHI (1,2-diiodoethene)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Ethyne with hydrogen:<br>Ethyne first forms ethene, which on further hydrogenation gives ethane.<br>CH\u2261CH + H\u2082 \u2192(Ni)\u2192 CH\u2082=CH\u2082 (Ethene)<br>CH\u2082=CH\u2082 + H\u2082 \u2192(Ni)\u2192 CH\u2083\u2013CH\u2083 (Ethane)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(e) Ethyne with excess hydrochloric acid:<br>Chloroethene is formed first, followed by 1,1-dichloroethane.<br>CH\u2261CH + HCl \u2192 CH\u2082=CHCl (Chloroethene)<br>CH\u2082=CHCl + HCl \u2192 CH\u2083\u2013CHCl\u2082 (1,1-dichloroethane)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>11. Substitution reactions are characteristic reactions of ____ (alkynes\/alkenes\/alkanes).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Substitution reactions are characteristic reactions of alkanes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>12. (a) Write an equation for the laboratory preparation of<br>(i) an unsaturated hydrocarbon from calcium carbide. <\/strong><br><strong>(ii) an alcohol from ethyl bromide.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) What would you see, when ethyne is bubbled through a solution of bromine in carbon tetrachloride?<br>(c) Name the addition product formed between ethene and water.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: <strong>(a) (i) Equation for the laboratory preparation of an unsaturated hydrocarbon (ethyne) from calcium carbide:<br><\/strong>CaC\u2082 + 2H\u2082O \u2192 Ca(OH)\u2082 + C\u2082H\u2082\u2191<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) (ii) Equation for the laboratory preparation of an alcohol (ethanol) from ethyl bromide:<br><\/strong>C\u2082H\u2085Br + KOH (aqueous) \u2192(boiling)\u2192 C\u2082H\u2085OH + KBr<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b)<\/strong> When ethyne is bubbled through a solution of bromine in carbon tetrachloride, its reddish brown colour disappears due to the formation of addition products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c)<\/strong> The addition product formed between ethene and water is ethanol (C2H5OH).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>13. Give reasons:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) Ethyne is more reactive than ethene.<br>(b) Ethene is more reactive than ethane.<br>(c) Hydrocarbons are excellent fuels.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: <strong>(a)<\/strong> Ethyne is more reactive than ethene due to the presence of a triple bond between its two carbon atoms, which breaks up easily for addition reactions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b)<\/strong> Ethene is more reactive than ethane because ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon with a double bond which can undergo addition reactions, while ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon and undergoes substitution reactions which are generally slower.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c)<\/strong> Hydrocarbons are excellent fuels because they burn in air or oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour, and a large amount of heat is also given out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>14. (a) Write balanced equations<br>(i) when butane is burnt in oxygen<br>(ii) for preparation of ethylene from ethyl alcohol.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) (i) Convert ethyne to tetrabromoethane<br>(ii) Convert ethyne to ethane<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) (i) When butane is burned in oxygen, carbon dioxide and water are formed.<br>2C\u2084H\u2081\u2080 + 13O\u2082 \u2192 8CO\u2082 + 10H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) (ii) Ethylene (ethene) can be prepared from ethyl alcohol by dehydration.<br>C\u2082H\u2085OH \u2192(Conc. H\u2082SO\u2084 \/ 170\u00b0C)\u2192 C\u2082H\u2084 + H\u2082O<br>or<br>C\u2082H\u2085OH \u2192(Al\u2082O\u2083 \/ 350\u00b0C)\u2192 C\u2082H\u2084 + H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) (i) Ethyne can be converted to tetrabromoethane by addition of bromine.<br>C\u2082H\u2082 + 2Br\u2082 \u2192 C\u2082H\u2082Br\u2084 (1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) (ii) Ethyne can be hydrogenated to ethane in the presence of a nickel catalyst.<br>C\u2082H\u2082 + 2H\u2082 \u2192(Ni)\u2192 C\u2082H\u2086<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>15. (a) Write the equation for the preparation of carbon tetrachloride from methane.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>(b) Draw the structural formula of ethyne.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>(c) How is the structure of alkynes different from that of alkenes?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) CH\u2084 + Cl\u2082 \u2192(diffused sunlight)\u2192 CH\u2083Cl + HCl<br>CH\u2083Cl + Cl\u2082 \u2192 CH\u2082Cl\u2082 + HCl<br>CH\u2082Cl\u2082 + Cl\u2082 \u2192 CHCl\u2083 + HCl<br>CHCl\u2083 + Cl\u2082 \u2192 CCl\u2084 + HCl<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Structural formula of ethyne:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H \u2013 C \u2261 C \u2013 H<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) The structure of alkynes is different from that of alkenes in that alkynes contain a triple bond, i.e., acetylenic bond, between two carbon atoms, while alkenes contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exercise E<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. (a) What are alcohols? State their sources.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Alcohols are the hydroxyl (-OH) derivatives of alkanes. They are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkane with an OH group.<br>Since alcohols are not found naturally in the earth&#8217;s atmosphere, they are obtained by artificial synthesis in the laboratory. For example, methanol (wood spirit) is obtained from destructive distillation of wood, while ethanol is obtained by fermentation of sugar. Cracking of petroleum is a source of ethane, which is used for preparing ethanol. Ethyl alcohol is an essential constituent of all wines and is called SPIRIT OF WINE. It is obtained from starchy grain and is also known as GRAIN ALCOHOL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) Give general formulae of monohydric alcohol.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: The general formula of monohydric alcohols is C<sub>n<\/sub>H<sub>2n+1<\/sub>OH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Give the<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) dot diagram of first member of alcohol<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Methyl alcohol (CH\u2083OH) is the first member of the alcohol series.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjdJYuFLcSNVFqU7Kk9-28P1WpRnukAkI6_qUURbNJ8k5ScesH67KqspYfQtAeLMU-LmW9DuvTaX_TjF1SawyKkIrFDv_RQjYzI8RGj227wfUmyRAh-3QwdVKhaYxKI0CFFvsOz8Cvy4t5U-EGFAeU-8geNT8HO1VzJUxL6rAlHYdEZeSzgcmfherpfuJsl\/s1200\/119.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) abbreviated formula of third member of alcohol<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: The abbreviated formula of the third member of the alcohol group, propyl alcohol, is CH<sub>3<\/sub>-CH<sub>2<\/sub>-CH<sub>2<\/sub>-OH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) structure of second member of the alcohol group<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgz9RqwgAT2uydpdZsfVCR56VT59YrYNu8IK29Bpq9lmwkl1YL8-cE6JlbCLQ_f6iUvlykgkaHR4Jz_TiEZPKjPZ6FzfyFPDyz9xphZ5Awju2FhlyCHtyNRbJ1ctg5XP5dPMATAvJC14sgRNqgxwetqmJE0jIX9hQt55gkNVh-KoBYT0K_ZYkS2N58sxtdb\/s1200\/132.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(d) structure of alcohol with 4 carbon atoms.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjmb2HNrkYi2o8uROz9jgCGeGoIR-jkIGl3mZkxEdcM8chjWJvPFAb1rFtAvl1WrsyJZbLReqWSUrY2j8TD7zHC3xYjaDXgPt0E31m2ze8TccSkmgWxKCToNT_ogrbixmtlXwhd-xwOEyIhWwLX5PJ_t_Z6bz339z3fkNxHL986A0Gi-vpHBc8ztzK4yP7m\/s1200\/121.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. State the method of preparation of ethanol :<br>(a) by hydrolysis of ethene,<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: When concentrated sulphuric acid is added to ethene (obtained from cracking of petroleum) at a temperature of 80\u00b0C and pressure of 30 atm, ethyl hydrogen sulphate is produced. Ethyl hydrogen sulphate, on hydrolysis with boiling water, gives ethanol.<br>C\u2082H\u2084 + H\u2082SO\u2084 \u2192(80\u00b0C, 30 atm)\u2192 C\u2082H\u2085HSO\u2084<br>C\u2082H\u2085HSO\u2084 + H\u2082O (boiling) \u2192 C\u2082H\u2085OH + H\u2082SO\u2084<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alternatively, ethanol is produced when ethene is heated with water at 300\u00b0C and 60 atmospheric pressure in presence of phosphoric acid (catalyst).<br>C\u2082H\u2084 + H\u2082O \u2192(H\u2083PO\u2084, 300\u00b0C, 60 atm)\u2192 C\u2082H\u2085OH<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) by hydrolysis of ethyl bromide.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Ethanol can be prepared by the hydrolysis of ethyl bromide (an alkyl halide\/haloalkane) on reaction with a hot dilute alkali or when an alkyl halide is boiled with aqueous alkalis. For example, with aqueous NaOH: C\u2082H\u2085Br + NaOH (aqueous) \u2192(boil)\u2192 C\u2082H\u2085OH + NaBr<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Halo alkanes react with alkalies to produce alcohol. Give the equation for the preparation of second member of homologous series of alcohol. State under what condition the reaction occurs.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Haloalkanes react with alkalies to produce alcohol. The equation for the preparation of the second member of the homologous series of alcohol (ethanol) from an ethyl halide like ethyl chloride using an alkali like KOH is: C\u2082H\u2085Cl + KOH (aqueous) \u2192(boil)\u2192 C\u2082H\u2085OH + KCl<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The reaction occurs when the alkyl halide is boiled with aqueous alkali.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. (a) How do the boiling point and melting point change in the homologous series of alcohols ?<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: In the homologous series of alcohols, their boiling point increases with an increase in molecular weight. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) Name the product formed when ethanol reacts with acetic acid. Give an equation.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: When ethanol reacts with ethanoic (acetic) acid in the presence of conc. H2SO4 at high temperature, the product formed is ethyl acetate (an ester).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The equation is: C\u2082H\u2085OH + CH\u2083COOH \u2192(conc. H\u2082SO\u2084, \u0394)\u2192 CH\u2083COOC\u2082H\u2085 + H\u2082O<br>(Ethanol) (Acetic acid) (Ethyl acetate)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) What is the name given to this type of reaction ?<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: The reaction where alcohols react with ethanoic (acetic) acid to produce esters is known as esterification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. Complete and balance the following equations. State the conditions wherever necessary.<\/strong><br><strong><br>(a) CH\u2261CH + H\u2082 \u2192 _______ + H\u2082 \u2192 _______<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: CH\u2261CH + H\u2082 \u2192(Ni) CH\u2082=CH\u2082<br>(Ethyne) (Ethene)<br>CH\u2082=CH\u2082 + H\u2082 \u2192(Ni) CH\u2083-CH\u2083<br>(Ethene) (Ethane)<br>Conditions: Nickel (Ni) catalyst. This is catalytic hydrogenation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) C\u2082H\u2084 + Br\u2082 \u2192 _______<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: C\u2082H\u2084 + Br\u2082 \u2192 CH\u2082Br-CH\u2082Br (or C\u2082H\u2084Br\u2082)<br>(Ethene) (1, 2-dibromoethane)<br>Condition: This reaction occurs at room temperature, often in an inert solvent like CCl\u2084.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) C\u2082H\u2084 + HCl \u2192 _______<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: C\u2082H\u2084 + HCl (aq) \u2192 CH\u2083\u2013CH\u2082Cl<br>(Ethene) (Ethyl chloride or chloroethane)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(d) CaC\u2082 + H\u2082O \u2192 _______<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: CaC\u2082 + 2H\u2082O \u2192 Ca(OH)\u2082 + C\u2082H\u2082\u2191<br>(Calcium carbide) (Calcium hydroxide) (Ethyne\/acetylene)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(e) C\u2082H\u2082 + Br\u2082 \u2192 _______<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: C\u2082H\u2082 + Br\u2082 (from CBr\u2084) \u2192 CHBr=CHBr (1,2-dibromoethene)<br>CHBr=CHBr + Br\u2082 (from CBr\u2084) \u2192 CHBr\u2082-CHBr\u2082 (1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane)<br>(Ethyne)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(f) C\u2082H\u2085OH \u2192([O], K\u2082Cr\u2082O\u2087) _______<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: C\u2082H\u2085OH + [O] \u2192(K\u2082Cr\u2082O\u2087\/H\u207a) CH\u2083CHO + H\u2082O<br>(Ethyl alcohol) (Ethanal\/Acetaldehyde)<br>CH\u2083CHO + [O] \u2192(K\u2082Cr\u2082O\u2087\/H\u207a) CH\u2083COOH<br>(Ethanal\/Acetaldehyde) (Ethanoic acid\/Acetic acid)<br>The overall reaction can be considered as C\u2082H\u2085OH + 2[O] \u2192(K\u2082Cr\u2082O\u2087\/H\u207a) CH\u2083COOH + H\u2082O<br>Condition: Acidified potassium dichromate (K\u2082Cr\u2082O\u2087) as an oxidising agent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. What is the effect of ethanol on human body ?<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Ethyl alcohol affects the part of the brain which controls our muscular movements. It gives temporary relief from tiredness, but it damages the liver and kidney too in excess quantities. Spurious alcohol, which contains large proportions of methanol, is fatal for human consumption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. How are the following obtained :<br>(a) absolute alcohol,<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Absolute alcohol may be obtained by distilling moist alcohol (95% pure ethanol) with benzene (an organic solvent). The mixture of water and benzene distills off and anhydrous alcohol (absolute alcohol) is left behind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) spurious alcohol,<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Spurious alcohol is illicit liquor made by improper distillation. It contains large proportions of methanol in a mixture of alcohols.<br><br><strong>(b) spurious alcohol,<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Spurious alcohol is illicit liquor made by improper distillation. It contains large proportions of methanol in a mixture of alcohols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) methylated spirit ?<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Methylated spirit or denatured alcohol is ethyl alcohol with 5% methyl alcohol, a coloured dye and some pyridine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. Name the products formed and give appropriate chemical equations for the following:<br>(a) Sodium reacting with ethyl alcohol.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: When sodium reacts with ethyl alcohol at room temperature, hydrogen is evolved with the formation of sodium ethoxide.<br>Product formed: Sodium ethoxide and Hydrogen gas.<br>Chemical equation: 2C\u2082H\u2085OH + 2Na \u2192 2C\u2082H\u2085ONa + H\u2082\u2191<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) Ethanol oxidised by acidified potassium dichromate.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: When ethanol is oxidised by acidified potassium dichromate, it first gets converted into ethanal (acetaldehyde) and then further changes into ethanoic acid (acetic acid).<br>Products formed: Ethanal (acetaldehyde) and Ethanoic acid (acetic acid).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chemical equations:<br>C\u2082H\u2085OH + [O] \u2192(K\u2082Cr\u2082O\u2087\/H\u207a) CH\u2083CHO + H\u2082O<br>CH\u2083CHO + [O] \u2192(K\u2082Cr\u2082O\u2087\/H\u207a) CH\u2083COOH<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. Give the trivial (common) names and the IUPAC names of the following:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) C\u2083H\u2086,<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Trivial (common) name: Propylene<br>IUPAC name: Propene<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) C\u2082H\u2084,<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Trivial (common) name: Ethylene<br>IUPAC name: Ethene<br><br><strong>(b) C\u2082H\u2084,<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Trivial (common) name: Ethylene<br>IUPAC name: Ethene<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) C\u2082H\u2082,<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Trivial (common) name: Acetylene<br>IUPAC name: Ethyne<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(d) CH\u2083OH,<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Trivial (common) name: Methyl alcohol (also Wood spirit)<br>IUPAC name: Methanol<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(e) C\u2082H\u2085OH.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Trivial (common) name: Ethyl alcohol (also Spirit of Wine, Grain alcohol)<br>IUPAC name: Ethanol<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>11. Ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid. Write the equation and name the oxidising agent.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: When ethanol is treated with an oxidizing agent such as acidified potassium dichromate under high pressure and low temperature, it gets oxidized to ethanoic acid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u2082H\u2085OH \u2014[O], K\u2082Cr\u2082O\u2087\u2192 CH\u2083CHO \u2014[O], K\u2082Cr\u2082O\u2087\u2192 CH\u2083COOH<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) first forms ethanal (acetaldehyde), which on further oxidation yields ethanoic acid (acetic acid).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>12. Name an organic compound which is :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) used for illuminating country houses,<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Ethyne (acetylene) is used as an illuminant in oxy-acetylene lamp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) used for making a household plastic material,<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Ethene is used in making polythene, a household plastic material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) called &#8216;wood spirit&#8217;,<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Methanol is called &#8216;wood spirit&#8217;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(d) poisonous and contain OH group,<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Methanol is poisonous and contains an OH group. (Ethyl alcohol in excess is also harmful, and spurious alcohol containing methanol is fatal).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(e) consumed as a drink,<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Ethyl alcohol is consumed as a drink in alcoholic beverages like whisky, wine and beer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(f) used in thermometer<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Ethyl alcohol is used in thermometers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(g) solvent for gums and resins,<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Ethyl alcohol is a good solvent for gums and resins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(h) dehydrated to produce ethene.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Ethyl alcohol is dehydrated to produce ethene.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>13. Ethanol can be converted into ethene which can be changed into ethane. Choose the correct word or phrase from the brackets to complete the following sentences.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) The conversion of ethanol into ethene is an example of _______ (dehydration, dehydrogenation).<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: The conversion of ethanol into ethene is an example of dehydration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) Converting ethanol into ethene requires the use of _______ (conc. HCl, conc. HNO\u2083, conc. H\u2082SO\u2084).<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Converting ethanol into ethene requires the use of conc. H\u2082SO\u2084.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) The conversion of ethene into ethane is an example of _______ (hydration, hydrogenation).<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: The conversion of ethene into ethane is an example of hydrogenation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(d) The catalyst used in the conversion of ethene into ethane is commonly _______ (iron, nickel, cobalt).<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: The catalyst used in the conversion of ethene into ethane is commonly nickel. (Platinum or palladium can also be used).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>14. Write the equations for the following lab. preparations:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) Ethane from sodium propionate,<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: C\u2082H\u2085COONa + NaOH \u2014(CaO, 300\u00b0C)\u2192 C\u2082H\u2086 + Na\u2082CO\u2083<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) Ethene from Iodoethane,<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: C\u2082H\u2085I + KOH (alcoholic) \u2014(boil)\u2192 H\u2082C=CH\u2082 + KI + H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) Ethyne from calcium carbide,<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: CaC\u2082 + 2H\u2082O \u2192 C\u2082H\u2082 + Ca(OH)\u2082<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(d) Methanol from Iodomethane.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: CH\u2083I + NaOH \u2192 CH\u2083OH + NaI<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>15. Name the compound prepared by each of the following reactions:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(i) C\u2082H\u2085COONa + NaOH \u2192<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Ethane (C\u2082H\u2086)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(ii) CH\u2083I + 2H \u2192<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Methane (CH\u2084)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(iii) C\u2082H\u2085Br + KOH (alcoholic solution) \u2192<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Ethene (C\u2082H\u2084)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(iv) CO + 2H\u2082 (Zinc oxide catalyst) \u2192<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Methanol (CH\u2083OH)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(v) CaC\u2082 + 2H\u2082O \u2192<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Ethyne (C\u2082H\u2082)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>16. Write the equations for the following reactions :<br>(a) Calcium carbide and water.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: CaC\u2082 + 2H\u2082O \u2192 Ca(OH)\u2082 + C\u2082H\u2082\u2191<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) Ethene and water (steam).<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: C\u2082H\u2084 + H\u2082O \u2192(H\u2083PO\u2084, 300\u00b0C, 60 atm) C\u2082H\u2085OH<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) Bromoethane and an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: C\u2082H\u2085Br + NaOH (aqueous) \u2192(boil) C\u2082H\u2085OH + NaBr<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exercise F<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. What are carboxylic acids? Give their general formula.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: An organic compound containing the carboxyl group (\u2013COOH) is known as carboxylic acid. These compounds possess acidic properties.<br>The general formula for carboxylic acids is C\u2099H\u2082\u2099\u208a\u2081COOH or RCOOH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Write the names of:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) first three members of carboxylic acid series.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The first three members of the carboxylic acid series are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(i) Formic acid (IUPAC name: Methanoic acid)<br>(ii) Acetic acid (IUPAC name: Ethanoic acid)<br>(iii) Propionic acid (IUPAC name: Propanoic acid)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) three compounds which can be oxidised directly, or in stages to produce acetic acid.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Three compounds which can be oxidised directly, or in stages to produce acetic acid (ethanoic acid) are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(i) Ethane (oxidises to ethyl alcohol, then ethanal, then ethanoic acid)<br>(ii) Ethyl alcohol (Ethanol) (oxidised to ethanal, then ethanoic acid)<br>(iii) Ethanal (Acetaldehyde) (oxidised to ethanoic acid)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. (a) Give the structural formulae of acetic acid.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjfcP_AJgfWL1MooNrthb3xyOZiFwWhSjljV9peIeB_8PAW6FbTnFJA8e1xhXT6yRSozLUSYlzIbLIELbg1FHlOFE4wLGw4lJDf-TRIvfAsc9Rq94DryFv6POHyp44SkRmFMMVUzSzlRoVBOc1PUyCWDeWXH5sg63vZPwnN_0gto5WuBz8RuAIN7PDkLa8n\/s1200\/122.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) IUPAC name of acetic acid.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name of acetic acid is ethanoic acid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) What is glacial acetic acid?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The anhydrous acetic acid on cooling forms a crystalline mass resembling ice; its melting point is 17\u00b0C and for this reason, it is called glacial acetic acid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Vinegar is greyish in colour with a particular taste. Explain.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The presence of a colouring matter gives vinegar a greyish or reddish or brownish colour while the presence of some other organic compound imparts it the usual taste and flavour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Complete:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) Vinegar is prepared by the bacterial oxidation of &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Vinegar is prepared by the bacterial oxidation of ethanol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) The organic acid present in vinegar is &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The organic acid present in vinegar is ethanoic acid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) The next higher homologue of ethanoic acid is &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The next higher homologue of ethanoic acid is propanoic acid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. How is acetic acid prepared from<\/strong> <strong>(a) ethanol and (b) acetylene?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: <strong>(a) From Ethanol<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ethanol can be converted to ethanoic acid (acetic acid) through oxidation. The reaction is carried out using a strong oxidizing agent, such as acidified potassium dichromate (K\u2082Cr\u2082O\u2087). The process occurs in two steps: ethanol is first oxidized to ethanal (acetaldehyde), which is then immediately oxidized further to ethanoic acid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Oxidation of Ethanol to Ethanal<\/strong><br>C\u2082H\u2085OH + [O] \u2192 CH\u2083CHO<br>(Ethanol) (Ethanal \/ Acetaldehyde)<br><em>Reagent used: K\u2082Cr\u2082O\u2087<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Oxidation of Ethanal to Ethanoic Acid<\/strong><br>CH\u2083CHO + [O] \u2192 CH\u2083COOH<br>(Ethanal \/ Acetaldehyde) (Ethanoic Acid \/ Acetic Acid)<br><em>Reagent used: K\u2082Cr\u2082O\u2087<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) From Acetylene<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is a two-stage industrial process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Conversion of Acetylene to Ethanal<\/strong><br>First, acetylene is hydrated to form ethanal (acetaldehyde). This is done by passing acetylene gas through a 40% sulfuric acid (H\u2082SO\u2084) solution at 60\u00b0C in the presence of 1% mercury(II) sulfate (HgSO\u2084) as a catalyst.C\u2082H\u2082 + H\u2082O \u2192 CH\u2083CHO<br>(Acetylene) (Ethanal \/ Acetaldehyde)<br><em>Catalysts: H\u2082SO\u2084 (dilute), HgSO\u2084<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Oxidation of Ethanal to Ethanoic Acid<\/strong><br>The ethanal produced is then oxidized to ethanoic acid. This is achieved by passing a mixture of ethanal vapour and air (oxygen) over a manganese acetate catalyst at 70\u00b0C.2CH\u2083CHO + O\u2082 \u2192 2CH\u2083COOH<br>(Ethanal \/ Acetaldehyde) (Ethanoic Acid \/ Acetic Acid)<br><em>Conditions: Heat (\u0394) and a catalyst<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. What do you notice when acetic acid reacts with<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) litmus,<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: When acetic acid reacts with litmus, it turns moist blue litmus red.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) metals,<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: When acetic acid reacts with active metals (i.e., Zn and Mg), hydrogen gas is evolved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) alkalies,<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: When acetic acid reacts with alkalis, it forms salt and water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(d) alcohol?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: When ethanoic acid (acetic acid) reacts with alcohol in the presence of a dehydrating agent like conc. H\u2082SO\u2084, it forms an ester, which has a pleasant fruity smell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. Acetic acid is a typical acid. Write one equation in each case for its reaction with<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) a metal,<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: 2CH\u2083COOH + Zn \u2192 (CH\u2083COO)\u2082Zn + H\u2082\u2191 (Zinc acetate)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) a base\/alkali,<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: CH\u2083COOH + NaOH \u2192 CH\u2083COONa + H\u2082O (Sod. acetate)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) a carbonate,<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: 2CH\u2083COOH + Na\u2082CO\u2083 \u2192 2CH\u2083COONa + H\u2082O + CO\u2082\u2191<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(d) a bicarbonate.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: CH\u2083COOH + NaHCO\u2083 \u2192 CH\u2083COONa + H\u2082O + CO\u2082\u2191<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. What do you observe when acetic acid is added to :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) sodium bicarbonate,<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: When acetic acid is added to sodium bicarbonate, it liberates brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) ethyl alcohol in the presence of sulphuric acid,<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: When acetic acid is warmed with ethyl alcohol in the presence of conc. sulphuric acid, a pleasant fruity smell of ethyl acetate (an ester) is produced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) neutral FeCl\u2083 solution ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: On adding acetic acid to neutral iron (III) chloride solution, a wine red colour is produced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. Name:<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>(a) compound formed when acetic acid and ethanol react together.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The compound formed when acetic acid and ethanol react together is ethyl acetate (an ester).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) substance used to change acetic acid to acetic anhydride.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The substance used to change acetic acid to acetic anhydride is phosphorus pentoxide, upon heating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Exercise\"><strong>Exercise<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"MCQs\"><strong>MCQs<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Which of the following statements is wrong about alkanes ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) They are all saturated hydrocarbons.<br>(b) They can undergo addition as well as substitution reaction.<br>(c) They are almost non polar in nature.<br>(d) On complete combustion give out carbon dioxide and water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (b) They can undergo addition as well as substitution reaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. The organic compound obtained as the end product of the fermentation of sugar solution is :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Methanol<br>(b) Ethanol<br>(c) Ethane<br>(d) Methanoic acid<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (b) Ethanol<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. An organic compound undergoes addition reactions and gives a red colour precipitate with ammoniacal cuprous chloride. Therefore, the organic compound could be :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Ethane<br>(b) Ethene<br>(c) Ethyne<br>(d) Ethanol<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (c) Ethyne<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. An organic weak acid is :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Formic acid<br>(b) Sulphuric acid<br>(c) Nitric acid<br>(d) Hydrochloric acid<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (a) Formic acid<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. The organic compound mixed with ethanol to make it spurious is:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Methanol<br>(b) Methanoic acid<br>(c) Methanal<br>(d) Ethanoic acid<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (a) Methanol<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. The functional group present in acetic acid is :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Ketonic &gt;C = O<br>(b) Hydroxyl \u2013 OH<br>(c) Aldehydic \u2013 CHO<br>(d) Carboxyl \u2013 COOH<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (d) Carboxyl \u2013 COOH<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. The unsaturated hydrocarbons undergo :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) a substitution reaction<br>(b) an oxidation reaction<br>(c) an addition reaction<br>(d) none of the above<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (c) an addition reaction<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. The number of C-H bonds in ethane molecule are:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Four<br>(b) Six<br>(c) Eight<br>(d) Ten<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (b) Six<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. Hydrocarbon which is a greenhouse gas is :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Butane<br>(b) Ethylene<br>(c) Ethane<br>(d) Methane<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (d) Methane<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. The I.U.P.A.C. name of acetylene is :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) propane<br>(b) propyne<br>(c) ethene<br>(d) ethyne<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (d) ethyne<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>11. The organic compound having a double carbon-carbon bond is:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) C\u2084H\u2081\u2080<br>(b) C\u2085H\u2081\u2080<br>(c) C\u2083H\u2084<br>(d) C\u2083H\u2088<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (b) C\u2085H\u2081\u2080<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>12. An example of a cyclic organic compound is :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Pentene<br>(b) Butene<br>(c) Benzene<br>(d) Propene<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (c) Benzene<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>13. The IUPAC name of methyl acetylene is :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Propyne<br>(b) Ethene<br>(c) Propane<br>(d) Ethyne<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (a) Propyne<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>14. The structures of four hydrocarbons are shown below:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhygkpAZE1DdAls6d7pvK0G5SvFDP7btO29FYwZeW0vrU46n1PnWFapPtR1mMw5KJ4WBpG1Q_GGb149rhbKYA8uXPTF7l4qbWZ6XWhOgLh2B08a7BHmAhY7-oiIlr1gwEjxefWC83YAprfpdqzprRReTlmY3mEdnastHtor_3LqVEEErBxs0ssDLVi7vtW2\/s1200\/124.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How many isomers of butene are there?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1<br>(b) 2<br>(c) 3<br>(d) 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (b) 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>15. Which of the following is the best reagent to distinguish between ethylene and acetylene ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>P Bromine water<br>Q Ammoniacal silver nitrate solution<br>R Acidified potassium dichromate solution<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Only P<br>(b) Only Q<br>(c) Both P and Q<br>(d) Both Q and R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (b) Only Q<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>16. Which of the following molecules contains &gt;C = C&lt; bond between adjacent carbon atoms ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>P C\u2084H\u2088<br>Q C\u2083H\u2084<br>R C\u2083H\u2086<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Only P<br>(b) Only R<br>(c) Both P and R<br>(d) Both P and Q<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (c) Both P and R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>17. Assertion (A): Carbon shows catenation.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Reason (R) : Catenation is the property of self linking by covalent bonds.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(2) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.<br>(3) A is true but R is false.<br>(4) A is false but R is true.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) (1)<br>(b) (2)<br>(c) (3)<br>(d) (4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (b) (2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>18. Assertion (A): Alkynes show addition reactions.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Reason (R) : Alkanes show substitution reactions.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(2) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.<br>(3) A is true but R is false.<br>(4) A is false but R is true.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) (1)<br>(b) (2)<br>(c) (3)<br>(d) (4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (b) (2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>19. Assertion (A): The members of a homologous series can be prepared by using the same general method.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Reason (R): The members of a homologous series have the same physical properties.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(2) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.<br>(3) A is true but R is false.<br>(4) A is false but R is true.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) (1)<br>(b) (2)<br>(c) (3)<br>(d) (4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (c) (3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>20. Assertion (A): The brown colour of bromine fades when it is added to ethylene.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Reason (R): Ethylene shows substitution reactions.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(2) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.<br>(3) A is true but R is false.<br>(4) A is false but R is true.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) (1)<br>(b) (2)<br>(c) (3)<br>(d) (4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (c) (3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>21. Assertion (A): Acetylene burns with a sooty flame.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Reason (R): Acetylene contains a greater carbon content.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(2) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.<br>(3) A is true but R is false.<br>(4) A is false but R is true.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) (1)<br>(b) (2)<br>(c) (3)<br>(d) (4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (a) (1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>22. Assertion (A): On adding ammoniacal silver nitrate to ethyne, it gives a white precipitate.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Reason (R) : The above reaction forms silver acetylide.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(2) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.<br>(3) A is true but R is false.<br>(4) A is false but R is true.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) (1)<br>(b) (2)<br>(c) (3)<br>(d) (4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (a) (1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>23. Assertion (A): Carboxylic acids react with alcohol in presence of concentrated H\u2082SO\u2084 to produce a fruity smell.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Reason (R) : It is due to the formation of an aldehyde.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.<br>(2) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.<br>(3) A is true but R is false.<br>(4) A is false but R is true.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) (1)<br>(b) (2)<br>(c) (3)<br>(d) (4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (c) (3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Very_Short_Answer_Type\"><strong>Very Short Answer Type<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Choose the correct word\/phrase from within the brackets to complete the following sentences:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) The catalyst used for conversion of ethene to ethane is commonly &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; (nickel iron\/cobalt)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>The catalyst used for conversion of ethene to ethane is commonly nickel.<br><br><strong>(b)When acetaldehyde is oxidized with acidified potassium dichromate, it forms &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.(ester\/ethanol\/ acetic acid)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: When acetaldehyde is oxidized with acidified potassium dichromate, it forms acetic acid.<br><br><strong>(c) Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in presence of concentrated H2SO4, so as to form a compound and water. The chemical reaction which takes place is called &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.(dehydration\/ hydrogenation \/ esterification)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in presence of concentrated H2SO4, so as to form a compound and water. The chemical reaction which takes place is called esterification.<br><br><strong>(d) Write the equation for the reaction taking place between 1,2-dibromoethane and alcoholic potassium hydroxide.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>The equation for the reaction taking place between 1, 2-dibromoethane and alcoholic potassium hydroxide is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhRDhoY81Y7wCv-qpTsUeMBZ7nHo1GadItBmL1bOE4ImwiU01wnNXzV4UHvcK4dGDxo9jzf2qd26KYqtp0mt3qNAPuKvZfgXGOsMMwuYY-U5oE_IkphRQmOZGRgs2REGoMRP-3LMckVUY3jpQKhUG_mJtpy3sZq4jz98P3QNKyBPUuKFCC1FAmSc898FXmX\/s1200\/126.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(e) The product formed when ethene gas reacts with water in the presence of sulphuric acid &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.(ethanol \/ethanal \/ ethanoic acid)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>The product formed when ethene gas reacts with water in the presence of sulphuric acid is ethanol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. From the following organic compounds given below, choose one compound in each case which relates to the description [a] to [d]: [Ethyne, ethanol, acetic acid, ethene, methane].<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) An unsaturated hydrocarbon used for welding purposes.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> An unsaturated hydrocarbon used for welding purposes is Ethyne.<br><br><strong>(b) An organic compound whose functional group is carboxyl.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> An organic compound whose functional group is carboxyl is acetic acid.<br><br><strong>(c) A hydrocarbon which on catalytic hydrogenation gives a saturated hydrocarbon.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A hydrocarbon which on catalytic hydrogenation gives a saturated hydrocarbon is ethene.<br><br><strong>(d) An organic compound used as a thermometric liquid.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> An organic compound used as a thermometric liquid is ethanol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Name the following :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) The process by which ethane is obtained from ethene.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>The process by which ethane is obtained from ethene is hydrogenation (or addition of hydrogen).<br><br><strong>(b) A hydrocarbon which contributes towards the greenhouse effect.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A hydrocarbon which contributes towards the greenhouse effect is methane.<br><br><strong>(c) The distinctive reaction that takes place when ethanol is treated with acetic acid.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> The distinctive reaction that takes place when ethanol is treated with acetic acid is esterification.<br><br><strong>(d) The property of elements by virtue of which atoms of the element can link to each other in the form of a long chain or ring structure. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> The property of elements by virtue of which atoms of the element can link to each other in the form of a long chain or ring structure is catenation.<br><br><strong>(e) The reaction when an alkyl halide is treated with alcoholic potassium hydroxide.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> The reaction when an alkyl halide is treated with alcoholic potassium hydroxide is dehydrohalogenation.<br><br><strong>(f) The hydrocarbons containing -C- functional group.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Organic compounds containing the -C(=O)- functional group, such as aldehydes or ketones, are referred to by their class names. For example, Aldehydes contain the -CHO group, which includes a C=O bond.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Identify the functional group in :<\/strong><br><br><strong>(a) Dimethyl ether<br>(b) Propanone<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>(a) The functional group in Dimethyl ether (H3C-O-CH3) is the ether group (C-O-C).<br>(b) The functional group in Propanone (CH3COCH3) is the ketone group (&gt;C=O).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Short_Answer_Type\"><strong>Short Answer Type<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. (a) Why is pure acetic acid known as glacial acetic acid?<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Pure acetic acid is known as glacial acetic acid because the anhydrous acid on cooling forms a crystalline mass resembling ice; its melting point is 17\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) Give a chemical equation for the reaction between ethyl alcohol and acetic acid.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The chemical equation for the reaction between ethyl alcohol and acetic acid is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CH\u2083COOH + C\u2082H\u2085OH \u2192 CH\u2083COOC\u2082H\u2085 + H\u2082O<br>(Acetic acid) + (Ethanol) \u2192 (Ethyl acetate) + (Water)<br>Conditions: conc. H\u2082SO\u2084 and heat (\u0394)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Find the odd one out and explain :<\/strong> C\u2083H\u2088, C\u2085H\u2081\u2080, C\u2082H\u2086, CH\u2084<br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: The odd one out is C\u2085H\u2081\u2080.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is because C\u2083H\u2088 (propane), C\u2082H\u2086 (ethane), and CH\u2084 (methane) are all alkanes, belonging to the homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2. C5H10 (e.g., pentene or cyclopentane) belongs to the alkene or cycloalkane series with the general formula CnH2n, and is thus different from the others which are saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. (a) Define isomerism<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Isomerism is the phenomenon where compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. These compounds are known as isomers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) Give the IUPAC name of the isomer C\u2084H\u2081\u2080<\/strong> <strong>which has a branched chain.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: The IUPAC name of the branched-chain isomer of C\u2084H\u2081\u2080 is 2-Methylpropane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Write equation of ethyl bromide with :<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer: <\/strong>(a) Aqueous NaOH (substitution reaction):<br>C\u2082H\u2085Br + NaOH (aqueous) \u2014boil\u2192 C\u2082H\u2085OH + NaBr<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Alcoholic NaOH (elimination reaction):<br>C\u2082H\u2085Br + NaOH (alcoholic) \u2014heat\u2192 CH\u2082=CH\u2082 + NaBr + H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Write balanced chemical equations for the following:<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer: <\/strong>(a) Monochloro ethane is hydrolysed with aqueous KOH:<br>C\u2082H\u2085Cl + KOH (aqueous) \u2014boil\u2192 C\u2082H\u2085OH + KCl<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) A mixture of sodalime and sodium acetate is heated:<br>CH\u2083COONa + NaOH \u2014CaO, 300\u00b0C\u2192 CH\u2084 + Na\u2082CO\u2083<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Ethanol under high pressure and low temperature is treated with acidified potassium dichromate:<br>C\u2082H\u2085OH + 2[O] \u2014acidified K\u2082Cr\u2082O\u2087\u2192 CH\u2083COOH + H\u2082O<br>(This represents the overall oxidation to ethanoic acid; it can also form ethanal CH\u2083CHO as an intermediate.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Water is added to calcium carbide:<br>CaC\u2082 + 2H\u2082O \u2192 C\u2082H\u2082 + Ca(OH)\u2082<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(e) Ethanol reacts with sodium at room temperature:<br>2C\u2082H\u2085OH + 2Na \u2192 2C\u2082H\u2085ONa + H\u2082\u2191<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. Give chemical equation for :<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer:<\/strong> (a) The laboratory preparation of methane from sodium acetate:<br>CH\u2083COONa + NaOH \u2014CaO, 300\u00b0C\u2192 CH\u2084 + Na\u2082CO\u2083<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) The reaction of one mole of ethene with one mole of chlorine gas:<br>H\u2082C = CH\u2082 + Cl\u2082 \u2014(CCl\u2084, inert solvent)\u2192 H\u2082C\u2013CH\u2082<br>\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003|\u2003\u2003|<br>\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003Cl\u2003Cl<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) The preparation of ethyne from 1,2-dibromoethane:<br>CH\u2082Br\u2013CH\u2082Br + 2KOH (alcoholic)\u2014 (boil)\u2192 CH\u2261CH + 2KBr + 2H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(d) Preparation of ethane from sodium propionate.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: The preparation of ethane from sodium propionate (sodium propanoate) involves heating it with soda lime (a mixture of sodium hydroxide and calcium oxide). The chemical equation is:<br>CH\u2083CH\u2082COONa + NaOH \u2014(CaO, \u0394)\u2192 C\u2082H\u2086 + Na\u2082CO\u2083<br>(Sodium propanoate) + (Sodium hydroxide) \u2014(Calcium oxide, heat)\u2192 (Ethane) + (Sodium carbonate)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(e) Preparation of ethanol from monochloroethane and aq. sodium hydroxide.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: The preparation of ethanol from monochloroethane involves the hydrolysis of monochloroethane with aqueous sodium hydroxide, typically by boiling. The chemical equation is:<br>C\u2082H\u2085Cl + NaOH(aq) \u2014(boil)\u2192 C\u2082H\u2085OH + NaCl<br>(Monochloroethane) + (Aqueous Sodium hydroxide) \u2014(boil)\u2192 (Ethanol) + (Sodium chloride)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Distinguish between ethane and ethene (using alkaline potassium permanganate solution).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: When alkaline potassium permanganate solution (purple colour) is added to ethane, no change is observed. When alkaline potassium permanganate solution is added to ethene, the purple colour of the solution fades (decolourises). This is because ethene, being an unsaturated hydrocarbon, reacts with the alkaline potassium permanganate, while ethane, a saturated hydrocarbon, does not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. The structures of six organic compounds are shown:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhuIr__KJRfakW567JCUUIafeAqTxnXgvPgAbXEtQ6NqPzuIKYosr-1eP-2ot0tNmymFoIIIgnwkEchyphenhyphen_qumnvClZVc48k0IEPC86o8SCYvQL8BQKW5T5yTfNsvXFLdXcazD90B899zIfMft8T5wdbJGkiuJ5vutZIi2PN8-nfDlNwwTWLwNzrZDviH3lVl\/s1200\/131.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) Identify two of the compounds that are members of the same homologous series but are not isomers.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Compounds A and F.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) Which two compounds are isomers of each other ?<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: Compounds C and E.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) F can be prepared from D. Give a chemical equation for the reaction.<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer<\/strong>: C\u2082H\u2085OH \u2014(conc. H\u2082SO\u2084, 170\u00b0C)\u2192 CH\u2082=CH\u2082 + H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Long_Answer_Type\"><strong>Long Answer Type<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. A compound X when treated with an organic acid Y (having vinegar like smell) in the presence of the acid Z, forms a compound P which has a fruity smell.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) Identify X, Y and Z.<br>(b) Write structural formula of X and Y.<br>(c) What type of compound is P?<br>(d) Name the above reaction.<br>(e) If compound X and Y both have 2 carbon atoms. Write the reaction.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (a) X is ethyl alcohol, Y is ethanoic acid (acetic acid), and Z is concentrated sulphuric acid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) ethyl alcohol (X)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgz9RqwgAT2uydpdZsfVCR56VT59YrYNu8IK29Bpq9lmwkl1YL8-cE6JlbCLQ_f6iUvlykgkaHR4Jz_TiEZPKjPZ6FzfyFPDyz9xphZ5Awju2FhlyCHtyNRbJ1ctg5XP5dPMATAvJC14sgRNqgxwetqmJE0jIX9hQt55gkNVh-KoBYT0K_ZYkS2N58sxtdb\/s1200\/132.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">acetic acid (Y)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgU08g0OASbLgsDKTvDGmHgF07HJBqqgjbCvhBx3F97MzfWQ5RwOnupr7KLYMN_1nnQSA8X12RqSI6NBbt05vz4uoBseTZbMLl1eg47CrTpP22yWLzWwuGgWUEz05lnfMS325AU4OHkvv6ERXLsfvYbDfTMW4fwsi5pnj7Im35VnboDPr67trYp-qF2IiWO\/s1200\/133.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Compound P is an ester.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(d) The above reaction is known as esterification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(e) If compound X and Y both have 2 carbon atoms, the reaction is:<br>C\u2082H\u2085OH + CH\u2083COOH \u2014(conc. H\u2082SO\u2084)\u2014\u2192 CH\u2083COOC\u2082H\u2085 + H\u2082O<br>Ethyl alcohol + Acetic acid \u2014(concentrated sulfuric acid)\u2192 Ethyl ethanoate + Water<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Compound A is bubbled through bromine dissolved in carbon tetrachloride and the product is CH<sub>2<\/sub>Br \u2013 CH<sub>2<\/sub>Br.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) Draw the structural formula of A.<br>(b) What type of reaction has A undergone.<br>(c) What is your observation.<br>(d) Name (not formula) the compound formed when steam reacts with A in the presence of phosphoric acid.<br>(e) What is the procedure for converting the product of (e) (iv) back to A ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>(a) The structural formula of A (Ethene) is: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEh2j21sYE6mQRxYHV38m926NCV6864Tn6VQp78_0Nb72Su_RIYH40lWxvByWZ9y-x20IeSPbnn-YADA6hBdiiyYLQOOn-VejabBPuRaH2CfqlqMJcXB6u9SzQAIUwRaQ2Av8PGgsfD7dFFAqLFTmvnH5Jx_HrJ4HoHWJfnIcZO-6frO4PPpqplgLYZfRMgk\/s1200\/134.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Compound A has undergone an addition reaction (bromination).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) The observation is that the reddish brown colour of the bromine solution in carbon tetrachloride disappears when compound A (ethene) is bubbled through it, due to the formation of the colourless 1,2-dibromoethane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(d) When steam reacts with A (ethene) in the presence of phosphoric acid, the compound formed is ethanol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(e) The procedure for converting ethanol (C\u2082H\u2085OH) back to ethene (CH\u2082=CH\u2082) is dehydration of ethanol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This can be achieved in either of two ways:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>By heating ethanol with concentrated sulphuric acid (H\u2082SO\u2084) at 170\u00b0C.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>By passing ethanol vapours over heated alumina (Al\u2082O\u2083) at 350\u00b0C.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Example reaction: C\u2082H\u2085OH \u2014(conc. H\u2082SO\u2084, 170\u00b0C)\u2192 CH\u2082=CH\u2082 + H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Type of reaction: <em>Dehydration reaction (removal of water to form an alkene)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Draw the structural formula for each of the following:<\/strong><br><strong><br>Answer: (a) Ethanoic acid <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhQR2ozP-pwc0lwoDJjJB-KxhVG8CpGnbnW-lY43iKRHrN0B2iu1SkurMAmuQLcCEgiDbEwawr8lGy7RY57R5b0I9G8DHzFbG_drwOYr-by6-aSUz_6XxWljf_CKkkD_AjZRAHKLeHhy6ENZ-yldCgnIxuZdo9BcFW4ssCD5cRsdWPG8DEzvLlAf42Iryf5\/s1200\/135.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) But-2-yne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEiTTvdmvr6063o_aiPAdQHzKE12mQTwye8bsyDx749MaKRBueRaQa0JOiLwBu-5I1LrYtatxGfQYagXkLTNeLp6ZXMcUdiEvlJHu_I6gJfycWjpeVumpzK3uD3aWOXCp5yCWLgJ0ev9PzBfrBbSJ1hxXdFM8dEn9e4uNhPNAolacOYL9O-hLCZzCRPlYojV\/s1200\/136.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) Methanoic acid <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhynf0AJqilaCExFN6WyR6XCFTUtiuVpKav9pm6jHkrieMEF1c-p7rQCZTDKRv0G82wDkZuxIG2yx_qKaqjOH-sNE2zIi5KbnaWllwqEHdEpvOUdZgxaY2my5ySb7EscKOqcRCPCheciKWjtedycn3pXJj4fwblzH5Hkg0LQJ7LQKHsBVi9JC63P-TPEjtK\/s1200\/137.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(d) Ethanal<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgWfjht8qr4wrcOiAWin_jwV5wwAYp1EZey9_TtBFBFitABgN9cVH1LxRmqx5eHS1oNdp2VYu_89DhzLaLACYhAWYwwhe0DCibKk7B3nYYJ9ESivcqr_rPwxmapocBfY2THedaZa4zDazAIc_dqaFg4HTFug-owC0AQJTnCOUjc25z3Ot2mtt-vcbiin9jx\/s1200\/138.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(e) Ethyne <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEh17WOFdepB4fRjLYpPeSpXxjpPFEgrv-K5d6tAkgiXeOZbynAikW7UcEz0MLJzCQaPAXbA6m6tOTTVNu3-fFiNi7BhOr1VPezVrwFjKVAUNGsn1dtv7BHFAJez0Iu4AW0mlmGUzke0MsKNjDHnhLRi3BN40Bd9WPc8X-QgBZWyxZp62cPwVpNivVfbsKr9\/s1200\/139.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(f) Acetone<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgbdH539IIzXC6dJppkGXAL7zqOztuXH3NbyNkWDDfZBqSO2O-fRMqxmDcX8TABC1KDD6JFcuYyIdIyusBKdJ7e45UXO4NqQKT9YmBzsxbMJnIxuL-mbKe9HJtKEGIfgZAi62fhtE14PQ5PkRTOpPX7Ql6JdZ-Bhqy__MKpvoEdsdrlwGM1_-u4Xo2DcbFM\/s1200\/140.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(g) 2-methyl propane<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEiMhMgIrIsC54kz3zq3X963evRytkpBbzYoySEYH209DiPcCNh91kNRKnyhOjgsjbgsNGkwhKEnl0GY1cgj6O-hvr3VatULenGxq2NAHln7Ssi5yRNhE_2C6DnH0MU7ST46ic4HEkRRuS9qPmOExe1KD5pQ_-y-GxU05y21Ezul5WDmaHdZ9aXtJ_C0C0oG\/s1200\/148.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(h) An isomer of n-butane<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhaxazblK1FprxbPYAQHzFulerte4OT47baKSoXJuRqcA6TuyKyhJsW1GPIGPqyHKJVCMvx4oZXR1kReBbQawEJUMXFvHun_iwWucVbC1A-5HQvRoy1JICpB7xxmwCnyFUv0P39jK_V-XWz14PGLIcgixXTGkhDlfzOxqXqlxLooOeSJU7bM-FvNVs7ie9u\/s1200\/141.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(i) 2-propanol<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgYbhDv-ysuhYF1zGKsdCPFKvBs62wm4DPvCqXrN1PAKjfU3YnNMVz42iCdxMs4sFSE2bHNQe-7WgtNG_2vIbr-uPfsgPBmh_mmPSfaNWrNSlmCCMMm9tvXyf9re_eqVMswqBfdaK7IB-gQzJCWxFaeM22G4OVBrKmXz8JRRqlf6ryYutmewWrlvI4lS031\/s1200\/143.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(j) ethanol <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjFrtlaF8sXe78fYNOU0LAQ5rKuLAjnj0dT1lTDZQ8jDHa1ZftZH2ZkgmbVeSptV4hR4dhMhTpxFQrhJfE0JKZJ2ZlO3p453CrR673CpymI_fM-tntth_reUUlw4CcAglsLwox5TlIRy2UwqhmeuERjbfWgahJtycHy_h0Ja7BENCaPKG70YcKEnooS-HWa\/s1200\/144.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(k) 1-propanal<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjU36T8iOabdoGYNtNGEpfyWi4ufkRoCzWc1eXqqd6LoWPGjhPngApS2HmWg3WmeHZFFC4BO-OGjvPax8qGwWY2VZGpJuYaddF7JM3-0mfT-7tZNlX4RXoLokj07pLm49lcMCWdmRzdox4vEtwkw6R53Q5xr1-vMy1nx9zl27LNpM2Ogg4uJAQw9J5NAY39\/s1200\/145.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(l) ethanoic acid<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEi50d7pnZ9KNGVkhD4eLNcEsVQ-nH44jZVamn2vJJoXhy2b9aGGR99OKNZOiUI9Gj5fJc0OKYmAsbL0rgKNTbqRhqzKxZ0GL1UHlf-p9AiOPmU1tiTcuME2_uqT1-9m3FcKgXQvyFbup4oL6i9LO-flQhI17hnSoqqxwUXVC2Z4W6xlwVkvllPEqxMO3dNd\/s1200\/146.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(m) 1, 2, dichloroethane<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhwVeixfemxYomMcr__AOk-lyPzODPccTOE6G5NC9KlSW02Wpk9fKnoXZ9eD6Y9BZZ_2UdVNMh-VCd9LKPDnCf3JR_AqvcFOb03e-T9h6f1fx4es_zKWlZpfUSxJHmwvduHnAbAFcrvjuWUdziykQxZJrfbaQMQhHSbcwW3SnxohcZx-CKyp4GyoSptUG0k\/s1200\/147.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Give balanced chemical equation for the following conversions :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) Ethanoic acid to ethyl ethanoate.<br>(b) Calcium carbide to ethyne<br>(c) Sodium ethanoate to methane<br>(d) Ethyl chloride to ethyl alcohol<br>(e) Ethyl chloride to ethene<br>(f) Ethene to ethyl alcohol<br>(g) Ethyl alcohol to ethene<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> (a) Ethanoic acid to Ethyl ethanoate (Esterification):<br>CH\u2083COOH + C\u2082H\u2085OH \u2014(conc. H\u2082SO\u2084, \u0394)\u2014\u2192 CH\u2083COOC\u2082H\u2085 + H\u2082O<br>Ethanoic acid + Ethanol \u2192 Ethyl ethanoate + Water<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Calcium carbide to Ethyne (Hydrolysis):<br>CaC\u2082 + 2H\u2082O \u2192 C\u2082H\u2082 + Ca(OH)\u2082<br>Calcium carbide + Water \u2192 Ethyne + Calcium hydroxide<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Sodium ethanoate to Methane (Decarboxylation):<br>CH\u2083COONa + NaOH \u2014(CaO, 300\u00b0C)\u2014\u2192 CH\u2084 + Na\u2082CO\u2083<br>Sodium ethanoate + Sodium hydroxide \u2192 Methane + Sodium carbonate<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Ethyl chloride to Ethyl alcohol (Hydrolysis):<br>C\u2082H\u2085Cl + KOH (aqueous) \u2014(boil)\u2014\u2192 C\u2082H\u2085OH + KCl<br>Ethyl chloride + Aqueous potassium hydroxide \u2192 Ethanol + Potassium chloride<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(e) Ethyl chloride to Ethene (Dehydrohalogenation):<br>C\u2082H\u2085Cl + KOH (alcoholic, hot and conc.) \u2192 C\u2082H\u2084 + KCl + H\u2082O<br>Ethyl chloride + Alcoholic potassium hydroxide \u2192 Ethene + Potassium chloride + Water<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(f) Ethene to Ethyl alcohol (Hydration):<br>CH\u2082=CH\u2082 + H\u2082O \u2014(H\u2083PO\u2084, 300\u00b0C, 60 atm) or (H\u207a)\u2014\u2192 C\u2082H\u2085OH<br>Ethene + Water \u2192 Ethanol<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(g) Ethyl alcohol to Ethene (Dehydration):<br>C\u2082H\u2085OH \u2014(conc. H\u2082SO\u2084, 170\u00b0C)\u2014\u2192 CH\u2082=CH\u2082 + H\u2082O<br>or<br>C\u2082H\u2085OH \u2014(Al\u2082O\u2083, 350\u00b0C)\u2014\u2192 CH\u2082=CH\u2082 + H\u2082O<br>Ethanol \u2192 Ethene + Water<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Get notes, summary, questions and answers, MCQs, extras, competency-based questions and PDFs of Organic Chemistry: ICSE Class 10 Chemistry (Concise\/Selina). However, the notes should only be treated as references, and changes should be made according to the needs of the students. Summary Organic chemistry studies compounds containing carbon. Early ideas suggested a &#8220;vital force&#8221; was&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/organic-chemistry-icse-class-10-chemistry\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Organic Chemistry: ICSE Class 10 Chemistry answers, notes<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1044,"featured_media":28162,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,34],"tags":[28,85,29,86,87,30,32,33,1225,35,36,88,37,38],"class_list":["post-25594","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-icse","category-notes","tag-answers","tag-chemistry","tag-class-10","tag-competency-based","tag-concise","tag-extras","tag-icse","tag-notes","tag-organic-chemistry","tag-pdf","tag-questions","tag-selina","tag-solutions","tag-summary","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25594","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1044"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25594"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25594\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33224,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25594\/revisions\/33224"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28162"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25594"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25594"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25594"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}