{"id":3670,"date":"2019-09-27T16:58:58","date_gmt":"2019-09-27T16:58:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/onlinefreenotes.com\/?p=3670"},"modified":"2026-01-05T09:36:20","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T09:36:20","slug":"poverty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/poverty\/","title":{"rendered":"Poverty: NBSE class 9 Social Science chapter 18 answers, notes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Get notes, questions, solutions, textual answers, pdf, and extras for Chapter 18:&nbsp;Poverty,&nbsp;which is a part of the social science class 9 syllabus for students studying under the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nbsenagaland.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nagaland Board of School Education<\/a>. However, these notes should be used only for references and additions\/modifications should be made as per the requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n  <style>\r\n    .notice {\r\n      background: yellow;       \/* simple yellow background *\/\r\n      text-align: center;       \/* centre alignment *\/\r\n      padding: 12px 16px;\r\n      margin: 20px auto;\r\n      width: fit-content;       \/* shrink to text and centre via auto margins *\/\r\n      font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\r\n    }\r\n  <\/style>\r\n  <div class=\"notice\">\r\n    If you notice any errors in the notes, please mention them in the comments\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<nav id=\"toc\" class=\"toc-box\"><\/nav>\r\n<style>\r\n.toc-box{\r\n  border:1px solid #e5e7eb;\r\n  border-radius:8px;\r\n  background:#fff;\r\n  margin:20px 0;\r\n  font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\r\n}\r\n.toc-header{\r\n  padding:10px 14px;\r\n  font-size:16px;\r\n  font-weight:600;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid #eef2f7;\r\n  background:#f8fafc\r\n}\r\n.toc-content{\r\n  padding:12px 18px\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Base list *\/\r\n.toc-content ul{\r\n  margin:0 25px;\r\n  padding-left:0;\r\n  list-style:none\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Level-based bullets *\/\r\n.toc-content li{\r\n  position:relative;\r\n  margin:6px 0;\r\n  margin-left:6px;\r\n  line-height:1.5;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* H2 bullet \u25cf *\/\r\n.toc-content li.level-2{\r\n  list-style:disc;\r\n\t\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* H3 bullet \u25cb *\/\r\n.toc-content li.level-3{\r\n  margin-left:26px;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n\/* H4+ bullet \u2013 *\/\r\n.toc-content li.level-4{\r\n  margin-left:46px;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n.toc-content li.level-5,\r\n.toc-content li.level-6{\r\n  margin-left:66px;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.toc-content a{\r\n  text-decoration:none;\r\n  color:#000\r\n}\r\n.toc-content a:hover{\r\n  text-decoration:underline\r\n}\r\n\r\nhtml{scroll-behavior:smooth}\r\nh1[id],h2[id],h3[id],h4[id],h5[id],h6[id]{\r\n  scroll-margin-top:110px\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\ndocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {\r\n\r\n  const toc = document.getElementById('toc');\r\n  if (!toc) return;\r\n\r\n  \/* MAIN CONTENT ONLY *\/\r\n  const content = document.querySelector('#pdf-content');\r\n\r\n  \/* EXCLUDE AREAS *\/\r\n  const excludeSelectors = `\r\n    .author, .byline, .entry-meta, .post-meta,\r\n    #comments, .comments-area, .comment-respond,\r\n    .comment-form, .comment-list,\r\n    .login, .login-required,\r\n    .sidebar, aside, footer, nav,\r\n    .widget, .widgets\r\n  `;\r\n\r\n  \/* TEXT TO IGNORE *\/\r\n  const ignoreText = [\r\n    'leave a comment',\r\n    'cancel reply',\r\n    'login required',\r\n    'get notes',\r\n    'ron\\'e dutta',\r\n    'comments'\r\n  ];\r\n\r\n  \r\nconst headings = [...content.querySelectorAll('h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6')]\r\n  .filter(h => !excludeSelectors || !h.closest(excludeSelectors))\r\n  .filter(h => {\r\n    const txt = h.textContent.trim().toLowerCase();\r\n    return txt.length > 0 && !ignoreText.some(t => txt.includes(t));\r\n  });\r\n\r\n\/\/alert(content);\r\n  if (!headings.length) {\r\n    toc.style.display = 'none';\r\n    return;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* UNIQUE IDs *\/\r\n  const used = {};\r\n  const slug = t => t.toLowerCase().trim()\r\n    .replace(\/[^a-z0-9\\s-]\/g, '')\r\n    .replace(\/\\s+\/g, '-');\r\n\r\n  headings.forEach(h => {\r\n    if (!h.id) {\r\n      let base = slug(h.textContent) || 'section';\r\n      used[base] = (used[base] || 0) + 1;\r\n      h.id = used[base] > 1 ? base + '-' + used[base] : base;\r\n    }\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  \/* BUILD TOC *\/\r\n  const ul = document.createElement('ul');\r\n\r\n  headings.forEach(h => {\r\n    const level = parseInt(h.tagName.substring(1));\r\n    if (level < 2) return; \/\/ skip H1 like your reference site\r\n\r\n    const li = document.createElement('li');\r\n    li.className = 'level-' + level;\r\n\r\n    const a = document.createElement('a');\r\n    a.href = '#' + h.id;\r\n    a.textContent = h.textContent.trim();\r\n\r\n    li.appendChild(a);\r\n    ul.appendChild(li);\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  toc.innerHTML = `\r\n    <div class=\"toc-header\">Table of Contents<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"toc-content\"><\/div>\r\n  `;\r\n  toc.querySelector('.toc-content').appendChild(ul);\r\n\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\r\n\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Introduction\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The three major challenges that our economy is facing today ate Poverty, Unemployment and Price Rise. In our daily life, we come across many people who are poor. They could be landless labourers in villages or slum-dwellers in cities or daily wage earners and rickshaw pullers. They could also be beggars or child labourers. Roughly 27 crore people in India are poor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Poverty is a situation in which a person is unable to get minimum basic necessities of life, i.e., food, clothing or shelter. In other words, it refers to inability to get the minimum consumption requirement of life, health and efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Textual_questions_and_answers\"><strong>Textual questions and answers<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"I_Choose_the_correct_answer\"><strong>Choose the correct answer<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Absolute poverty is typically defined as:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Poverty relative to the living standards of the majority population<br>(b) Poverty that remains constant over time<br>(c) Poverty that is defined by a specific income threshold<br>(d) Poverty that occurs in urban areas<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: C. Poverty that is defined by a specific income threshold<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. The United Nations&#8217; Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) related to poverty aims to:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Completely eliminate poverty in all its forms by 2030<br>(b) Reduce the global poverty rate by half by 2030<br>(c) Ensure that everyone earns a minimum income by 2030<br>(d) Promote economic growth without addressing poverty<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: A. Completely eliminate poverty in all its forms by 2030<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. The NFSA is implemented through the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS). What is the purpose of targeting beneficiaries in TPDS?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) To exclude certain groups from receiving benefits<br>(b) To ensure benefits reach those who need them the most<br>(c) To simplify the distribution process<br>(d) To provide benefits uniformly to all citizens<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: B. To ensure benefits reach those who need them the most<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. Which of the following states has the least percentage of people below poverty line?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Punjab (b) Kerala (c) Gujarat (d) West Bengal<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: B. Kerala<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. There are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark your answer as per the codes provided below.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Assertion (A): The National Food Security Act was enforced in September, 2013.<br>Reason (R): This Act marks a paradigm shift in addressing the problem of food security from welfare approach to a right-based approach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)<br>(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)<br>(c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong<br>(d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. Consider the statements given below and choose the correct answer.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Statement I: The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government regulated ration shops among the poorer section of society.<br>Statement II: This is called the Public Distribution System (PDS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Statement I is correct and II is incorrect<br>(b) Statement I is incorrect and II is correct<br>(c) Both I &amp; II are incorrect<br>(d) Both I &amp; II are correct<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: D. Both I &amp; II are correct<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. Identify the type of economy as per the characteristics given below.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I. Procurement of foodgrains from farmers at remunerative prices<br>II. Distribution of foodgrains to the vulnerable sections of the society at affordable prices<br>III. Maintenance of food buffers for food security and price stability<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Increasing food supplies<br>(b) Institutional measures<br>(c) Buffer stock<br>(d) Food Management<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: D. Food Management<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"II_Very_Short_Answer_Type_Questions\"><strong>Very short answer type questions<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Define poverty.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Poverty is a situation in which a person is unable to get minimum basic necessities of life, i.e., food, clothing or shelter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. What is the poverty line?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: It is a cut-off point on the line of distribution which divides the population as poor and rich.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. What is meant by food security?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Food security can be defined as the ability to ensure, on long-term basis, access to enough food for an active and healthy life for the entire population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"III_Short_Answer_Type_Questions\"><strong>Short answer type questions<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Explain the vicious circle of poverty.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: It is generally said that India is poor because it is poor. Due to poverty, the standard of living of people is low; because of the low standard of living, the level of efficiency is low; because of low efficiency, the level of productivity becomes low; low level of productivity brings the level of income down; and because of a low level of income, there is poverty in the country. Thus, it becomes a vicious circle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Explain the main features of MGNREGA.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The main features of MGNREGA are: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>i. This scheme guarantees 150 days of paid work to people in rural areas. <br>ii. This scheme has proved to be a major boost in the Indian rural population&#8217;s income. <br>iii. The Ministry of Rural Development is the nodal ministry for its implementation. <br>iv. Ministry of Rural Development is responsible for ensuring timely and adequate resource support to the states and to the central council.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Explain the four components of food security.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Food security has the following essential components :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) Food security involves the availability of sufficient quantities and good quality food.<br>(ii) People have enough purchasing power so that they can acquire the food they need. <br>(iii) Food security ensures a timely, reliable and nutritionally adequate supply of food on a long-term basis.<br>(iv) It also necessitates maintaining a buffer stock so as to take care of natural calamities resulting in temporary shortages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"IV_Long_Answer_Type_Questions\"><strong>Long answer type questions<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Explain the different causes of poverty in India.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The different causes of poverty in India are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>i. <em>Historical factors<\/em>: Low level of economic development during the colonial period laid the foundation of poverty in India.<br>ii. <em>Existence of semi-feudal relations in agriculture<\/em>: Rural poverty in India emanates to a great extent from the semi-feudal relations of production in the agricultural sector.<br>iii. <em>Inequality in the distribution of income and wealth<\/em>: Although the national income of India has been increasing during the plan periods, it was not distributed properly among different sections of the people.<br>iv. <em>Unemployment and underemployment<\/em>: A considerable &#8216; degree of unemployment and underemployment among both rural and urban workers is supposed to be the principal reasons behind poverty.<br>v. <em>High rate of population growth<\/em>: With a high rate of population growth in India, the dependency burden has increased, i.e., the dependence of non-working people on the workforce has increased.<br>vi. <em>Labour market segmentation<\/em>: This implies that only a small segment of the labour market is most favourably, placed whereas a large segment of the labour market is most unfavourably placed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. What steps have been taken for removing poverty?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The various steps taken for removing poverty are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>i. <em>Development of Coffage and Small Scale Industries<\/em>: The government has reserved some production activities solely for these industries. So the problem of unemployment could be tackled effectively.<br>ii. <em>Income Redistribution<\/em>: In order to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor, the government made an attempt through income redistribution measures.<br>iii. <em>Land Reform Measures<\/em>: Several land reform measures such as the abolition of the Zamindari System, the security of tenant farmers against eviction etc. were undertaken by the government.<br>iv. <em>Poverty Alleviation Programmes<\/em>: The government adopted various policy measures and programmes to remove poverty and hence they were known as Poverty Alleviation Programmes.<br>v. <em>Food Security<\/em>: The government has taken various measures to make availability of sufficient foodgrains at affordable prices.<br>vi. <em>Population Control<\/em>: To eradicate poverty, population control is essential in India. For this, various family planning programmes have been rolled out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Explain any three poverty removal methods started by Government.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Three poverty removal methods started by the Government are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>i. <em>Poverty Alleviation Programmes<\/em>: The government adopted various policy measures and programmes to eliminate poverty, and hence they were known as &#8220;Poverty Alleviation Programmes.&#8221; Most of them aim at providing employment or improving the assets of poverty-ridden families.<br>ii. Food Security: Food security can be defined as the ability to ensure, on a long-term basis, access to enough food for an active and healthy life for the entire population.  The government has taken various measures to ensure the availability of sufficient food grains at affordable prices. <br>iii. National Food Security Act, 2013:  The National Food Security Act, 2013 is an Act of the Parliament of India which aims to provide subsidised food grains to approximately two-thirds of India&#8217;s 1.2 billion people. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. Explain the following food security measures taken up by the government in India:<br>(a) Food Management (b) Buffer Stock (c) Public Distribution System<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: (a) Food management in India has three basic objectives which are the procurement of foodgrains from farmers at remunerative prices, distribution of foodgrains to the consumers at affordable prices, and) maintenance of food buffers for food security and price stability. Thus, the food security system has two components: (a) buffer stock and (b) public distribution system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Buffer stock is the stock of foodgrains, namely wheat and rice, procured by the government through the Food Corporation of India (FCI). The FCI purchases wheat and rice from the farmers in states where there is surplus production. The farmers are paid a minimum support price pre-announced by the government every year before the sowing season. The procured stock is then used to resolve the problem of food shortage and to distribute food grains in the deficit areas and among the poorer strata of society at a price lower than the market price.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government-regulated ration shops among the poorer section of the society. This is called the public distribution system (PDS). Ration shops, also known as Fair Price Shops keep stocks of foodgrains, sugar and kerosene oil for cooking. These items are sold to people at a price lower than the market price.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. Explain the main features of the Food Security Act, 2013.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The main features of the Food Security Act, 2013 are: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>i. The states are responsible for determining eligibility.<br>ii. Children from 6 months to 14 years of age are to receive free hot meals or &#8220;take home rations&#8221;.<br>iii. The central government will provide funds to states in case of short supplies of food grains.<br>iv. The current foodgrain allocation of the states will be protected by the central government for at least six months.<br>v. The public distribution system is to be reformed.<br>vi. There will be the state and district-level redress mechanisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. What is meant by &#8216;vulnerability&#8217; to poverty? Which economic categories are more vulnerable to poverty in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Vulnerability to poverty is the measure that describes the greater probability of certain communities or individuals becoming or remaining poor in the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The economic categories which are more vulnerable to poverty in India are&nbsp;scheduled tribes, urban casual labourers, rural agriculture labourers, scheduled castes etc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Extra_MCQs\"><strong>Extra MCQs<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1: According to the Tendulkar Committee&#8217;s recommendations for 2011-2012, what was the suggested poverty line for a person per day in urban areas?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. \u20b927<br>B. \u20b933<br>C. \u20b932<br>D. \u20b947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. \u20b933<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2: What is the daily minimum nutritional requirement fixed for a person living in rural areas?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. 2100 calories<br>B. 2200 calories<br>C. 2400 calories<br>D. 2500 calories<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. 2400 calories<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3: The Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) was started with the main aim of developing what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Urban infrastructure<br>B. Rural areas<br>C. Small scale industries<br>D. Agricultural exports<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Rural areas<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4: Which of the following is NOT listed as a dimension of food security?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Availability<br>B. Affordability<br>C. Production<br>D. Accessibility<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Production<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5: The National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS) came into effect on which date?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. 1 April 1999<br>B. 15 August 1995<br>C. October 2009<br>D. December 2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. 15 August 1995<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6: The concept that poverty is both the cause and the effect is known as what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Poverty Line<br>B. Trickle-down effect<br>C. Vicious Circle of Poverty<br>D. Labour market segmentation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Vicious Circle of Poverty<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7: Under the National Food Security Act, 2013, what is the quantity of subsidised food grains an eligible person can purchase per month?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. 35 kilograms<br>B. 10 kilograms<br>C. 5 kilograms<br>D. 25 kilograms<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. 5 kilograms<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8: Which nodal agency undertakes the procurement, distribution, and storage of foodgrains for the public distribution system?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. National Development Council (NDC)<br>B. NITI Aayog<br>C. Ministry of Rural Development (MRD)<br>D. Food Corporation of India (FCI)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> D. Food Corporation of India (FCI)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9: The Annapurna scheme was started to provide food to which group of people?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Pregnant and lactating mothers<br>B. Children under the age of 5<br>C. BPL families in urban areas<br>D. Senior citizens not covered under NOAPS<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> D. Senior citizens not covered under NOAPS<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10: According to the 2011-12 data, which social group had the highest percentage of poverty in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Other Backward Classes (OBC)<br>B. Scheduled Castes (SC)<br>C. Forward Castes (FC)<br>D. Scheduled Tribes (ST)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> D. Scheduled Tribes (ST)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11: The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) guarantees how many days of paid work to people in rural areas?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. 100 days<br>B. 120 days<br>C. 150 days<br>D. 200 days<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. 150 days<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>12: What is the stock of foodgrains, namely wheat and rice, procured by the government through the FCI called?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Issue Price<br>B. Buffer Stock<br>C. Minimum Support Price<br>D. Public Distribution System<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Buffer Stock<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>13: In which year was the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) introduced to adopt the principle of targeting the &#8216;poor in all areas&#8217;?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. 1992<br>B. 1997<br>C. 2000<br>D. 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. 1997<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>14: According to the National Multidimensional Poverty Index review, how many people escaped multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. 52.5 million<br>B. 135 million<br>C. 269 million<br>D. 415 million<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. 135 million<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>15: Statement I: In rural areas, the minimum nutritional requirement is fixed at 2400 calories, which is higher than the 2100 calories for urban areas.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Statement II: People living in rural areas often engage in tasks of physical labour and require more energy.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Statement I is true, but Statement II is false.<br>B. Statement I is false, but Statement II is true.<br>C. Both statements are true, and Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement I.<br>D. Both statements are true, but Statement II is not the correct explanation for Statement I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Both statements are true, and Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>16: (I) A high rate of infant mortality, particularly in poor families, induced them to increase their family size.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>(II) More children in these families are regarded as a security, because child labour complements the family income.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. I is the result of II.<br>B. I is independent of II.<br>C. II is the cause of I.<br>D. I is a contradiction of II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. II is the cause of I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>17: Assertion (A): The government announces a Minimum Support Price (MSP) for crops before the sowing season.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Reason (R): This price security gives incentives to farmers to increase their production.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).<br>B. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).<br>C. (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.<br>D. (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>18: (I) The policies of the colonial government ruined traditional handicrafts, industries, and agriculture.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>(II) The low level of economic development during the colonial period laid the foundation of poverty in India.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. I is an example of II.<br>B. I is a contradiction of II.<br>C. II is the result of I.<br>D. I is independent of II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. II is the result of I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>19: Statement I: The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government-regulated ration shops among the poorer section of society.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Statement II: This system is called the Public Distribution System (PDS).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Statement I is incorrect and II is correct.<br>B. Both I &amp; II are incorrect.<br>C. Statement I is correct and II is incorrect.<br>D. Both I &amp; II are correct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> D. Both I &amp; II are correct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>20: (I) Due to poverty, the standard of living of people is low.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>(II) Because of a low standard of living, the level of efficiency is low.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. I is a contradiction of II.<br>B. I is an example of II.<br>C. II is a direct consequence of I.<br>D. I and II are independent statements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. II is a direct consequence of I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>21: Arrange the following poverty alleviation schemes in the correct chronological order of their initiation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana<br>(ii) National Old Age Pension Scheme<br>(iii) Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana<br>(iv) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (notification)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. (i) \u2192 (ii) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (iv)<br>B. (ii) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (iv) \u2192 (iii)<br>C. (i) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (ii) \u2192 (iv)<br>D. (iv) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (ii) \u2192 (i)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. (i) \u2192 (ii) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (iv)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>22: Select the option that lists the steps of the &#8216;vicious circle of poverty&#8217; in the correct order as described.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) Low level of efficiency<br>(ii) Low standard of living<br>(iii) Low level of income<br>(iv) Low level of productivity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. (iii) \u2192 (ii) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (iv)<br>B. (ii) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (iv) \u2192 (iii)<br>C. (i) \u2192 (iv) \u2192 (ii) \u2192 (iii)<br>D. (iv) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (ii)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. (ii) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (iv) \u2192 (iii)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>23: Consider the following reforms related to the Public Distribution System. Choose the correct chronological order.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS)<br>(ii) Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS)<br>(iii) Antyodaya Anna Yojana<br>(iv) National Food Security Act<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. (i) \u2192 (ii) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (iv)<br>B. (ii) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (iv) \u2192 (iii)<br>C. (iv) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (ii) \u2192 (i)<br>D. (i) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (ii) \u2192 (iv)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. (i) \u2192 (ii) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (iv)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>24: Arrange the following stages of food security in a developing economy in the correct sequence.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) Availability of cereals and pulses.<br>(ii) Availability of cereals, pulses, milk, milk products, vegetables, fruits, fish, eggs, and meat.<br>(iii) Availability of an adequate quantity of cereals.<br>(iv) Availability of cereals, pulses, milk, and milk products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. (iii) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (iv) \u2192 (ii)<br>B. (i) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (ii) \u2192 (iv)<br>C. (iii) \u2192 (iv) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (ii)<br>D. (ii) \u2192 (iv) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (iii)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. (iii) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (iv) \u2192 (ii)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Extra_questions_and_answers\"><strong>Extra questions and answers<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. How many people were estimated to be living below the poverty line in 2011-2012?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The number of persons living below the poverty line in 2011-2012 was estimated to be 269 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. How many people lived in rural areas below the poverty line in 2011-2012?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Among the 269 million people living below the poverty line in 2011-2012, 216.5 million people were in rural areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. What are the two approaches used to estimate the number of poor?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: There are two approaches by which the number of poor is estimated: the Expenditure Method, where expenditure incurred by a family on various items is used, and the Income method, where income earned by a family is used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. What does BPL stand for?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: BPL stands for Below Poverty Line.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. What is the daily minimum nutritional requirement for a person in rural areas?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The daily minimum nutritional requirement for a person has been fixed at 2400 calories in rural areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. What is the daily minimum nutritional requirement for a person in urban areas?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The daily minimum nutritional requirement for a person has been fixed at 2100 calories in urban areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. What was the poverty line per month for rural areas in 2011-12?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: For the year 2011-12, the poverty line for a person was fixed at \u20b9816 per month for rural areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8. What was the poverty line per month for urban areas in 2011-12?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: For the year 2011-12, the poverty line for a person was fixed at \u20b91000 for urban areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9. What is the poverty headcount ratio at $5.50 a day?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Poverty headcount ratio at $5.50 a day is the percentage of the population living in less than $5.50 a day at 2011 international prices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10. Which states saw the fastest reduction in multidimensional poverty?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The fastest reduction in the population of multidimensional poor was observed in states of U.P., Bihar, M.P., Odisha and Rajasthan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11. How many states had less than 10 percent multidimensional poverty in 2015-16?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: In 2015-16 (NFHS-4), only seven states had less than 10 percent of their population living in multidimensional poverty: Mizoram, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Goa and Kerala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>12. What was the percentage of multidimensionally poor in India in 2019-21?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: By 2019-21, the percentage of multidimensionally poor in India decreased to 14.96%, or one in seven.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>13. When was the NREGA bill notified?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The NREGA bill was notified in 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>14. What does NFSM stand for?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: NFSM stands for National Food Security Mission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>15. What is the Minimum Support Price (MSP)?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Minimum support price announced by the government is the price at which the government is ready to purchase the crop from the farmers directly if the crop price becomes lower than MSP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>16. What is the issue price?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The price at which foodgrains are distributed in deficit areas and among the poorer strata of society, which is lower than the market price, is known as the issue price.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>17. What are Fair Price Shops?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Ration shops, also known as Fair Price Shops, keep stocks of foodgrains, sugar and kerosene oil for cooking. These items are sold to people at a price lower than the market price.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>18. What are the three types of ration cards?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The three types of ration cards are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(a) Antyodaya cards for the poorest of the poor<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(b) BPL cards for those below the poverty line<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(c) APL cards for all others.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>19. When was the Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) introduced?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: In 1992, the Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) was introduced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>20. How is poverty defined? What basic necessities does it cover?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Poverty is a situation in which a person is unable to get minimum basic necessities of life, i.e., food, clothing or shelter. In other words, it refers to the inability to get the minimum consumption requirement of life, health and efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>21. Explain the poverty line suggested by the Tendulkar Committee for 2011-2012.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: On the basis of the survey carried out by the Tendulkar Committee, the Planning Commission in 2011-2012 suggested a poverty line of \u20b927 (per capita expenditure) a day for rural areas and \u20b933 a day for urban areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>22. What is the vicious circle of poverty? How does it perpetuate poverty?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Vicious circle of poverty means that poverty is both the cause and the effect. It is generally said that India is poor because it is poor. This circle perpetuates poverty in the following way:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Due to poverty, the standard of living of people is low.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Because of a low standard of living, the level of efficiency is low.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Because of low efficiency, the level of productivity becomes low.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A low level of productivity brings the level of income down.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Because of a low level of income, there is poverty in the country.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, it becomes a vicious circle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>23. Explain the Expenditure Method for measuring poverty. What does it estimate first?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: In the Expenditure Method, the minimum nutritional food requirement for survival is estimated first. The total minimum food requirement of a person is first measured in calories, and then this calorie amount is converted into an equivalent money value in rupees. A minimum amount for other necessities like clothes is also added to the money value of food requirements. This total minimum equivalent amount is considered the poverty line. All families who spend less than the poverty line are considered Below Poverty Line (BPL).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>24. Explain the Income Method for measuring poverty. How does the government use this approach?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: In the Income Method, all those families whose total income in a month is less than the poverty line as fixed by the government are considered to be below the poverty line. The government uses this approach when distributing food at subsidised prices through the Public Distribution System (PDS) at the local level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>25. Why is there a difference in calorie requirements for rural and urban areas?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The daily minimum nutritional requirement for a person has been fixed at 2400 calories in rural areas and 2100 calories in urban areas. There is a difference between calorie consumption in rural and urban areas because people living in rural areas engage themselves in tasks of physical labour, so they require more energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>26. How did historical factors during the colonial period lay the foundation for poverty in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: A low level of economic development during the colonial period laid the foundation of poverty in India. The policies of the colonial government ruined traditional handicrafts, industries, as well as agriculture. The low rate of growth persisted until the nineteen-eighties, which resulted in fewer job opportunities and a low growth rate of incomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>27. Explain how the existence of semi-feudal relations in agriculture contributes to rural poverty.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Rural poverty in India emanates to a great extent from the semi-feudal relations of production in the agricultural sector. Most of the small and marginal farmers depend on large landowners-cum-money-lenders, not only for fulfilling their credit needs but also for marketing agricultural produce. In most cases, they are exploited by these landlords on both fronts, and hence, most of such small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural and non-agricultural rural labour households fall into the grip of poverty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>28. How does inequality in the distribution of income and wealth perpetuate poverty?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Although the national income of India has been increasing, it was not distributed properly among different sections of the people. The poverty line depends on per capita consumption expenditure, which in turn depends on the possession of income-earning assets and their distribution among households. The poor capabilities of some people to fulfil some of the basic needs of life arise mainly because of inadequate &#8216;entitlement&#8217; to these income-earning assets or &#8216;endowments&#8217;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>29. What does the National Multidimensional Poverty Index Progress Review 2023 indicate about poverty reduction?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: 135 million people escaped multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21. The country registered a significant decline of 9.89 percentage points in India&#8217;s multidimensionally poor, from 24.85% in 2015-16 to 14.96% in 2019-2021. 13.5 crore Indians escaped poverty between 2016 and 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>30. What progress did Bihar make in reducing multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: In 2015-16, over 51.89% of Bihar&#8217;s population lived in multidimensional poverty. By 2019-21, the figure had dropped to 33.76%. In other words, while one out of every two persons in Bihar was living in multidimensional poverty in 2015-16, that number improved to one in three by 2019-21.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>31. How does unemployment and under-employment act as a principal reason behind poverty?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: A considerable degree of unemployment and under-employment among both rural and urban workers is supposed to be the principal reason behind poverty. In India, a large section of the rural labour force is under-employed, meaning they do not get full-time employment, or even if they are engaged in any full-time activity, their earnings are insufficient to fulfil their minimum needs. In cities, the causes of poverty are mostly open unemployment, under-employment, insecure employment, and low real wages in some industries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>32. Explain how a high rate of population growth increases the dependency burden.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: With a high rate of population growth in India, the dependency burden has increased. This means the dependence of non-working people, such as children and old people, on the work-force has increased. Hence, the provision for their minimum needs becomes a crucial problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>33. Why do poor families tend to have more children? How does this relate to infant mortality?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The high rate of infant mortality, particularly in the case of poor families, induced them to increase their family size. More children in these families are regarded as a security because child labour complements the family income.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>34. How does labour market segmentation create a vicious circle of poverty for some?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Labour market segmentation implies that only a small segment of the labour market is most favourably placed, while a large segment is most unfavourably placed. This less-privileged class is deprived of some basic opportunities like health, education, and nutrition, and their income-earning capability remains at a low level. As a result, they are caught in a vicious circle of poverty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>35. Explain how price inflation and low availability of essentials lead to poverty.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Upward trends in the consumer price index during the plan periods led to a fall in the real income of fixed and low-income earners. This price inflation also led to a fall in their purchasing power, and hence, a lower standard of living and a higher incidence of poverty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Growing population pressures in India have led to low or inadequate levels of social consumption, such as the percentage of households living in pucca houses or having access to safe drinking water. A low level of social consumption also means a higher incidence of poverty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>36. What is the trickle-down effect? How was it expected to reduce poverty?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The trickle-down effect is the belief that efforts towards developing heavy industries and the Green Revolution would create employment opportunities and income, leading to rapid economic development. The benefit to a particular section of society was expected to finally trickle down to other sections across the country, particularly the poor ones, thereby reducing poverty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>37. What are the objectives of the Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY)?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The main aim of the Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) was the development of rural areas. This included creating infrastructure like roads to connect villages to different areas and other social, educational, and health infrastructure like schools and hospitals. Its secondary objective was to provide sustained wage employment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>38. Who are the beneficiaries of the National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The beneficiaries of the National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS) are old people who are above the age of 65 (now 60), who could not fend for themselves, and did not have any means of subsistence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>39. What benefits does the National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) provide?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) provides a sum of \u20b920,000 to a person of a family who becomes the head of the family after the death of its primary breadwinner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>40. What is the objective of the Annapurna scheme? Who does it target?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The objective of the Annapurna scheme is to provide food to senior citizens who cannot take care of themselves. It targets senior citizens who are not under the National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS) and who have no one to take care of them in their village. The scheme mostly targets groups of &#8216;poorest of the poor&#8217; and &#8216;indigent senior citizens&#8217;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>41. What is the main objective of the Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP)?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The main objective of the Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) is to raise families of the identified target group below the poverty line by creating sustainable opportunities for self-employment in the rural sector.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>42. What are the three dimensions of food security? Explain each briefly.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Food security has three dimensions: availability, accessibility, and affordability. This implies the availability of sufficient foodgrains to meet domestic demand, as well as access at the individual level to adequate food at affordable prices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>43. Who are the most food-insecure social groups in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The most food-insecure social groups in India are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The landless or people with little land to depend upon.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>People who have either little land or very low land productivity, such as SCs, STs, and OBCs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Traditional artisans, providers of traditional services, petty self-employed workers, and destitutes, including beggars.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>People affected by natural disasters who have to migrate in search of work.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A large proportion of pregnant and nursing mothers and children under the age of 5 years.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>44. What are the four stages of food security in a developing economy?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The four stages of food security in a developing economy are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(a) The first stage is to make an adequate quantity of cereals available to all people for their survival.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(b) The second stage includes adequate availability of cereals and pulses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(c) The third stage includes the availability of cereals, pulses, milk and milk products.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(d) The fourth and final stage includes cereals, pulses, milk and milk products, vegetables and fruits, fish, eggs and meat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>45. What are the three basic objectives of food management in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Food management in India has three basic objectives:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(i) procurement of foodgrains from farmers at remunerative prices,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(ii) distribution of foodgrains to consumers, particularly the vulnerable sections of society at affordable prices, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(iii) maintenance of food buffers for food security and price stability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>46. What is a buffer stock? What are the three purposes for which it is maintained?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: A buffer stock is the stock of foodgrains, namely wheat and rice, procured by the government through the Food Corporation of India (FCI).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Buffer stocks are maintained by the Central government for three purposes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(i) To distribute foodgrains in deficit areas and among the poorer strata of society at a price lower than the market price.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(ii) To resolve the problem of food shortage during adverse weather conditions or during a period of calamity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(iii) To meet the prescribed minimum buffer stock norms for food security.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>47. What is the Public Distribution System (PDS)? How does it function?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a system where food procured by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) is distributed through government-regulated ration shops among the poorer sections of society. These ration shops, also known as Fair Price Shops, keep stocks of foodgrains, sugar, and kerosene oil. These items are sold to people at a price lower than the market price.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>48. What was the purpose of introducing the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS)?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) was introduced in June 1997 to adopt the principle of targeting the &#8216;poor in all areas&#8217;. For the first time, a dual price policy was adopted for the poor and the non-poor, with the government announcing separate and lower issue prices of wheat and rice for people below the poverty line (BPL families) compared to those above the poverty line (APL families).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>49. What is the Antyodaya Anna Yojana? Who are its beneficiaries?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The Antyodaya Anna Yojana is a special scheme launched in December 2000 to make the Targeted Public Distribution System more focused and targeted towards the poor. Its beneficiaries are the poorest among the BPL families. The scheme provides them with 25 kg of food grains per family per month at a low price of \u20b92 per kg for wheat and \u20b93 per kg for rice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>50. What is the entitlement for beneficiaries under the National Food Security Act, 2013?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Under the provisions of the National Food Security Act, 2013, beneficiaries are able to purchase 5 kilograms of foodgrains per eligible person per month at subsidised prices. About 75% of the rural and 50% of the urban population are entitled to receive five kg of foodgrains per month, including rice, wheat, and coarse grains (millet).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>51. What provisions does the National Food Security Act, 2013 make for women and children?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The National Food Security Act, 2013 makes the following provisions for women and children:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a nutritious &#8220;take home ration&#8221; of 600 Calories and a maternity benefit of at least \u20b96,000 for six months.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Children from 6 months to 14 years of age are to receive free hot meals or &#8220;take home rations&#8221;.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The eldest woman in the household, 18 years or above, is the head of the household for the issuance of the ration card.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>52. Explain the two main approaches for the measurement of poverty. How do they differ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: There are two approaches by which the number of poor is estimated: the Expenditure Method and the Income method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Expenditure Method involves estimating the minimum nutritional food requirement for survival. First, the total minimum food requirement of a person is measured in calories. This calorie amount is then converted into equivalent money value in rupees. A minimum amount for other requirements like clothes is also added to this money value. The total minimum equivalent amount is considered the poverty line. All families that spend less than the poverty line are considered Below Poverty Line (BPL).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Income Method is used by the government for distributing food at subsidised prices through the Public Distribution System (PDS). In this approach, all those families whose total income in a month is less than the poverty line as fixed by the government are considered to be below the poverty line.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The two methods differ in what they measure. The Expenditure Method is based on the expenditure incurred by a family on various items, focusing on consumption. The Income Method is based on the income earned by a family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>53. Describe the key findings on multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21. Which states showed the most improvement?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: 135 million people escaped multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21. The country registered a significant decline of 9.89 percentage points in India&#8217;s multidimensionally poor, from 24.85% in 2015-16 to 14.96% in 2019-2021. The rural areas witnessed the fastest decline in poverty, from 32.59% to 19.28%. 13.5 crore Indians escaped poverty between 2016 and 2021. In 2015-16, one in four Indians (24.85%) met the criteria for multidimensional poverty. By 2019-21, this percentage decreased to 14.96%, or one in seven.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The fastest reduction in the population of multidimensional poor was observed in the states of U.P., Bihar, M.P., Odisha and Rajasthan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>54. Explain any three major causes of widespread poverty in India.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Three major causes for the widespread poverty in India are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Historical factors:<\/strong> The low level of economic development during the colonial period laid the foundation of poverty in India. The policies of the colonial government ruined traditional handicrafts, industries, and agriculture. The low rate of growth persisted until the nineteen-eighties, which resulted in fewer job opportunities and a low growth rate of incomes. This was accompanied by a high growth rate of population over several decades. These two factors combined to make the growth rate of per capita income very low, which perpetuated the cycle of poverty.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Existence of semi-feudal relations in agriculture:<\/strong> Rural poverty in India stems to a great extent from the semi-feudal relations of production in the agricultural sector. Most small and marginal farmers depend on large landowners-cum-money-lenders for their credit needs and for marketing agricultural produce. In most cases, they are exploited by these landlords, and as a result, most of these small and marginal farmers, along with landless agricultural and non-agricultural rural labour households, fall into the grip of poverty.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Inequality in the distribution of income and wealth:<\/strong> Although the national income of India has been increasing during the plan periods, it was not distributed properly among different sections of the people. The poverty line depends on per capita consumption expenditure, which in turn depends on the possession of income-earning assets and their distribution among households. The inability of some people to fulfil basic needs arises mainly because of inadequate access to these income-earning assets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>55. How do unemployment, under-employment, and a high rate of population growth contribute to the problem of poverty in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: A considerable degree of unemployment and under-employment among both rural and urban workers are principal reasons behind poverty. In India, a large section of the rural labour force is under-employed, meaning they do not get full-time employment. Even if they are engaged in any full-time activity, their earnings are insufficient to fulfil their minimum needs. The causes of poverty in cities are mostly open unemployment, under-employment, insecure employment, and low real wages in some industries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With a high rate of population growth in India, the dependency burden has increased. This means the dependence of non-working people, such as children and old people, on the work-force has increased. Hence, the provision for their minimum needs becomes a crucial problem. This high growth rate of population also signifies lesser availability of health facilities and other social amenities, leading to a lower standard of living.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>56. What is meant by the &#8220;trickle-down effect&#8221;? What other measures, like population control and industrial development, were proposed for poverty removal?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The &#8220;trickle-down effect&#8221; refers to the belief that efforts towards developing heavy industries and the Green Revolution would create employment opportunities and income, leading to rapid economic development. The benefit to a particular section of society would then finally trickle down to other sections across the country, particularly the poor ones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Other measures proposed for poverty removal include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Population Control:<\/strong> To eradicate poverty, population control is essential in India. For this, family planning programmes have to be effectively implemented.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Development of Cottage and Small Scale Industries:<\/strong> This measure was proposed because it employs more labour and less machinery. The government has reserved some production activities solely for these industries so that the problem of unemployment could be tackled effectively.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>57. Describe the objectives and beneficiaries of the Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) and the National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The main aim of the Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) was the development of rural areas. This included building infrastructure like roads to connect villages to different areas, making them more accessible, and developing other social, educational (schools), and infrastructure like hospitals. Its secondary objective was to provide sustained wage employment. The beneficiaries of this scheme were BPL (below the poverty line) families. The fund was also to be spent on individual beneficiary schemes for SCs and STs, and 3% was for the establishment of barrier-free infrastructure for disabled people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS) provides a pension to its beneficiaries. The beneficiaries are old people who were above the age of 65 (now 60), who could not fend for themselves, and did not have any means of subsistence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>58. Explain the provisions of the National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) and the National Maternity Benefit Scheme.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) provides a sum of \u20b920,000 to a person of a family who becomes the head of the family after the death of its primary breadwinner. The breadwinner is defined as a person who is above 18, earns the most for the family, and on whose earnings the family survives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The National Maternity Benefit Scheme provides a sum of \u20b96,000 to a pregnant mother in three installments. The women have to be older than 19 years of age. The amount is normally given 12-8 weeks before the birth, and in case of the death of the child, the woman can still avail it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>59. What is food security? Explain its essential components and the different stages of its development in an economy.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Food security is something more than just getting two square meals a day. It can be defined as the ability to ensure, on a long-term basis, access to enough food for an active and healthy life for the entire population. It implies the availability of sufficient foodgrains to meet domestic demand as well as access, at the individual level, to adequate food at affordable prices. It has three dimensions: availability, accessibility, and affordability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Food security has the following essential components:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(i) Food security involves the availability of sufficient quantities and good quality food.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(ii) People have enough purchasing power so that they can acquire the food they need. Access to food depends not only on household incomes but also on food prices.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(iii) Food security ensures a timely, reliable, and nutritionally adequate supply of food on a long-term basis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(iv) It also necessitates maintaining a buffer stock to take care of natural calamities resulting in temporary shortages.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In a developing economy, the concept of food security changes with the stage of development. The stages are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(a) The first stage is to make an adequate quantity of cereals available to all people for their survival.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(b) The second stage includes adequate availability of cereals and pulses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(c) The third stage includes the availability of cereals, pulses, milk, and milk products.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(d) The fourth and final stage includes cereals, pulses, milk and milk products, vegetables and fruits, fish, eggs, and meat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>60. Who are considered food insecure in India? Which states account for the largest number of food-insecure people?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: In India, the worst-affected groups who are food insecure are the landless or people with little land to depend upon. Other food-insecure people include traditional artisans, providers of traditional services, petty self-employed workers, and destitutes, including beggars. In urban areas, food-insecure people are employed in very low-paid occupations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The following social groups are most food insecure:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>People who have either little land or very low land productivity, e.g., SCs, STs and OBCs etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>People affected by natural disasters who have to migrate to other areas in search of work.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A large proportion of pregnant and nursing mothers and children under the age of 5 years.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The states of Uttar Pradesh (eastern and southeastern parts), Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, and parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra account for the largest number of food-insecure people in the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>61. What steps has the government taken to increase food supplies? Explain the institutional and technological measures.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The government has taken various steps to increase food supplies. These measures are explained below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(i) <strong>Institutional Measures<\/strong> include land reforms (i.e., abolition of intermediaries, ceiling of land holdings, tenancy reforms, consolidation of holdings etc.), setting up of institutional credit agencies to provide cheap and adequate agricultural finance, and building up a strong marketing structure to ensure a fair price to farmers for their produce.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(ii) <strong>Technological Improvements<\/strong> include the extension of irrigation facilities, propagation of high-yielding varieties of seeds, and the supply of chemical fertilisers at subsidised prices, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>62. What is a buffer stock? Explain how it is created and why it is maintained by the government.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: A buffer stock is the stock of foodgrains, namely wheat and rice, procured by the government through the Food Corporation of India (FCI).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is created when the FCI purchases wheat and rice from farmers in states where there is surplus production. The farmers are paid a minimum support price that is pre-announced by the government every year before the sowing season.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Buffer stocks are maintained by the Central government for three purposes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(i) To distribute foodgrains in the deficit areas and among the poorer strata of society at a price lower than the market price. This is known as the issue price.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(ii) To resolve the problem of food shortage during adverse weather conditions or during a period of calamity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(iii) To meet the prescribed minimum buffer stock norms for food security.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>63. Describe the evolution of the Public Distribution System (PDS) from a universal to a targeted system.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: In the beginning, the coverage of the Public Distribution System (PDS) was universal, with no discrimination between the poor and non-poor. Later, the policy related to PDS was revised to make it more efficient and targeted. In 1992, the Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) was introduced in 1,700 of the country&#8217;s blocks, targeting the benefits to remote and backward areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From June 1997, the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) was introduced to adopt the principle of targeting the &#8216;poor in all areas&#8217;. For the first time, a dual price policy was adopted for the poor and the non-poor. The government announced separate issue prices for people below the poverty line (BPL families) and people above the poverty line (APL families), with issue prices of wheat and rice kept lower for BPL families.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>64. What is the role of the Food Corporation of India (FCI) in ensuring food security in the country?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The Food Corporation of India (FCI) has played a significant role in the country. Its main achievements are as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(i) It has enabled the government to build up adequate buffer stocks to protect the interests of farmers on the one hand and of consumers on the other.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(ii) With the increase in procurement levels, the country&#8217;s dependence on imports of food grains has declined substantially.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(iii) FCI has been able to arrest price declines to unremunerative levels.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(iv) FCI has also helped low-income groups by supplying them foodgrains at affordable prices through the public distribution system.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(v) FCI has played an important role in building up scientific storage capacity, which has not only enabled the government to build up buffer stocks but has also saved the country from foodgrains losses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(vi) It plays an active role in the inland trade of foodgrains. Through its buffer stock operations, the government buys foodgrains from surplus areas and sells them in deficit areas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>65. What is the vicious circle of poverty? Explain how low income, low productivity, and low efficiency are interlinked to perpetuate poverty.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Vicious circle of poverty means that poverty is both the cause and the effect. It is generally said that India is poor because it is poor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Due to poverty, the standard of living of people is low; because of a low standard of living, the level of efficiency is low; because of low efficiency, the level of productivity becomes low; a low level of productivity brings the level of income down; and because of a low level of income, there is poverty in the country. Thus, it becomes a vicious circle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>66. Discuss in detail the major causes of poverty in India, covering historical factors, agricultural relations, and inequality.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: There are a number of causes for the widespread poverty in India. The major causes are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Historical factors:<\/strong> A low level of economic development during the colonial period laid the foundation of poverty in India. The policies of the colonial government ruined traditional handicrafts, industries, as well as agriculture. The low rate of growth persisted until the nineteen-eighties. This resulted in fewer job opportunities and a low growth rate of incomes. This was accompanied by a high growth rate of population over a period of several decades. These two combined to make the growth rate of per capita income very low. The failure in pushing economic growth and in controlling population perpetuated the cycle of poverty.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Existence of semi-feudal relations in agriculture:<\/strong> Rural poverty in India emanates to a great extent from the semi-feudal relations of production in the agricultural sector. Most of the small and marginal farmers depend on large land-owners-cum-money-lenders, not only for fulfilling their credit needs but also for marketing agricultural produce. In most cases, they are exploited by these landlords on both fronts and hence, most of such small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural and non-agricultural rural labour households fall into the grip of poverty.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Inequality in the distribution of income and wealth:<\/strong> Although the national income of India has been increasing during the plan periods, it was not distributed properly among different sections of the people. The poverty line depends on the per capita consumption expenditure, and the per capita consumption expenditure, in turn, depends on the possession of income-earning assets and their distribution among the households.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>67. Elaborate on the various Poverty Alleviation Programmes initiated by the government. Explain the objectives and target groups of any four such schemes.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The government adopted various policy measures and programmes to remove poverty, and hence they were known as Poverty Alleviation Programmes. Most of them aim at providing employment or improvement of assets to poverty-ridden families. Four such schemes are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY):<\/strong> It was started on 1 April 1999. The main aim of this programme was the development of rural areas. Its secondary objective was to give out sustained wage employment. This was only given to BPL (below the poverty line) families, and funds were to be spent for individual beneficiary schemes for SCs and STs and 3% for the establishment of barrier-free infrastructure for disabled people.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS):<\/strong> This scheme came into effect on 15 August 1995. The scheme provides a pension to old people who were above the age of 65 (now 60), who could not fend for themselves and did not have any means of subsistence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS):<\/strong> This scheme was started in August 1995 by the Government of India. This scheme provides a sum of \u20b920,000 to a person of a family who becomes the head of the family after the death of its primary breadwinner. The breadwinner is defined as a person who is above 18, who earns the most for the family and on whose earnings the family survives.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP):<\/strong> This programme was first introduced in 1978-79. The main objective of IRDP is to raise families of the identified target group below the poverty line by creating sustainable opportunities for self-employment in the rural sector. The target group under IRDP consists of small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers and rural artisans having an annual income below \u20b911,000, defined as the poverty line in the Eighth Plan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>68. &#8220;India has achieved significant reduction in multidimensional poverty.&#8221; Discuss this statement with reference to the findings on multidimensional poverty.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: India has achieved a significant reduction in multidimensional poverty. 135 million people escaped multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21. The country registered a significant decline of 9.89 percentage points in India&#8217;s multidimensionally poor, from 24.85% in 2015-16 to 14.96% in 2019-2021. The rural areas witnessed the fastest decline in poverty, from 32.59% to 19.28%. The fastest reduction in the population of multidimensional poor was observed in the states of U.P., Bihar, M.P., Odisha and Rajasthan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>13.5 crore Indians escaped poverty between 2016 and 2021. In 2015-16, one in four Indians (24.85%) met the criteria for multidimensional poverty. By 2019-21, this percentage decreased to 14.96%, or one in seven.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Furthermore, in 2015-16, only seven states had less than 10 percent of their population living in multidimensional poverty. However, in 2019-21, the list had doubled to include 14 states. Collectively, India has lifted approximately 13.5 crore people out of multidimensional poverty in the same period.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Get notes, questions, solutions, textual answers, pdf, and extras for Chapter 18:&nbsp;Poverty,&nbsp;which is a part of the social science class 9 syllabus for students studying under the Nagaland Board of School Education. However, these notes should be used only for references and additions\/modifications should be made as per the requirements. Introduction The three major challenges&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/poverty\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Poverty: NBSE class 9 Social Science chapter 18 answers, notes<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1044,"featured_media":5712,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,34],"tags":[28,10,30,42,12,13,33,35,238,36,23,37],"class_list":["post-3670","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nagaland","category-notes","tag-answers","tag-class-9","tag-extras","tag-nagaland","tag-nagaland-board","tag-nbse","tag-notes","tag-pdf","tag-poverty","tag-questions","tag-social-science","tag-solutions","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3670","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1044"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3670"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3670\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33305,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3670\/revisions\/33305"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5712"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3670"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3670"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3670"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}