{"id":3734,"date":"2019-09-29T08:39:36","date_gmt":"2019-09-29T08:39:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/onlinefreenotes.com\/?p=3734"},"modified":"2026-01-05T09:36:44","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T09:36:44","slug":"people-as-a-resource","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/people-as-a-resource\/","title":{"rendered":"People as a Resource: NBSE Class 9 Social Science Chapter 19"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Here are the notes, questions, solutions, textual answers, pdf, and extras for Chapter 19:&nbsp;People as a Resource, which is a part of the social science class 9 syllabus for students studying under the <a href=\"https:\/\/nbsenl.edu.in\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nagaland Board<\/a> of School Education.<\/p>\n\n\n  <style>\r\n    .notice {\r\n      background: yellow;       \/* simple yellow background *\/\r\n      text-align: center;       \/* centre alignment *\/\r\n      padding: 12px 16px;\r\n      margin: 20px auto;\r\n      width: fit-content;       \/* shrink to text and centre via auto margins *\/\r\n      font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\r\n    }\r\n  <\/style>\r\n  <div class=\"notice\">\r\n    If you notice any errors in the notes, please mention them in the comments\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<nav id=\"toc\" class=\"toc-box\"><\/nav>\r\n<style>\r\n.toc-box{\r\n  border:1px solid #e5e7eb;\r\n  border-radius:8px;\r\n  background:#fff;\r\n  margin:20px 0;\r\n  font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\r\n}\r\n.toc-header{\r\n  padding:10px 14px;\r\n  font-size:16px;\r\n  font-weight:600;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid #eef2f7;\r\n  background:#f8fafc\r\n}\r\n.toc-content{\r\n  padding:12px 18px\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Base list *\/\r\n.toc-content ul{\r\n  margin:0 25px;\r\n  padding-left:0;\r\n  list-style:none\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Level-based bullets *\/\r\n.toc-content li{\r\n  position:relative;\r\n  margin:6px 0;\r\n  margin-left:6px;\r\n  line-height:1.5;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* H2 bullet \u25cf *\/\r\n.toc-content li.level-2{\r\n  list-style:disc;\r\n\t\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* H3 bullet \u25cb *\/\r\n.toc-content li.level-3{\r\n  margin-left:26px;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n\/* H4+ bullet \u2013 *\/\r\n.toc-content li.level-4{\r\n  margin-left:46px;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n.toc-content li.level-5,\r\n.toc-content li.level-6{\r\n  margin-left:66px;\r\n\tlist-style:disc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.toc-content a{\r\n  text-decoration:none;\r\n  color:#000\r\n}\r\n.toc-content a:hover{\r\n  text-decoration:underline\r\n}\r\n\r\nhtml{scroll-behavior:smooth}\r\nh1[id],h2[id],h3[id],h4[id],h5[id],h6[id]{\r\n  scroll-margin-top:110px\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\ndocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {\r\n\r\n  const toc = document.getElementById('toc');\r\n  if (!toc) return;\r\n\r\n  \/* MAIN CONTENT ONLY *\/\r\n  const content = document.querySelector('#pdf-content');\r\n\r\n  \/* EXCLUDE AREAS *\/\r\n  const excludeSelectors = `\r\n    .author, .byline, .entry-meta, .post-meta,\r\n    #comments, .comments-area, .comment-respond,\r\n    .comment-form, .comment-list,\r\n    .login, .login-required,\r\n    .sidebar, aside, footer, nav,\r\n    .widget, .widgets\r\n  `;\r\n\r\n  \/* TEXT TO IGNORE *\/\r\n  const ignoreText = [\r\n    'leave a comment',\r\n    'cancel reply',\r\n    'login required',\r\n    'get notes',\r\n    'ron\\'e dutta',\r\n    'comments'\r\n  ];\r\n\r\n  \r\nconst headings = [...content.querySelectorAll('h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6')]\r\n  .filter(h => !excludeSelectors || !h.closest(excludeSelectors))\r\n  .filter(h => {\r\n    const txt = h.textContent.trim().toLowerCase();\r\n    return txt.length > 0 && !ignoreText.some(t => txt.includes(t));\r\n  });\r\n\r\n\/\/alert(content);\r\n  if (!headings.length) {\r\n    toc.style.display = 'none';\r\n    return;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* UNIQUE IDs *\/\r\n  const used = {};\r\n  const slug = t => t.toLowerCase().trim()\r\n    .replace(\/[^a-z0-9\\s-]\/g, '')\r\n    .replace(\/\\s+\/g, '-');\r\n\r\n  headings.forEach(h => {\r\n    if (!h.id) {\r\n      let base = slug(h.textContent) || 'section';\r\n      used[base] = (used[base] || 0) + 1;\r\n      h.id = used[base] > 1 ? base + '-' + used[base] : base;\r\n    }\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  \/* BUILD TOC *\/\r\n  const ul = document.createElement('ul');\r\n\r\n  headings.forEach(h => {\r\n    const level = parseInt(h.tagName.substring(1));\r\n    if (level < 2) return; \/\/ skip H1 like your reference site\r\n\r\n    const li = document.createElement('li');\r\n    li.className = 'level-' + level;\r\n\r\n    const a = document.createElement('a');\r\n    a.href = '#' + h.id;\r\n    a.textContent = h.textContent.trim();\r\n\r\n    li.appendChild(a);\r\n    ul.appendChild(li);\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  toc.innerHTML = `\r\n    <div class=\"toc-header\">Table of Contents<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"toc-content\"><\/div>\r\n  `;\r\n  toc.querySelector('.toc-content').appendChild(ul);\r\n\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\r\n\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Introduction\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Human resources refer to human beings. If their qualitative aspects are developed, they can contribute a lot to the economic development of the nation. From this standpoint, the population helps in economic development. The relationship between population and economic development is very complex. Many things can be said in favour of and against this complex relationship. The population is an asset to the economy rather than a liability. The population becomes human capital when there is an investment made in the form of education, training, and medical care. An investment in human capital yields a return just like an investment in physical capital. Educated, skilled, and healthier people generate higher productivity and income.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8216;People as Resources&#8217; is a way of referring to a country&#8217;s working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities. Looking at the population from this productive aspect emphasises its ability to contribute to the creation of the Gross National Product. Like other resources population also is a resource &#8216;human resource&#8217;. This is the positive side of a large population that is often overlooked when we look only at the negative side, considering only the problems of providing the population with food, education and access to health facilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"I_Choose_the_correct_answer\"><strong>Textual questions and answers<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"I_Choose_the_correct_answer\"><strong>Choose the correct answer<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Which of the following best describes the concept of the demographic dividend?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. A situation where the working-age population is smaller than the dependent population<br>B. A situation where the working-age population is larger than the dependent population<br>C. A situation where the birth rate is higher than the death rate<br>D. A situation where the elderly population is larger than the youth population<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: B. A situation where the working-age population is larger than the dependent population<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. How does the quality of education and training impact human capital development?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. It has no significant impact on human capital.<br>B. Higher quality education and training result in a higher level of human capital.<br>C. It only affects the quantity of human capital, not the quality.<br>D. It only affects individuals, not the overall workforce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: B. Higher quality education and training result in a higher level of human capital.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. In the context of human resources, what is &#8220;brain drain&#8221;?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. A process where individuals gain knowledge and skills but remain unemployed<br>B. A process where highly skilled individuals emigrate to other countries for better opportunities<br>C. A process where individuals with low education levels are trained for specialized jobs<br>D. A process where individuals invest in their health but do not contribute to the workforce<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: B. A process where highly skilled individuals emigrate to other countries for better opportunities<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. There are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark your answer as per the codes provided below.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Assertion (A): Investment in human capital yields a return just like investment in physical capital.<br>Reason (R): A country endowed with a vast amount of natural resources cannot exploit them properly unless it has enough supply of skilled labour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)<br>B. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)<br>C. (A) is correct but (R) is wrong<br>D. (A) is wrong but (R) is correct<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: B. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. Consider the statements given below and choose the correct answer.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Statement 1: Education is the most important component of human resource development.<br>Statement II: Education improves human behaviour, produces skilled and trained workers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. statement I is correct and II is incorrect<br>B. statement I is incorrect and II is correct<br>C. Both I &amp; II are incorrect<br>D. Both I &amp; II are correct<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: D. Both I &amp; II are correct<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. Evaluate the adverse effects of population growth by identifying the appropriate statements among the following options.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I. Despite considerable growth in national income, per capita income could not increase much<br>II. The population has increased much faster than increase in employment opportunities<br>III. Rapidly growing population increases the land-man ratio<br>IV. In spite of large increases recorded in foodgrain production, their per capita availability has not improved much.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. I and II are appropriate<br>B. I, II and III are appropriate<br>C. I, II and IV are appropriate<br>D. all statements are appropriate<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: C. I, II and IV are appropriate<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"II_Very_Short_Answer_Type_Questions\"><strong>Very short answer type questions<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. What is human capital?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Human capital can be defined as the knowledge, ability, skill and physical capacity of the people which help them to produce more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Mention two things necessary for good health.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Two things necessary for good health are (i) Balanced and nutritious diet and (ii) healthcare facilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Define unemployment.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: When a person is unable to find any gainful work or job, that person is said to be unemployed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. What is disguised unemployment?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Disguised unemployment implies that more than the required number of people are engaged in a given job.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. Define seasonal unemployment.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: There are some industries and occupations which offer employment for only a certain period of time in a year. Unemployment during the off-season is known as seasonal unemployment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. Define structural unemployment.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: This type of unemployment is related to the structural setup of the economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"III_Short_Answer_Type_Questions\"><strong>Short answer type questions<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Describe in brief the role of human resources in economic development.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Human resource refers to human beings. If their qualitative aspects are developed, they can contribute a lot to the process of economic development of the nation. Investment in human capital (through education, training, and medical care) yields a return just like an investment in physical capital.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Explain the positive relationship between population growth and the economic development of a country.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Like other resources population also is a resource &#8216;human resource&#8217;. If the growing population is provided with better education, better health and a better environment, the quality of the labour force may be improved to a great extent. Thus, people can produce more and hence national production\/output is increased. In this way, the population can help in the economic development of a country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Discuss the role of education in human capital formation.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Education plays the following roles in human capital formation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>i Education modifies\/improves human behaviour.<br>ii. It produces skilled and trained workers.<br>iii. It increases labour productivity.<br>iv. It develops personality and a sense of national consciousness.<br>v. It promotes science and technology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. Why is population growth a major cause of unemployment in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The rapid population has created an army of the labour force. When the number of people increases in a country much faster than the increase in employment opportunities, that situation may lead to unemployment. This is what has happened in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"IV_Long_Answer_Type_Questions\"><strong>Long answer type questions<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Differentiate between physical capital and human capital. How can human capital be created?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Physical capital can be defined as a factor of production such as machinery, buildings, or computers.&nbsp;Human capital, on the other hand, can be defined as the knowledge, ability, skill and physical capacity of the people which help them to produce more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Human beings can be turned into resources only if their innovative aspects are developed. Qualitative aspects in human beings cannot be developed automatically. This requires investments in them. Education and health are the major human resources of a country. When we make adequate inputs of education and health in the people, the quality of human resources will definitely increase. They convert human beings into human capital.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. &#8220;The quality of human resources in India is very poor when compared with advanced nations.&#8221; Justify the statement by giving examples.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color\"><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Human beings can be turned into resources only if their innovative aspects are developed. When we provide adequate inputs in education and health to the people, the quality of human resources will definitely increase. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In India, the situation on the literacy front still remains disappointing. Of the total world population, India&#8217;s share is one-sixth, but among the world&#8217;s illiterates, her share is one-third. This underlines the need to improve literacy rates even further. Even now public expenditure on education in India is inadequate<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Though India has made many improvements in the healthcare sector, health conditions are far from satisfactory in India. One-fourth of the total population is under-nourished. The sanitation level is extremely poor. About 72 per cent of our population lives in unsanitary conditions. Hence, the role of the government in providing healthcare is still important. But it is disappointing that public expenditure on health has been quite low, even less than one per cent of GDP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, the quality of human resources in India is very poor when compared with advanced nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. &#8220;Population is an asset, rather than a liability.&#8221; Explain.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Population is an asset for the economy rather than a liability. Population becomes human capital when there is an investment made in the form of education, training and medical care. Investment in human capital yields a return just like an investment in physical capital. Educated, skilled and healthier people generate higher productivity and income. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. How does good health contribute to economic development?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Good health contributes to economic development in the following ways:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) It increases the efficiency of workers.<br>(b) It reduces production loss caused by workers&#8217; illness.<br>(c) It permits the use of natural and other resources.<br>(d) It increases the enrollment of children in schools and makes them better able to learn.<br>(e) It spares\/frees resources that otherwise would have to be spent on treating illness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Extra_MCQs\"><strong>Extra MCQs<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1: What is the term for the stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied in a country&#8217;s working people?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Physical Capital<br>B. Human Capital<br>C. Natural Resources<br>D. Financial Capital<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Human Capital<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2: Unemployment that arises when more people are engaged in a job than are actually required is known as:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Seasonal Unemployment<br>B. Structural Unemployment<br>C. Disguised Unemployment<br>D. Cyclical Unemployment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Disguised Unemployment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3: According to data from 1951, what was the life expectancy at birth in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. 37.2 years<br>B. 47.6 years<br>C. 55.1 years<br>D. 66.8 years<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. 37.2 years<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4: The process of improving human capital through investments in education, training, and health is called:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Human resource development<br>B. Physical capital formation<br>C. Economic diversification<br>D. Industrial innovation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Human resource development<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5: Which type of unemployment is associated with the slackening of demand for goods in an economy, often occurring in capitalist countries?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Technical Unemployment<br>B. Frictional Unemployment<br>C. Structural Unemployment<br>D. Cyclical Unemployment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> D. Cyclical Unemployment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6: What was India&#8217;s literacy rate in 2011?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. 16.67%<br>B. 69.80%<br>C. 74.04%<br>D. 95.70%<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. 74.04%<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7: The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) refers to the number of deaths of children under what age, per thousand live births?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Five years<br>B. Three years<br>C. One year<br>D. Six months<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. One year<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8: The IT revolution in India is a striking example of the importance of:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Natural resources<br>B. Physical capital<br>C. Human capital<br>D. Agricultural machinery<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Human capital<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9: Unemployment that occurs in industries like agriculture and sugar mills due to their operational periods being limited to certain times of the year is called:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Disguised unemployment<br>B. Seasonal unemployment<br>C. Technical unemployment<br>D. Frictional unemployment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Seasonal unemployment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10: Which of the following is considered a direct return on investment in human capital?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Increased national debt<br>B. Higher incomes due to higher productivity<br>C. A decrease in the working population<br>D. Greater dependency on foreign aid<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Higher incomes due to higher productivity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11: The eradication of which disease was completed in India by April 1977?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Plague<br>B. Malaria<br>C. Small-pox<br>D. Polio<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Small-pox<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>12: Unemployment caused by a change in technology, such as the introduction of computers rendering some workers jobless, is known as:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Structural Unemployment<br>B. Cyclical Unemployment<br>C. Technical Unemployment<br>D. Seasonal Unemployment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Technical Unemployment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>13: What are the two key investments required to improve the quality of human resources?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Infrastructure and transportation<br>B. Agriculture and industry<br>C. Defence and administration<br>D. Education and health<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> D. Education and health<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>14: The task force on employment generation, set up by the Planning Commission, was headed by:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. S.P. Gupta<br>B. M.S. Ahluwalia<br>C. C. Rangarajan<br>D. Manmohan Singh<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. M.S. Ahluwalia<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>15: What was the approximate number of universities in India in the year 1950-51?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. 30<br>B. 177<br>C. 238<br>D. 523<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. 30<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>16: Statement I: Investment in education, training, and medical care is made for the population.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Statement II: The population becomes human capital, an asset for the economy.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Statement I is the cause of Statement II.<br>B. Statement II is the cause of Statement I.<br>C. Both statements are independent of each other.<br>D. Statement I is a contradiction of Statement II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Statement I is the cause of Statement II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>17: Statement I: In a family farm, five members are working, whereas only two are needed.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Statement II: This situation is an example of disguised unemployment.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Statement I is the cause of Statement II.<br>B. Statement II is independent of Statement I.<br>C. Statement I is an example that illustrates Statement II.<br>D. Statement I contradicts Statement II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Statement I is an example that illustrates Statement II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>18: Statement I: During the period 1950-2011, foodgrain production in India increased by 3.2% per annum.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Statement II: During the same period, the per capita availability of foodgrains also increased by 3.2% per annum.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Both statements are true.<br>B. Statement I is true, but Statement II is false.<br>C. Statement I is false, but Statement II is true.<br>D. Both statements are false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> B. Statement I is true, but Statement II is false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>19: Statement I: A country with vast natural resources can exploit them properly without an adequate supply of labour.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Statement II: The supply of a labour force comes from population growth.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Both statements are true.<br>B. Statement I is true, but Statement II is false.<br>C. Statement I is false, but Statement II is true.<br>D. Both statements are false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. Statement I is false, but Statement II is true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>20: Statement I: An increase in population leads to an increase in the demand for goods and services.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Statement II: An increased demand for goods and services encourages producers to increase production.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. I is independent of II.<br>B. I is a contradiction of II.<br>C. I is the cause for II.<br>D. II is an example of I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. I is the cause for II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>21: Statement I: The Green Revolution is an example of how improved technology can increase the productivity of scarce land resources.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Statement II: Japan became an industrialized nation by investing heavily in human capital.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. I is the cause for II.<br>B. II is an example of I.<br>C. I and II are independent, true statements.<br>D. I contradicts II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. I and II are independent, true statements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>22: Statement I: Good health increases the efficiency of workers.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Statement II: A healthy workforce contributes positively to the national output.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Statement I is a contradiction of Statement II.<br>B. Statement II is an example of Statement I.<br>C. Statement I and Statement II are unrelated.<br>D. Statement I is the cause of Statement II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> D. Statement I is the cause of Statement II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>23: Statement I: Structural unemployment is related to the structural set-up of the economy, such as a shortage of capital.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>Statement II: Cyclical unemployment is caused by a slackening of demand for goods.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Both statements are true.<br>B. Both statements are false.<br>C. Statement I is true, and Statement II is false.<br>D. Statement I is false, and Statement II is true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. Both statements are true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>24: Arrange the following years in ascending order of life expectancy in India.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) 2023<br>(ii) 1951<br>(iii) 2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. (ii) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (i)<br>B. (i) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (ii)<br>C. (iii) \u2192 (ii) \u2192 (i)<br>D. (ii) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (iii)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. (ii) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (i)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>25: Arrange the following years in descending order based on India&#8217;s Infant Mortality Rate (IMR).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) 2011<br>(ii) 1970<br>(iii) 2021<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. (i) \u2192 (ii) \u2192 (iii)<br>B. (iii) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (ii)<br>C. (ii) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (iii)<br>D. (ii) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (i)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> C. (ii) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (iii)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>26: Arrange the following years in ascending order based on the number of universities in India.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) 2010-11<br>(ii) 1950-51<br>(iii) 1990-91<br>(iv) 2019-20<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. (ii) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (iv)<br>B. (iv) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (ii)<br>C. (ii) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (iv)<br>D. (iii) \u2192 (ii) \u2192 (iv) \u2192 (i)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. (ii) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (iv)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>27: Consider the literacy rates for the following years in India. Choose the option that lists them in the correct chronological order of the census\/data year.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) Literacy rate of 74.04%<br>(ii) Literacy rate of 16.67%<br>(iii) Literacy rate in 1991<br>(iv) Literacy rate in 2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. (ii) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (iv) \u2192 (i)<br>B. (i) \u2192 (iv) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (ii)<br>C. (ii) \u2192 (iv) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (i)<br>D. (iii) \u2192 (ii) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (iv)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. (ii) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (iv) \u2192 (i)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>28: Arrange the following Five Year Plans in their correct chronological sequence.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007)<br>(ii) The planning period starting in 1951<br>(iii) Ninth Five Year Plan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. (ii) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (i)<br>B. (i) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (ii)<br>C. (iii) \u2192 (ii) \u2192 (i)<br>D. (ii) \u2192 (i) \u2192 (iii)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> A. (ii) \u2192 (iii) \u2192 (i)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Extra_questions_and_answers\"><strong>Extra questions and answers<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. When does a population become human capital?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Population becomes human capital when there is investment made in the form of education, training and medical care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. What is the stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied in people called?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Human capital is the stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied in people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. What is \u2018human capital formation\u2019?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: When the existing &#8216;human resource&#8217; is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy, we call it &#8216;human capital formation&#8217;. The process of improvement in human capital is termed as human capital formation or human resource development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. How is investment in human capital similar to investment in physical capital?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Investment in human capital, through education, training, and medical care, yields a return just like investment in physical capital. This can be seen directly in the form of higher incomes earned because of the higher productivity of more educated or better-trained persons, as well as the higher productivity of healthier people. When the existing &#8216;human resource&#8217; is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy, we call it &#8216;human capital formation&#8217;, which adds to the productive power of the country just like &#8216;physical capital formation&#8217;. This investment in people is the same as investment in land and capital.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. How does population growth help in the better utilisation of resources?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: A country endowed with a vast amount of natural resources like land, minerals, and forests cannot exploit them properly unless it has an adequate supply of labour. The supply of the labour force comes from population growth, thus helping in the better utilisation of available resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. How is population growth a source of demand in an economy?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Human beings make demand for the output of goods and services produced in the country. When population increases, the demand for various goods and services also increases, making population growth a source of demand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. How does population growth lead to greater investments?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Population growth provides greater investment opportunities in a country. It creates an expanded market for various goods and services. As a result, businessmen become increasingly interested in investments in their fields of production, which leads to an increase in the stock of capital like machines, factory buildings, and power plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8. What is the effect of population growth on innovative activities?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Population growth leads to greater innovative activities in the economy. Producers and entrepreneurs undertake new methods of production and make more efforts to bring new types of products to the market to accommodate the preference patterns of various groups of consumers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9. How can the quality of a country&#8217;s labour force be improved?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: If the growing population is provided with better education, better health, and a better environment, the quality of the labour force may be improved to a great extent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10. Why is population growth often considered a curse for India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Population growth is regarded as a curse in India for the following reasons:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) Despite considerable growth in national income, per capita income could not increase much.<br>(ii) The burden of unproductive consumers upon the workforce is still high.<br>(iii) Population growth is considered one of the major causes of unemployment, as the number of people has increased much faster than the increase in employment opportunities.<br>(iv) Heavy pressure of population has led to the problem of overcrowding in cities, unplanned urbanisation, and the emergence of slums.<br>(v) Rapidly growing population lowers the land-man ratio, and the per capita cultivated area is gradually on the decline.<br>(vi) In spite of large increases in foodgrain production, their per capita availability has not improved much, and this marginal increase is largely attributable to the rapid growth of population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11. What is meant by the burden of unproductive consumers?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The burden of unproductive consumers refers to the dependence of non-productive individuals on the workforce. These non-productive consumers include children, old persons, and a part of the population in the age group of 15\u201364 which does not find employment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>12. How does population growth cause overcrowding in cities?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Heavy pressure of population has led to the problem of overcrowding in cities, unplanned urbanisation, and the emergence of slums.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>13. How does population growth affect the land-man ratio?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: A rapidly growing population lowers the land-man ratio. Per capita cultivated area is gradually on the decline in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>14. What are the two major human resources of a country?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Education and health are the major human resources of a country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>15. How does education increase labour productivity?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Education increases labour productivity. Primary education causes an increase of 40 per cent, secondary education 100 per cent, and higher education 300 per cent in labour productivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>16. What was India&#8217;s literacy rate in 1951 and 2011?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: India&#8217;s literacy rate has risen from 16.67 per cent in 1951 to 74.04% in 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>17. What is India&#8217;s share among the world&#8217;s illiterates?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Among the world&#8217;s illiterates, India&#8217;s share is one-third.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>18. What is the Gross Enrolment Ratio?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The Gross Enrolment Ratio is an important indication of a country&#8217;s educational achievement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>19. What is the goal for public expenditure on education as a percentage of GNP?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The goal for public expenditure on education is 6 per cent of GNP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>20. What is India&#8217;s rank in scientific manpower according to UNESCO?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: India ranks fifth in absolute numbers of scientific and technical manpower with 1.8 million persons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>21. What are the two things necessary for good health?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The two things necessary for good health are (i) a balanced and nutritious diet and (ii) healthcare facilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>22. What does the Infant Mortality Rate refer to?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The Infant Mortality Rate refers to the average number of deaths per thousand of children born, within the age of one year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>23. What was India&#8217;s life expectancy at birth in 1951?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The life expectancy at the time of birth in India was 37.2 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>24. What was India&#8217;s Infant Mortality Rate in 1970?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The infant mortality rate in India was 127 in 1970.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>25. Which two major diseases have been completely eradicated in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Smallpox and plague have been completely eradicated in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>26. What is disguised unemployment according to Nurkse?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: In predominantly agricultural underdeveloped countries, some 20 to 25 per cent of the working force falls in the category of disguised unemployment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>27. Name two examples of industries where seasonal unemployment is common.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Two examples of industries where seasonal unemployment is common are agriculture and agro-based industrial activities like sugar mills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>28. What is structural unemployment? What are its causes?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Structural unemployment is a type of unemployment related to the structural set-up of the economy. It is associated with the inadequacy of productive capacity to create enough jobs for all those able and willing to work. It arises when:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) there is shortage of inputs like capital, land, etc.<br>(ii) labour force is trained in traditional industries but they do not possess any skill. So the type of labourers which are needed are not available.<br>(iii) the social and economic structure of the country is backward and traditional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>29. Explain cyclical unemployment and technical unemployment.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cyclical Unemployment:<\/strong> When there is unemployment due to a slackening of demand for goods, it is cyclical unemployment. This generally occurs in capitalist countries. This is a type of unemployment which is harmless and occurs for a short period only.<br><strong>Technical Unemployment:<\/strong> Like cyclical employment, this kind of employment is also harmless and prevails for a short period only. If unemployment occurs owing to a change in technology, it is referred to as technical unemployment. For example, with the coming of computers, many were rendered jobless.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>30. What is frictional unemployment?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Frictional unemployment is the temporary unemployment which exists during the period of transfer of labour from one occupation to another. It is due to the ignorance of labour about job opportunities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>31. How does Japan serve as an example of investing in human capital?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Japan is an example of a nation that became a top industrialised nation by investing hugely in human capital. Countries like Japan have invested in human resources even though they did not have any natural resources. They import the natural resources needed in their country. They became rich and developed by investing in people, especially in the field of education and health. These people have made efficient use of other resources, like land and capital. The efficiency and technology evolved by people have made these countries rich and developed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>32. Why do arguments favouring population growth hold little significance for India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The arguments in favour of population growth carry little significance in the Indian context. In India, population growth has become a big challenge for the country. Instead of turning into a resource, population growth has become a big hurdle in the way of economic development. It is regarded as a curse because it has been a retarding factor to economic development and is the biggest road-block in the path of economic progress. Indian poverty is deeply rooted in population growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>33. What is the role of education in the economic development of a country?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Education is the most important component of human resource development. An educated society facilitates development better than an illiterate one. It improves upon the level of understanding and plays an important role in the economic development of a country. This becomes clear from the following points:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) Education modifies\/improves human behaviour.<br>(ii) It produces skilled and trained workers.<br>(iii) It increases labour productivity. Primary education causes an increase of 40 per cent, secondary education 100 per cent and higher education 300 per cent in labour productivity.<br>(iv) It develops personality and sense of national consciousness among the people which are important for rapid economic growth.<br>(v) It promotes science and technology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>34. Describe the state of literacy in India. Why is it still considered disappointing?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: During the Five Year Plans, education facilities have expanded at all levels in India. As a result, the literacy rate has risen from 16.67 per cent in 1951 to 74.04% in 2011. However, the situation on the literacy front still remains disappointing. In the total world population, India&#8217;s share is one-sixth, but among the world&#8217;s illiterates, her share is one-third. This underlines the need for improving the literacy rate still further.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>35. What does the Gross Enrolment Ratio indicate about India&#8217;s educational achievements?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The Gross Enrolment Ratio is another important indication of our educational achievement. The gross enrolment ratio had reached 95.7 per cent at the primary stage in 2000-01. The combined gross enrolment (primary, secondary and higher in 2011) was 69.80 per cent in India. In comparison, China had a gross enrolment ratio of 71.65 per cent in 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>36. What does public expenditure on education reveal about state policy?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The percentage of public expenditure on education to GNP is considered an indicator of state policy towards promoting education. This percentage remained stagnant for three decades since the early 1950s but started increasing around the mid-1980s. However, even now, public expenditure on education in India is most inadequate. As against the goal of 6 per cent of GNP, total expenditure is about 4 per cent of GDP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>37. How do the Green and IT revolutions highlight the importance of human capital?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: India&#8217;s Green Revolution is a good example of how the input of greater knowledge in the form of improved production technologies can rapidly increase the productivity of scarce land resources. India&#8217;s IT revolution is a striking instance of how the importance of human capital has come to acquire a higher position than that of material, plant and machinery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>38. How does good health contribute to the economic growth of a nation?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Good health improves the quality of life, and improved health contributes to economic growth in the following ways:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) It increases the efficiency of workers.<br>(b) It reduces production loss caused by worker&#8217;s illness.<br>(c) It permits the use of natural and other resources.<br>(d) It increases the enrolment of children in schools and makes them better able to learn.<br>(e) It spares\/frees resources that otherwise would have to be spent on treating illness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>39. What do health indicators reveal about India&#8217;s progress since independence?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Health indicators reveal that there has been considerable improvement in health in India since independence. They indicate a continuous improvement in life expectancy, infant mortality rate, and death rate. For instance, life expectancy at birth increased from 37.2 years in 1951 to 66.8 years in 2011. The infant mortality rate was brought down from 127 in 1970 to 47.66 in 2011. The death rate declined to 6.4 per thousand in 2011 from 30 per thousand in 1951. The control of diseases and expansion in medical facilities have contributed to this improvement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>40. Why are health conditions in India still considered far from satisfactory?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Health conditions are far from satisfactory in India for several reasons. Healthcare in the private sector is restricted to India&#8217;s rich, while the poor can depend only on government hospitals. Therefore, the role of government in providing healthcare is still important. However, it is disappointing that public expenditure on health has been quite low, even less than one per cent of GDP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>41. What is meant by an employment-oriented investment and production programme?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: An employment-oriented investment and production programme addresses India&#8217;s twofold problem of needing to increase both production and employment simultaneously. Under this programme, the adoption of labour-intensive techniques may prove more fruitful. Hence, more stress should be laid on cottage and small-scale industries, agriculture-based rural industries, irrigation, dairy development, housing construction, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>42. How can self-employment be encouraged to reduce unemployment?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: There is a large number of people who are self-employed, and this sector has large possibilities for the future. To encourage self-employment and reduce unemployment, the government should provide all sorts of facilities and encouragement, like credit facilities, training facilities, electricity, marketing, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>43. What is skill development? What are its main objectives?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: A skilled labourer is one who gets proper training and education to work in a specified field. With the improvement in technology and change in the method of production, the demand for skilled labour has increased. Skill development means:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) to educate and provide specialised training to the labour force in order to increase their productivity.<br>(ii) to ensure continuous employability of labour.<br>(iii) to be able to absorb the new technologies at the work.<br>(iv) to compete with the labour force of other developed countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>44. How can entrepreneurial development help in reducing unemployment?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Entrepreneurial development can help reduce unemployment because the growth of employment involves setting up new businesses, which needs capital, expertise, and organising ability. Providing training for this purpose and implementing schemes to promote entrepreneurship has therefore been considered necessary for promoting self-employment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>45. What other measures can be taken to reduce unemployment in a country?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Other measures that can be taken to reduce unemployment are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) increase in number of employment exchanges.<br>(ii) reduction in economic inequalities.<br>(iii) initiating of different types of small works suitable to different seasons.<br>(iv) creation of employment opportunities suitable to women etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Recently, the Planning Commission has set up two committees to suggest measures for employment generation: a Task force on employment generation headed by M.S. Ahluwalia, and a Special group on targeting ten million employment opportunities per year headed by Mr. S.P. Gupta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>46. Who headed the task force on employment generation?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The task force on employment generation was headed by M.S. Ahluwalia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>47. Who headed the special group on targeting ten million employment opportunities?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The special group on targeting ten million employment opportunities per year was headed by Mr. S.P. Gupta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>48. Explain how a country&#8217;s population can be considered an asset rather than a liability.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: A country&#8217;s population can be considered an asset for the economy rather than a liability. Population becomes human capital when there is investment made in the form of education, training and medical care. Human capital is the stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied in people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8216;People as Resources&#8217; is a way of referring to a country&#8217;s working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities. Looking at the population from this productive aspect emphasises its ability to contribute to the creation of the Gross National Product. Like other resources, population is also a resource \u2014 a &#8216;human resource&#8217;. This is the positive side of a large population that is often overlooked when we look only at the negative side, considering only the problems of providing the population with food, education and access to health facilities. When the existing &#8216;human resource&#8217; is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy, we call it &#8216;human capital formation&#8217; that adds to the productive power of the country just like &#8216;physical capital formation&#8217;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>49. Discuss the positive ways in which population growth can encourage economic development.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Population growth encourages the process of economic development of a country in the following ways:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Better Utilisation of Available Resources: A country endowed with a vast amount of natural resources (e.g., land, minerals, forests etc.) cannot exploit them properly unless it has an adequate supply of labour. The supply of labour force comes from population growth. Nations like the USA, Germany, Japan, etc., could develop only because of their developed human resources.<br>Source of Demand: Human beings make demand for the output of goods and services produced in the country. When population increases, the demand for various goods and services also increases. An increase in population leads to increased demand for consumer goods like food items, clothes, watches, TV sets, medicine, cycles, cars, etc. The market for all such consumer goods will be expanded.<br>Greater Investments: Population growth provides greater investment opportunities in a country. We know that population growth creates an expanded market for various goods and services. As a result, the businessmen become increasingly interested in investments in their fields of production. This leads to an increase in the stock of capital (i.e. machines, factory-buildings, power plants, etc) in the country.<br>Better Innovative Activities: Population growth also leads to greater innovative activities in the economy. The producers\/entrepreneurs undertake new methods of production and make more and more efforts to bring new types of products in the market. They keep on doing all this to accommodate the preference patterns of various groups of consumers.<br>Formation of Human Capital: If the growing population is provided with better education, better health and a better environment, the quality of labour force may be improved to a great extent. Education (including training) increases the productivity of human beings. Similarly, if the health of the people is properly looked after and a proper environment is given for work, people can definitely produce more and hence national production\/output is increased. This healthy, educated and trained labour force is treated as human capital of the country which significantly helps in raising the national output.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>50. &#8220;Population growth has become a big hurdle in the way of economic development of India.&#8221; Explain this statement with reasons.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Instead of turning into a resource, population growth has become a big hurdle in the way of economic development of India. It is regarded as a curse due to the following reasons:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) Despite considerable growth in national income, per capita income could not increase much.<br>(ii) The burden of unproductive consumers (which comprise children, old persons and a part of population in the age group of 15\u201364 which does not find employment) upon the workforce is still high.<br>(iii) Population growth is considered as one of the major causes of unemployment in India. The number of people has increased much faster than the increase in employment opportunities.<br>(iv) Heavy pressure of population has led to the problem of overcrowding in cities, unplanned urbanisation, emergence of slums, etc.<br>(v) Rapidly growing population lowers the land-man ratio. Per capita cultivated area is gradually on the decline in India. This stresses upon the necessity of reduction in population growth.<br>(vi) In spite of large increases recorded in foodgrain production, their per capita availability has not improved much. Although foodgrain production increased by 3.2% per cent per annum during 1950\u20132011, per capita availability of foodgrains increased only 1.7 per cent during this period. This marginal increase is largely attributable to the rapid growth of population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>51. What is human capital formation? Why is investment in education and health crucial for it?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: When the existing &#8216;human resource&#8217; is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy, we call it &#8216;human capital formation&#8217; that adds to the productive power of the country just like &#8216;physical capital formation&#8217;. The process of improvement in human capital is termed as human capital formation or human resource development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Investment in education and health is crucial for human capital formation because human beings can be turned into a resource only if their innovative aspects are developed. Qualitative aspects in human beings cannot be developed automatically; this requires investments in them. Education and health are the major human resources of a country. When we make adequate inputs of education and health in the people, the quality of human resource will definitely increase. They convert human beings into human capital. Human capital is the outcome of investments in education and health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>52. Describe the various indicators of educational achievements in India. What do they suggest about the country&#8217;s progress?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The various indicators of educational achievements in India are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) Literacy Rate: This is the most important factor. During the Five Year Plans, education facilities have expanded at all levels in India. As a result, the literacy rate has risen from 16.67 per cent in 1951 to 74.04% in 2011. However, the situation on the literacy front still remains disappointing. In the total world population, India&#8217;s share is one-sixth, but among the world&#8217;s illiterates, her share is one-third.<br>(ii) Gross Enrolment Ratio: The gross enrolment ratio had reached 95.7 per cent at the primary stage in 2000-01. The combined gross enrolment (primary, secondary and higher in 2011) was 69.80 per cent in India. China had a gross enrolment ratio of 71.65 per cent in 2011.<br>(iii) Public Expenditure: During the planning period, expenditure on education has steadily increased. The percentage of public expenditure on education to GNP is considered an indicator of state policy towards promoting education. This percentage remained stagnant for three decades since the early 1950s but started increasing around the mid-1980s. However, even now public expenditure on education in India is most inadequate. As against the goal of 6 per cent of GNP, total expenditure is about 4 per cent of GDP.<br>(iv) Technical Education: During the past five decades, there has been a spectacular expansion of technical education in the country. Though the government claims that India enjoys the third position in the stock of scientific and technical manpower in the world, UNESCO ranks India fifth in absolute numbers with 1.8 million persons. But if we compare this number of scientific personnel per thousand of population, India stands third from the bottom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These indicators suggest that while there has been progress, such as a significant increase in the literacy rate and expansion of educational facilities, the country still faces major challenges. The progress is considered disappointing in some areas, with a large share of the world&#8217;s illiterate population and inadequate public spending on education compared to the set goals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>53. Discuss the role of health as a critical component of human resource development.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Health is a yardstick of one&#8217;s well-being and a critical component of human resource development. The efficiency of workers depends considerably on their health. Workers whose health is not good and fall sick quite often cannot do their job efficiently. Their efficiency, therefore, remains low, which adversely affects the national output. Good health improves the quality of life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Improved health contributes to economic growth in the following ways:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) It increases the efficiency of workers.<br>(b) It reduces production loss caused by worker&#8217;s illness.<br>(c) It permits the use of natural and other resources.<br>(d) It increases the enrolment of children in schools and makes them better able to learn.<br>(e) It spares\/frees resources that otherwise would have to be spent on treating illness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>54. Explain the different types of unemployment that are prevalent in an economy.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The different types of unemployment are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Disguised Unemployment: It is a situation which shows that more persons are employed on a job than are actually required. It implies that more than the required number of people are engaged in a given job.<br>Seasonal Unemployment: It is caused by the fact that certain activities can be pursued only during a specific season. There are some industries and occupations such as agriculture, catering trade in holiday resorts, and agro-based industrial activities in which production activities are seasonal in nature. During the off-season, there is unemployment of people engaged in such work.<br>Structural Unemployment: This type of unemployment is related to the structural set-up of the economy. It is caused when there is a change in the structural set-up of the economy, like a shortage of inputs like capital and land, or the social and economic structure of the country is backward and traditional.<br>Cyclical Unemployment: It is due to the slackening of demand for goods. This generally occurs in capitalist countries. This is a type of unemployment which is harmless and occurs for a short period only.<br>Technical Unemployment: If unemployment occurs owing to a change in technology, it is referred to as technical unemployment. For example, with the coming of computers, many were rendered jobless.<br>Frictional Unemployment: This is the temporary unemployment which exists during the period of transfer of labour from one occupation to another. It is due to the ignorance of labour about job opportunities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>55. Describe the adverse effects of unemployment on the economy and on society.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The adverse effects of unemployment are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) Unemployed persons cannot make their contribution to the country&#8217;s production and it reduces the level of output in the economy.<br>(ii) They take their share from the common pool even without contributing anything to it and thus reduce the per capita availability of goods and services for others. It lowers the standard of living of the country as a whole.<br>(iii) Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource. People who are an asset for the economy turn into a liability. There is a feeling of despair and hopelessness among the youth. People do not have enough money to support their family.<br>(iv) Unemployment tends to increase economic overload. The dependence of the unemployed on the working population increases. The quality of life of an individual as well as of society is adversely affected.<br>(v) Unemployment has a detrimental impact on the overall growth of an economy. An increase in unemployment is an indicator of a depressed economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>56. What are the main causes of the high rate of unemployment in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: The main causes of unemployment in India are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) Slow economic growth.<br>(ii) Rapid growth of population.<br>(iii) Agriculture as a seasonal industry.<br>(iv) Joint family system increases disguised unemployment.<br>(v) Increase in educated unemployed due to advanced technique and expansion in industry.<br>(vi) Decline of cottage and small scale industries.<br>(vii) Slow progress of large scale industries.<br>(viii) Less saving and investment due to low capital formation.<br>(ix) Caste system being a hindrance in the availability of job.<br>(x) Immobility of labour.<br>(xi) Migratory character of labour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>57. Discuss the various strategies that can be adopted to reduce unemployment in a country.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Various strategies can be adopted to reduce unemployment:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Employment oriented investment and production programme: India&#8217;s problem is two-fold in nature. We have to increase both production and employment simultaneously. So adoption of a labour-intensive technique may prove more fruitful. Hence, more stress should be laid on cottage and small scale industries, agriculture-based rural industries, irrigation, dairy development, housing construction etc.<br>Encouragement for self-employment: There is a large number of people who are self-employed. In the future also, this sector has large possibilities. Therefore, the government should provide all sorts of facilities and encouragement like credit facilities, training facilities, electricity, marketing, etc.<br>Skill development: With the improvement in technology and change in the method of production, the demand for skilled labour has increased in the country. Skill development means:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) to educate and provide specialised training to the labour force in order to increase their productivity.<br>(ii) to ensure continuous employability of labour.<br>(iii) to be able to absorb the new technologies at the work.<br>(iv) to compete with the labour force of other developed countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Entrepreneurial development: Growth of employment involves setting up of new businesses, which needs capital, expertise and organising ability. Providing training for this purpose and implementing schemes to promote entrepreneurship has therefore been considered necessary for promoting self-employment.<br>Other Measures:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) increase in number of employment exchanges.<br>(ii) reduction in economic inequalities.<br>(iii) initiating of different types of small works suitable to different seasons.<br>(iv) creation of employment opportunities suitable to women etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>58. Explain the concepts of disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment with suitable examples.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Disguised Unemployment: Disguised unemployment is one of the features of an underdeveloped country. It implies that more than the required number of people are engaged in a given job. For example, a field measuring one hectare needs the services of two persons for its cultivation. If however five persons are engaged on this farm, then it means three persons (5-2) are in disguised unemployment.<br>Seasonal Unemployment: There are some industries and occupations such as agriculture, catering trade in holiday resorts, agro-based industrial activities like sugar mills, rice mills, etc., in which production activities are seasonal in nature. So they offer employment for only a certain period of time in a year. During the off-season there is unemployment of people who are engaged in such type of work or activities which cater to seasonal demand. We may call it &#8220;seasonal unemployment.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>59. How does a government&#8217;s expenditure on education and health impact the quality of its human resources?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: A government&#8217;s expenditure on education and health directly impacts the quality of its human resources. Qualitative aspects in human beings cannot be developed automatically; this requires investments in them. Education and health are the major human resources of a country. When adequate inputs of education and health are made in the people, the quality of human resource will definitely increase. These investments convert human beings into human capital.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The percentage of public expenditure on education to GNP is considered an indicator of state policy towards promoting education. Similarly, public expenditure on health is important for improving the health standards of the population. However, it is noted that in India, public expenditure on education is inadequate, at about 4 per cent of GDP against a goal of 6 per cent. It is also disappointing that public expenditure on health has been quite low, even less than one per cent of GDP. This low expenditure can negatively impact the overall quality of human resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>60. Discuss in detail the role of education and health in the formation of human capital. How has India performed on these two fronts since its independence?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: Education and health are the major human resources of a country. When we make adequate inputs of education and health in the people, the quality of human resource will definitely increase. They convert human beings into human capital. Human capital is the outcome of investments in education and health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Education is the most important component of human resource development. It plays an important role in the economic development of a country. It becomes clear from the following points:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) Education modifies\/improves human behaviour.<br>(ii) It produces skilled and trained workers.<br>(iii) It increases labour productivity. Primary education causes an increase of 40 per cent, secondary education 100 per cent and higher education 300 per cent in labour productivity.<br>(iv) It develops personality and a sense of national consciousness among the people which are important for rapid economic growth.<br>(v) It promotes science and technology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Health is a yardstick of one&#8217;s well-being. The efficiency of workers depends considerably on their health. Good health improves the quality of life. Improved health contributes to economic growth in the following ways:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) It increases the efficiency of workers.<br>(b) It reduces production loss caused by worker&#8217;s illness.<br>(c) It permits the use of natural and other resources.<br>(d) It increases the enrolment of children in schools and makes them better able to learn.<br>(e) It spares\/frees resources that otherwise would have to be spent on treating illness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Regarding India&#8217;s performance, on the education front, the literacy rate has risen from 16.67 per cent in 1951 to 74.04% in 2011. However, the situation on the literacy front still remains disappointing as among the world&#8217;s illiterates, India&#8217;s share is one-third. The combined gross enrolment ratio (primary, secondary and higher) was 69.80 per cent in 2011. Public expenditure on education is most inadequate, at about 4 per cent of GDP against the goal of 6 per cent. There has been a spectacular expansion of technical education, but when comparing the number of scientific personnel per thousand of population, India stands third from the bottom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On the health front, there has been considerable improvement in India since independence. Life expectancy at birth has increased from 37.2 years in 1951 to 70.42 years in 2023. The infant mortality rate has been brought down from 127 in 1970 to 28.771 deaths per 1000 live births in 2021. The incidence of communicable and non-communicable diseases has been reduced, with small-pox and plague being completely eradicated. However, health conditions are far from satisfactory. Healthcare in the private sector is restricted to the rich, and the poor depend on government hospitals. It is disappointing that public expenditure on health has been quite low, even less than one per cent of GDP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>61. What is unemployment? Explain the various types of unemployment found in India.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer<\/strong>: When a person is unable to find any gainful work or job, that person is said to be unemployed. A situation in which a section of people who are able and willing to work but do not find any gainful work is referred to as unemployment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The various types of unemployment are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Disguised Unemployment: This is one of the features of an underdeveloped country. It implies that more than the required number of people are engaged in a given job. For example, if a field needs the services of two persons for its cultivation but five persons are engaged, then three persons are in disguised unemployment.<br>(b) Seasonal Unemployment: There are some industries and occupations, such as agriculture and agro-based industries like sugar mills, in which production activities are seasonal in nature. They offer employment for only a certain period of time in a year. During the off-season, there is unemployment of people engaged in such work.<br>(c) Structural Unemployment: This type of unemployment is related to the structural set-up of the economy and arises when:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>there is shortage of inputs like capital, land, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>labour force is trained in traditional industries but they do not possess any skill. So the type of labourers which are needed are not available.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the social and economic structure of the country is backward and traditional.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Cyclical Unemployment: When there is unemployment due to slackening of demand for goods, it is cyclical unemployment. This generally occurs in capitalist countries for a short period only.<br>(e) Technical Unemployment: If unemployment occurs owing to a change in technology, it is referred to as technical unemployment. For example, with the coming of computers, many were rendered jobless.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here are the notes, questions, solutions, textual answers, pdf, and extras for Chapter 19:&nbsp;People as a Resource, which is a part of the social science class 9 syllabus for students studying under the Nagaland Board of School Education. Introduction Human resources refer to human beings. If their qualitative aspects are developed, they can contribute a&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/people-as-a-resource\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">People as a Resource: NBSE Class 9 Social Science Chapter 19<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1044,"featured_media":5712,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,34],"tags":[28,10,30,42,12,13,33,35,239,36,23,37],"class_list":["post-3734","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nagaland","category-notes","tag-answers","tag-class-9","tag-extras","tag-nagaland","tag-nagaland-board","tag-nbse","tag-notes","tag-pdf","tag-people-as-a-resource","tag-questions","tag-social-science","tag-solutions","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3734","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1044"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3734"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3734\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33306,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3734\/revisions\/33306"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5712"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3734"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3734"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mockupbw.site\/2025\/onlinefreenotes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3734"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}